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c1.3- photosynthesis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where does oxygen come from in the process of photosynthesis

A

photolysis

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2
Q

photolysis

A

using energy from light to split water

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3
Q

what plants would have to separate the two processes

A

desert plants, CAM plants

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4
Q

y do some plants have to separate the two processes

A

would have to open stomata in light independent reaction since they need co2 and will transpire away too much water

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5
Q

chemical store of energy in plant

A

starch

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6
Q

polysaccharide molecules found in plants

A

starch and cellulose

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7
Q

what bond is made during hydrolysis

A

glycosidic bond

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8
Q

y need boil before testing for starch

A

break down cell wall

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9
Q

preparation before testing for starch

A
  1. de-starch
  2. boil
  3. boil in ethanol
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10
Q

use of ethanol when testing for starch

A

remove chlorophyll- observe colour change

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11
Q

high frequency radiation

A

many waves per unit so a lot of energy

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12
Q

red

A

low frequency radiation → low energy → too low to be used in most living organisms

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13
Q

what types of lights are harmful [3]

A

uv
x rays
gamma rays

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14
Q

why are uv, x rays and gamma waves harmful to living organisms

A

encourage cell and dna damage
- skin cancer and tumours

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15
Q

purpose of pigments in photosynthetic organisms

A
  1. absorb useful wavelengths of light (those that contain energy appropriate for photolysis)
  2. absorb different colours of lights
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16
Q

dominant pigment in leaves

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

why are leaves green

A

green wavelength is not absorbed, only red and blue is absorbed

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18
Q

white wavelengths

A

reflects all wavelengths

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19
Q

absorption spectrum

A

range of wavelengths that are absorbed by chlorophyll

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20
Q

x and y axis of absorption spectra

A

x- wavelength (nm)
y- absorption (Abs)

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21
Q

x and y axis of action spectrum

A

x- wavelength (nm)
y- rate of photosynthesis (or smth else)

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22
Q

y do leaves change colour in the fall

A

less sunlight → chlorophyll breaks down so reveal other pigments in leaves
more than one pigment in leaves

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23
Q

action spectrum

A

range of wavelengths of light which can be used in the light dependent reactions

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24
Q

purpose of sodium hydrogen carbonate in experiment

A

generate co2

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25
Q

how to control light intensity

A

change distance from lightbulb

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26
Q

why need to stop chromatography

A

every colour will go to the top

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27
Q

3 living organisms that do photosynthesis

A
  1. plant
  2. algae
  3. cyanobacteria
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28
Q

role of PQ

A

accept electron and carry it to the proton pump

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29
Q

where is the proton pump

A

thylakoid membrane

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30
Q

photosystem I

A

give energy using light energy → electron in excited state

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31
Q

role of ferredoxin

A
  • use electron to convert NaDP+ -> NaDPH + H+
  • reduction
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32
Q

photosynthesis reaction steps [6]

A
  1. photolysis
    - oxidises water -> hydrogen and oxygen
    - electron excited state bc of light
  2. Pq carries electron to proton pump
  3. concentration gradient of hydrogen ions created
  4. Pc carries electron to photosystem I
  5. feeredoxin: NADP+ reduced
  6. atp synthase
    - chemiosmosis
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33
Q

photosystem I

A

non-cyclic photophosphorylation

34
Q

not enough NaDP+

A
  • excited electrons go back from photosystem I back to proton pump
  • process stops at ferredoxin
35
Q

problem with too much light

A
  • reduced all of NaDP+
  • cant waste the light
36
Q

loop of photosystem I

A

excited back to pump → lose energy → stuck
- while hydrogen go through from the pump

37
Q

where does the light independent reaction occur

A

stroma

38
Q

where is chlorophyll found

A

thylakoid in chloroplast

39
Q

what happens to an electron when its excited by photons of light

A

photoactivated
increases in energy level as it travels to different chlorophylls
eventually released from the photosystem from the reaction centre

