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c1.3- photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

where does oxygen come from in the process of photosynthesis

A

photolysis

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2
Q

photolysis

A

using energy from light to split water

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3
Q

what plants would have to separate the two processes

A

desert plants, CAM plants

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4
Q

y do some plants have to separate the two processes

A

would have to open stomata in light independent reaction since they need co2 and will transpire away too much water

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5
Q

chemical store of energy in plant

A

starch

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6
Q

polysaccharide molecules found in plants

A

starch and cellulose

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7
Q

what bond is made during hydrolysis

A

glycosidic bond

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8
Q

y need boil before testing for starch

A

break down cell wall

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9
Q

preparation before testing for starch

A
  1. de-starch
  2. boil
  3. boil in ethanol
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10
Q

use of ethanol when testing for starch

A

remove chlorophyll- observe colour change

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11
Q

high frequency radiation

A

many waves per unit so a lot of energy

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12
Q

red

A

low frequency radiation → low energy → too low to be used in most living organisms

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13
Q

what types of lights are harmful [3]

A

uv
x rays
gamma rays

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14
Q

why are uv, x rays and gamma waves harmful to living organisms

A

encourage cell and dna damage
- skin cancer and tumours

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15
Q

purpose of pigments in photosynthetic organisms

A
  1. absorb useful wavelengths of light (those that contain energy appropriate for photolysis)
  2. absorb different colours of lights
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16
Q

dominant pigment in leaves

A

chlorophyll

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17
Q

why are leaves green

A

green wavelength is not absorbed, only red and blue is absorbed

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18
Q

white wavelengths

A

reflects all wavelengths

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19
Q

absorption spectrum

A

range of wavelengths that are absorbed by chlorophyll

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20
Q

x and y axis of absorption spectra

A

x- wavelength (nm)
y- absorption (Abs)

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21
Q

x and y axis of action spectrum

A

x- wavelength (nm)
y- rate of photosynthesis (or smth else)

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22
Q

y do leaves change colour in the fall

A

less sunlight → chlorophyll breaks down so reveal other pigments in leaves
more than one pigment in leaves

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23
Q

action spectrum

A

range of wavelengths of light which can be used in the light dependent reactions

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24
Q

purpose of sodium hydrogen carbonate in experiment

A

generate co2

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25
how to control light intensity
change distance from lightbulb
26
why need to stop chromatography
every colour will go to the top
27
3 living organisms that do photosynthesis
1. plant 2. algae 3. cyanobacteria
28
role of PQ
accept electron and carry it to the proton pump
29
where is the proton pump
thylakoid membrane
30
photosystem I
give energy using light energy → electron in excited state
31
role of ferredoxin
- use electron to convert NaDP+ -> NaDPH + H+ - reduction
32
photosynthesis reaction steps [6]
1. photolysis - oxidises water -> hydrogen and oxygen - electron excited state bc of light 2. Pq carries electron to proton pump 3. concentration gradient of hydrogen ions created 3. Pc carries electron to photosystem I 4. feeredoxin: NADP+ reduced 5. atp synthase - chemiosmosis
33
photosystem I
non-cyclic photophosphorylation
34
not enough NaDP+
- excited electrons go back from photosystem I back to proton pump - process stops at ferredoxin
35
problem with too much light
- reduced all of NaDP+ - cant waste the light
36
loop of photosystem I
excited back to pump → lose energy → stuck - while hydrogen go through from the pump
37
where does the light independent reaction occur
stroma
38
where is chlorophyll found
thylakoid in chloroplast
39
what happens to an electron when its excited by photons of light
photoactivated increases in energy level as it travels to different chlorophylls eventually released from the photosystem from the reaction centre
40
name of the 5-carbon compound present in the Calvin cycle
RuBP
41
when does carbon fixation occur
RuBP reacts with carbon dioxide to form a 6-carbon compound, which is then broken down into two glycerate-3-phosphate
42
enzyme responsible for fixing co2
rubisco
43
what does the structure of cellulose allow it to do
allow bundles to form using hydrogen bonds (polar)
44
products of light dependent reactions which are carried through to the light independent reactions
NADPH H+ ATP
45
reactants and products of rubisco
from RuBP + CO2, make glycerate-3-phosphate
46
co2 conc- result on rate of photosynthesis
more substrate for rubisco to form RuBP to make glycerate-3-phosphate
47
rate
speed of which reactants are converted to products
48
higher temperature- result on rate of photosynthesis
- more kinetic energy, more collisions between enzymes and substrates involved in photosynthesis - higher rate of photosynthesis until past the optimum temperature
49
more light- result on rate of photosynthesis
- more energy for photoactivation and photolysis - higher rate of light dependent reaction
50
absorption spectrum
shows the wavelength of light that is absorbed by plants
51
waste product from photosynthesis + why its considered to be a waste product
oxygen, not needed for the rest of the photosynthesis process
52
energy of wavelengths of light form low to high
infra-red → ultraviolet
53
frequency of wavelengths of light from low to high
infra-red → ultraviolet
54
y photosynthesis consumes energy
- photon will be used to generate atp in light dependent reaction - required to form triose phosphate from glycerate-3-phosphate in the light dependent reaction
55
photosynthesis
production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy
56
2 main uses of glucose produced in photosynthesis
respiration, growth
57
y light independent reaction make glucose phosphate and not glucose
glucose phosphate can stay in long enough to be converted to starch + doesnt affect water potential
58
what happens when there is too much glucose
lost right away → cant make starch
59
where does calvin cycle occur
stroma
60
why NADP+ reduced
generate high energy electrons
61
what is also needed during carbon fixation in calvin cycle
atp
62
y does cyclic phosphorylation occur
when theres not enough NADP+
63
wavelength of red light comparatively to blue
longer - lower energy
64
what happens to water in photolysis
oxidised
65
what does ferredoxin use
electron
66
photosystem I
cyclic photophosphorylation
67
reaction of carbon fixation
6RuBP + 6CO2 -> 12 glycerate-3-phosphate
68
function of rubisco
fixes co2
69
photosynthesis
production of carbon compounds in cells using light energy
70
what is glucose used for
respiration and growth
71
role of NADH + H+ in aerobic cell respiration?
to transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain
72
advantage of having a small volume inside the thylakoids of the chloroplast?
high proton concentrations are rapidly developed
73
role of ATP in photosynthesis
provides the energy to make carbohydrate molecules
74
which molecule would first contain 14C if the alga Chlorella was grown in the presence of light and radioactive CO2?
glycerate 3-phosphate
75
which technological advance enabled Calvin to perform his lollipop experiment on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in 1949?
methods for tracing radioactive carbon incorporated in molecules produced by the alga Chlorella
76
what explains that oxidative dephosphorylation in krebs cycle enables energy to be converted into a usable form?
chemical energy stored in the C6 compound is used to reduce NAD+ allowing ATP production
77
what is produced during the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis?
atp co2
78
what process occurs during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
RuBP is carboxylated then regenerated in the Calvin cycle
79
during photosynthesis, what happens in the chloroplast at the lumen?
protons accumulate
80
in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis what supplies low energy electrons to photosystem II?
photolysis of water
81
what is energy released in a cell?
atp releases inorganic phosphate
82
what occurs during oxidative phosphorylation?
coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport

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