d3.2 inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

monohybrid influence

A

only one trait

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2
Q

in the same pair of chromosomes (alleles)

A

diff version of the alleles

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3
Q

2 alleles

A

determine what the characteristic should be

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4
Q

single-nucleotide polymorphism

A

can cause different alleles in the gene pool

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5
Q

single nucleotide polymorphism eg

A

blood type

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6
Q

genotype

A

alleles responsible for the characteristics
eg. BB

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7
Q

phenotype

A

characteristic expressed due to the alleles in the dna and the environment

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8
Q

discrete variations

A

either this or that

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9
Q

discrete variations eg

A

male or female

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10
Q

dominant

A
  • usually the dominant allele codes for a protein that is active and carries out a function
  • always expressed in the offspring
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11
Q

co-dominant

A

pair of alleles are both expressed

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12
Q

homozygous

A

alleles for the characteristics are the same
eg. BB

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

alleles for the characteristic are different
eg. Bb

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14
Q

how to figure out genotype

A

cross with homozygous recessive organism
1:1 = heterozygous dominant
1:3 = 2 heterozygous

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15
Q

recessive

A
  • usually the recessive allele code for a non-functional protein
  • may not be expressed in the offspring
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16
Q

allele

A

different versions of genes that contain information for the same characteristics
eg. eye colour

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17
Q

chromosome

A

made of dna and protein (histone) and contains genes

18
Q

genes

A

heritable factors that control specific characteristics

19
Q

gene locus

A

specific position of a gene on a chromosome

20
Q

homologous

A

same loci same gene

21
Q

how to say location of gene locus

A

chromosome number
p- short arm
q- long arm
number- bands away from the centromere

22
Q

autosomal recessive disorder

A

not on the chromosome that determines gender

23
Q

autosomal dominant disorder

A

achondroplastic dwarfism

24
Q

sex linked recessive eg

A

haemophilia
- x linked

25
haemophilia
cant make clotting factor VIII so cant clot their blood properly
26
pedigree chart
circle- females square- males no carriers- dominant
27
phenylketonuria PKU
mis-sense mutation in the gene that produce styrosine hydrogenate- phenylalanine cant be converted to tyrosine = results in developmental problems and seizures
28
recessive + autosomal eg
phenylketonuria PKU
29
mis-sense nutation
base substitution where the change in a single base results in a different amino acid being produced in the amino acid
30
single nucleotide polymorphism
variation at a single nucleotide in the genome could lead to different amino acids and multiple alleles in the gene pool eg. blood group
31
gene pool
can look at the frequency of alleles represented in the reproductive population
32
why blood groups are different
different antigens on the surface of the red blood cell
33
why blood type needs to match
if detected as a foreign by immune system and attacks → group them tgt → form blood clot → die
34
incomplete dominance eg
4 o'clock flower
35
intermediate phenotype
expressing a mixture of the phenotypes of the parents
36
phenotypic plasticity
traits developed can be influenced by the environment through different gene expressions
37
polygenic inheritance
trait is affected by more than one gene
38
polygenic inheritance eg
skin colour
39
unlinked genes
genes that are not on the same chromosome
40
independent assortment
alleles of two different genes are passed into gametes without influencing each other (as long as the genes are located on different chromosomes)
41
gene linkage
linked genes are pairs or groups or gene which are inherited together, carried on the same chromosome
42
when does independent assortment not occur
between linked genes