40
Q

name of the 5-carbon compound present in the Calvin cycle

A

RuBP

41
Q

when does carbon fixation occur

A

RuBP reacts with carbon dioxide to form a 6-carbon compound, which is then broken down into two glycerate-3-phosphate

42
Q

enzyme responsible for fixing co2

A

rubisco

43
Q

what does the structure of cellulose allow it to do

A

allow bundles to form using hydrogen bonds (polar)

44
Q

products of light dependent reactions which are carried through to the light independent reactions

A

NADPH
H+
ATP

45
Q

reactants and products of rubisco

A

from RuBP + CO2, make glycerate-3-phosphate

46
Q

co2 conc- result on rate of photosynthesis

A

more substrate for rubisco to form RuBP to make glycerate-3-phosphate

47
Q

rate

A

speed of which reactants are converted to products

48
Q

higher temperature- result on rate of photosynthesis

A
  • more kinetic energy, more collisions between enzymes and substrates involved in photosynthesis
  • higher rate of photosynthesis until past the optimum temperature
49
Q

more light- result on rate of photosynthesis

A
  • more energy for photoactivation and photolysis
  • higher rate of light dependent reaction
50
Q

absorption spectrum

A

shows the wavelength of light that is absorbed by plants

51
Q

waste product from photosynthesis + why its considered to be a waste product

A

oxygen, not needed for the rest of the photosynthesis process

52
Q

energy of wavelengths of light form low to high

A

infra-red → ultraviolet

53
Q

frequency of wavelengths of light from low to high

A

infra-red → ultraviolet

54
Q

y photosynthesis consumes energy

A
  • photon will be used to generate atp in light dependent reaction
  • required to form triose phosphate from glycerate-3-phosphate in the light dependent reaction
55
Q

photosynthesis

A

production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy

56
Q

2 main uses of glucose produced in photosynthesis

A

respiration, growth

57
Q

y light independent reaction make glucose phosphate and not glucose

A

glucose phosphate can stay in long enough to be converted to starch + doesnt affect water potential

58
Q

what happens when there is too much glucose

A

lost right away → cant make starch

59
Q

where does calvin cycle occur

A

stroma

60
Q

why NADP+ reduced

A

generate high energy electrons

61
Q

what is also needed during carbon fixation in calvin cycle

A

atp

62
Q

y does cyclic phosphorylation occur

A

when theres not enough NADP+

63
Q

wavelength of red light comparatively to blue

A

longer
- lower energy

64
Q

what happens to water in photolysis

A

oxidised

65
Q

what does ferredoxin use

A

electron

66
Q

photosystem I

A

cyclic photophosphorylation

67
Q

reaction of carbon fixation

A

6RuBP + 6CO2 -> 12 glycerate-3-phosphate

68
Q

function of rubisco

A

fixes co2

69
Q

photosynthesis

A

production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy

70
Q

what is glucose used for

A

respiration and growth

71
Q

role of NADH + H+ in aerobic cell respiration?

A

to transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain

72
Q

advantage of having a small volume inside the thylakoids of the chloroplast?

A

high proton concentrations are rapidly developed

73
Q

role of ATP in photosynthesis

A

provides the energy to make carbohydrate molecules

74
Q

which molecule would first contain 14C if the alga Chlorella was grown in the presence of light and radioactive CO2?

A

glycerate 3-phosphate

75
Q

which technological advance enabled Calvin to perform his lollipop experiment on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in 1949?

A

methods for tracing radioactive carbon incorporated in molecules produced by the alga Chlorella

76
Q

what explains that oxidative dephosphorylation in krebs cycle enables energy to be converted into a usable form?

A

chemical energy stored in the C6 compound is used to reduce NAD+ allowing ATP production

77
Q

what is produced during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?

A

atp
co2

78
Q

what process occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

A

RuBP is carboxylated then regenerated in the Calvin cycle

79
Q

during photosynthesis, what happens in the chloroplast at the lumen?

A

protons accumulate

80
Q

in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis what supplies low energy electrons to photosystem II?

A

photolysis of water

81
Q

what is energy released in a cell?

A

atp releases inorganic phosphate

82
Q

what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport

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