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ecology rwe Flashcards

1
Q

selective breeding animal eg

A

wild chickens vs domesticated chickens

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2
Q

selective breeding plants eg

A

wild corn vs crop corn
wild ancestor- teosinte to domesticated maize

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3
Q

homologous structure eg

A

pentadactyl limbs in amphibians, mammals, reptiles and birds

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4
Q

speciation eg

A

bonobos and chimpanzees from congo apes

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5
Q

adaptive radiation eg

A

galapagos finches

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6
Q

preventing hybrids eg

A

mule with 63 chromosomes

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7
Q

failure to prevent hydribs eg

A

native hawaiian duck forming hybrids with non-native mallards

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8
Q

polyploidy eg

A

smart weed

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9
Q

anthropogenic species extinction [3]

A

north island giant moas
caribbean monk seals
steller’s sea cow

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10
Q

ecosystem loss due to anthropogenic activities eg

A

mixed dipterocarp forest in southeast asia

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11
Q

species protected by in situ conservation

A

leatherback sea turtles in the great barrier reef

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12
Q

species protected by ex situ conservation

A

koalas in australia zoo

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13
Q

program that focuses on endangered species

A

edge of existence programme

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14
Q

marine ecosystem + conditions required

A

coral reef formation
depth- less than 50 meters of water so there is enough light for photosynthesis
pH- above 7.8 to allow calcium carbonate to deposit and form the skeleton of the hard coral (rocky part of the reef)
salinity- between 32 and 42 parts per thousands of dissolved ions to avoid osmotic problems
clarity- clear water to allow light to penetrate for photosynthesis
temperature- 23-29 degrees celcius so both the coral and zooxanthellae remain healthy

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15
Q

similar biomes around the world leading to evolve similar adaptations

A

tropical rainforest biome can be found in south america, africa and southeast asia, despite these regions being reparated by vast distances

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16
Q

plants adapted to sand dunes

A

lyme grass

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17
Q

how are plants adapted to sand dunes [6]

A
  1. water and Nutrient Absorption- xerophytic adaptations
  2. robust root system, highly salt tolerant
    plant anchoring against wind exposure:
  3. thick, shiny leaves that can curl
  4. drought and Salinity Tolerance:
    psammophile plant (thrives in sandy areas)
  5. narrow leaf structure, extensive root system
  6. organic litter production moderates temp
    can tolerate a range of pH levels
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18
Q

plant adapted to mangrove swamps

A

mangrove tree

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19
Q

how are plants adapted to mangrove swamps [3]

A

root- filter water to prevent salt from entering + robust root system + aerial roots for stability (tides)
leaves- stores and accumulates salt + thick, waxy cuticles that help produce water loss against the extreme heat + gradually adapt to extreme temperatures
trunks: store water → used during hot periods to maintain hydration

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20
Q

plant adapted to hot deserts

A

saguaro cactus

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21
Q

how are plants adapted to hot deserts

A

Roots- Wide-spreading root system to collect water up to 20-30 m away + deep ‘tap roots’ to access water table
Spines- reducing surface area so less water leaves during transpiration + predation
CAM metabolism: Only open stomata at night when temperature is cooler
Stems- Thick spongy stems to conserve water after rain

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22
Q

animal adapted to hot deserts

A

kangaroo mouse

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23
Q

how are animals adapted to hot deserts

A

kidneys- concentrate their urine to an almost crystal-like consistency, so that very little water is lost through waste.
Diet- consist of dry seeds, almost no need for liquid water
only active during cool desert nights
Sharp claws for digging burrows to live underground
Small front feet for cracking open nuts and seeds available in the desert
dust bath by rolling around in the sand

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24
Q

plant adaptations to tropical forests

A

yellow meranti

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25
how are plants adapted to tropical forests
Tallest tree species → utilizes height to access sunlight above the dense canopy → allows it to photosynthesize efficiently → optimal growth and compete for light with surrounding vegetation Thick and straight trunk supports height → withstand strong winds Buttress root → anchorage for large trees in shallow rainforest soils Waxy leaves with drip tips → shed excess water so that the process of photosynthesis is not affected Face horizontally towards the sun to capture more light for photosynthesis
26
animal adapted to tropical rainforest
jaguars
27
how are animals adapted to tropical rainforest
Camouflage- blend into the rainforest, allowing it to prey without being seen Large claws- climb small trees to catch their prey Padded paws- can move stealthily along the forest floor Long tail- improve balance when it has to climb trees and drop onto its prey Fur- thick and water resistant so can maintain body temperature in the environment Enhanced vision- adapted for low-light environments Small stature- allows them to be agile and efficient when they are hunting Behavioural adaptations Nocturnal- stalk and ambush prey at night (instead of chasing prey) Good swimmers- hunt in water and catch aquatic prey, food source Opportunistic hunters- willing to hunt any animal they come across Hunt near water bodies- catch fish or ambush animals who are drinking water
28
obligate aerobes
all animals and plants
29
obligate anaerobes
tetanus bacteria
30
facultative anaerobes
yeast
31
facultative mixotrophic
eugiena gracillis
32
detrivore eg
earthworms
33
physical adaptation of predators
vampire bats- large incisors and canines on their upper jaw- used to pierce prey so they can feed on the blood
34
chemical adaptation of predators
black mambas- produces venom that paralyses prey so can just swallow it whole
35
behavioural adaptation of predators
grizzly bears- learn ambush strategies to catch migrating salmon - by trial and error or by copying others
36
physical adaptation of preys
buff-tip moths- camouflage
37
chemical adaptation of preys
caterpillar- have toxins and colours to warn predators
38
behavioural adaptation of preys
mackerel- swim in a tight group- schooling behaviour reduces the change of predation bc threats are more likely to be detected and its difficult for a predator to catch any one individual
39
animal with piercings mouthparts
aphids
40
chewing mouthparts
beetles
41
physical plant adaptations from herbivory [2]
raphides- cause tiny wounds in mouths so entry points for toxins mimosa plant- receptors to touch- so folds and shrunken looks less appealing and scare small animals
42
physical plants adaptations from herbivory
stings on tree nettle endemic to New Zealand
43
plants adaptations to harvest light
lianas climb through different trees and use them as support so they dont need to build strong xylem in their stems epiphytes grow on tree trunks and branches to receive more light than they would have at the forest floor strangler epiphytes climb up the tree trunks and outgrow their branches. this will shade the leaves, eventually killing the tree inside
44
invasive species eg
eurasian collared bird- invasive species from asia then got to europe and america
45
competitive interactions
competition for light in plants- leaves of wild garlic become crowded so not all leaves obtain enough light
46
cooperation interaction eg
mackerels form bait ball against sea lions tightly packed and fast moving so much harder to catch
47
local invasive species + solutions
house crow originated in the Indian subcontinent Department has been monitoring the number and distribution of house crow and carrying out nest removal as well as capture operations to control its numbers and minimise its impact on local ecology.
48
photoautotrophy eg
plant
49
chemoautotrophy
deep-sea chemosynthetic bacteria
50
mate selection eg
peacocks
51
natural selection study mate preference
john endler and guppies - colouration good for mating
52
eg genes
alcohol dehydrogenase breaks down alcohol (ethanol) in the liver linked with rice cultivation and sake production - deficient in asians - cultivated rice and fermented them
53
directional selection
beak of galapagos
54
stabilising selection eg
human birth weight
55
disruptive selection eg
salmon large fish advantage- stronger so can fight better (hooknoses) small fish advantage- can sneak in when the large fish are fighting (jack) medium fish lose bc not small enough to sneak in the not large enough to win fights middle of mean goes down
56
sustainable ecosystem [2]
daintree rainforest in northern austrailia amazon rainforest
57
keystone species [2]
sea otters in kelp forests a dominant predator of sea urchins that maintains the balance of kelp forest ecosystems by controlling populations of sea urchins, which are voracious kelp grazers maintain and restore kelp forests grey wolves in yellowstone national park top predators, grey wolves profoundly impact their environment by controlling herbivore populations and affecting vegetation growth and diversity contributed to bringing elk numbers down from 17,000 in 1995 to just 4,000 today
58
resource harvesting sustainability plant + solution
brazil nuts in the amazon rainforest implementation of harvest quotas agreed via international collaboration
59
resource harvesting sustainability animal + solution
north atlantic cod collapse in 1990s eg. between norway and britain for norther atlantic cod
60
natural regeneration eg
hinewai reserve case study research natural regeneration approach gorse as nurse plants native forest recovery biodiversity improvements
61
cyclical succesion eg
chaparral ecosystem in california chaparral biome- mild winters and hot, dry summers characterised by drought-tolerant, woody shrubs
62
plagioclimax [2]
grazing drainage of wetlands
63
tipping points eg
boreal forest (snow forest) transition form carbon sink (net carbon accumulation) to carbon source (net loss) increased temperature and reduced snowfall increase chance of drought and frequency and intensity of forest fires contributes to carbon combustion
64
habitat transformation eg
polar habitat loss of landfast ice (frozen seawater attached to the shore in antarctic emperor penguin colonies face 90% extinction risk by 2100 due to loss of breeding grounds pacific walrus forced to swim further and haul out (congregate in large groups) on land due to the loss arctic sea ice (frozen seawater) keystone species in arctic marine ecosystems
65
species range shifts [2]
new guinea montane birds moving upslope to higher attitudes (cooler) north american tree species shifting northward (cooler)
66
phenological disruption
1. reindeers and artic mouse-ear chickweed 2. great tits and caterpillars 3. insect life cycle changes- spurce bark beetle 4. owls
67
details of reindeers and artic mouse ear chickweed
artic mouse-ear chickweed and other artic plants form the reindeer’s diet uses temperature (affected by climate change) asa cue to grow quickly in spring misalignment in the reindeer’s arrival and food availability affects the reindeer’s breeding as they could not nurse their calves day length is not affected by climate change so reindeer migration not affected mismatch- reindeers dont arrive when plants are growing at their fastest
68
details of great tits and caterpillars
great tits rely on caterpillars to feed their young in north european forests caterpillar peak biomass has shifted earlier due to warmer weather in spring, which caused the caterpillars to hatch earlier great tits therefore have problems finding sufficient food for their young reduced breeding success in mistimed populations recent evidence shows that the great tits are now hatching a month earlier than they did 75 years ago to match
69
details of insect life cycle changes
spruce bark beetle generations doubled(two generations per year instead of one in norway) bc can find enough food (conditions are good enough) expanded range of activity into higher latitudes increased spruce mortality rates due to the pest infestation causing significant ecological damage to the ecosystem
70
owls phenological disruption details
tawny owl (brown) vs grey morphs tawny owl brown morphs increasing over the grey colour reduced snow cover favours darker plumage (feathers) natural selection in action

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