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c1.2- respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

full name of atp

A

adenosine triphosphate

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2
Q

base of atp

A

adenine
5 carbon sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate group

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3
Q

what is atp converted from + catalyst

A

from adp and phosphate in condensation
catalysed by atp synthase using energy from organic compounds

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4
Q

1 glucose molecule form how many atp molecules in aerobic respiration

A

36

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5
Q

1 glucose molecule form how many atp molecules in anaerobic respiration

A

2

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6
Q

chemical properties of atp [3]

A
  1. stable at neutral pH (in cytoplasm)
  2. wont pass through phospholipid bilayer through simple diffusion
  3. small amount of energy released for cell’s metabolic reactions
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7
Q

y only release small amount of energy?

A

if too much energy released then wasted as heat and die
- can control how much energy is released

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8
Q

full name of adp

A

adenosine diphosphate

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9
Q

cell respiration

A

controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce atp

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10
Q

how to control release

A

inhabitants- end product goes back to stop

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11
Q

y need to control release of energy

A
  • not waste glucose
  • convert to glycogen -> store in liver or convert to fat
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12
Q

y not store as glucose

A
  • soluble so if a cell tries to store a lot of glucose inside then water potential decreases → burst
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13
Q

y store as glycogen

A

insoluble- wont affect water potential

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14
Q

glucose needed for life processes eg [3]

A
  1. active transport across membranes
  2. synthesis of macromolecules (anabolism)
  3. movement of the whole cell or cell components
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15
Q

how r organic compounds classified?

A

contains carbon and hydrogen
- not in oxide, carbonate or hydrocarbonate form

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16
Q

3 main organic compounds used in respiration

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
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17
Q

oxygen debt

A

lactate broken down with the use of oxygen

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18
Q

similarities of aerobic and anaerobic respiration [4]

A
  • start with glucose
  • produce pyruvate
  • produce atp
  • produce co2
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19
Q

differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

aerobic
- more atp (36) produced
- uses oxygen
- waste products: co2 + water
- pyruvate carried to mitochondria
- can metabolise other molecules

anaerobic
- less atp (2) produced
- water products: co2 + ethanol (yeast) animals: lactic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm only
- can only metabolise glucose

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20
Q

4 stages of respiration

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. link reaction
  3. kreb’s cycle
  4. etc
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21
Q

where does glycolysis occur in

A

cytoplasm

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22
Q

stages of glycolysis

A
  1. bind 2 phosphate
    - phosphorylation
    - glucose-1-6-biphosphate
  2. lysis
    - 2 G3P
  3. oxidation
    - 2 G3P -> 2 pyruvate
    - NAD+ reduced to NADH+ H+
    = 2 atp
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23
Q

characteristic of anaerobic respiration + why

A

reversible so wont use up all NAD+

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24
Q

if deplete all NAD+ but unused

A

stop at producing 2 G3P
- cant convert to pyruvate so no 4 atp and just loosing 2 atp

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25
Q

link reaction where

A

mitochondrial matrix

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26
Q

oxidative decarboxylation

A

link: 2x pyruvate -> 2x AcetylcoA (2c)
catalyst: Coenzyme A
krebs: citrate -> 5c , 5c -> 4c

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27
Q

role of NAD

A
  • steal hydrogen and electron
  • reduced
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28
Q

link reaction

A

pyruvate (3c) will react with oxygen [indirectly] -> one molecule of carbon dioxide, one molecule of Acetyl CoA (2c) and 1 NADH and H+

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29
Q

how many atp formed in link reaction

A

0

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30
Q

what step not needed when lipids are respired

A

glycolysis

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31
Q

acetyl CoA

A

break off 2 carbon off to kreb cycle until all broken down

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32
Q

if number of carbons is odd

A

released as co2

33
Q

carbohydrates vs lipids (atp, anaerobic, energy yield)

A

carbohydrates
- generates some ATP
- does not require oxygen
- energy yield: half from lipids

lipids
- anaerobic is not possible: breaking it down
- energy yield: nearly twice as much from carbohydrates - directly go into link reaction

34
Q

krebs cycle net yield per glucose

A
  • 2 atp
  • 6 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD)
  • 2 FADH
35
Q

where does kreb cycle take place in

A

mitochondrial matrix

36
Q

what is the electron transport chain made up of + where

A

a number of integral proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane

37
Q

role of NAD

A

accepts hydrogen form a substrate

38
Q

what is NAD+

A

coenzyme
- NAD accepts hydrogen from a substrate, reduced to NADH
- NADH carries the hydrogen to the electron transport chain
- hydrogen ions and electrons are used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

39
Q

purpose of converting pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic cell respiration

A

regenerate NAD

40
Q

energy change involved in the interconversion between atp and adp

A
  • energy is released when atp is hydrolysed to adp and phosphate
  • energy is required to synthesise atp from adp and phosphate
41
Q

how many Acetyl CoA produced per glucose molecule

A

2 (split into 2 pyruvate)

42
Q

function of outer membrane

A

separates the contents of mitochondria from rest of the cell, partially permeable

43
Q

function of inner membrane (and cristae)

A

etc and atp synthase present

44
Q

how is inner membrnae and cristae adapted

A

increase surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation
(ADP + Pi → ATP)

45
Q

function of the matrix

A

contains enzymes for krebs cycle and link reaction

46
Q

how is the matrix efficient

A

presence of respiratory enzymes

47
Q

function of mitochondrial and ribosomes

A

expression of mitochondrial genes, can grow and reproduce itself

48
Q

function of inter-membrane space

A

hydrogen ions pumped into this space by etc

49
Q

adaptation of inner-membrane space

A

small- build up proton concentration quickly

50
Q

4 main cellular process that use atp as a source of energy

A
  1. synthesising dna and proteins
  2. pumping molecules across membrane- active transport
  3. muscle contraction
  4. movement of chromosomes during cell division
51
Q

molecules that control the process of respiration

A

enzymes

52
Q

y cell respiration much happen within every living cell

A

needs its own supply of atps to carry out vital processes
given out by respiration since every cell must carry out cellular respiration

53
Q

purpose of filter paper wicks

A

increase efficiency of co2 absorption

54
Q

function of capillary tube containing coloured oil

A

measures rate of oxygen consumption- movement in the oil per minute towards the other tube

55
Q

function of rubber bungs sealing each tube

A

close system to prevent changes in air volume not due to respiration

56
Q

function of syringe

A

used to reset position of coloured oil

57
Q

function of metal cage

A

keep organism in place and away from contact with the hydroxide solution

58
Q

main advantages to humans of anaerobic respiration

A

can supply atp rapidly for a short period of time

59
Q

y can aerobic respiration only be done for short periods of time

A

lactic acid will build up and the body cant tolerate it → need o2 to break it down

60
Q

oxygen debt

A

demand for oxygen to break down the excess lactic acid built up during anaerobic respiration

61
Q

electron carrier

A

substances that can accept and give up electrons as required and link oxidations and reductions in cells

62
Q

how phosphorylation aids cell respiration

A
  • makes a molecule unstable → more likely to react
  • reduce the activation energy required for the reaction
63
Q

coenzyme: a carrier

A

non-protein that binds to enzymes to help catalyse reactions

64
Q

how to measure rate of respiration + set up [4]

A

respirometer
1. capillary tube filled with coloured fluid and attached to a test tube
2. wire basket for the living organism
3. potassium hydroxide solution
4. syringe

65
Q

chemical used to generate co2

A

sodium hydrogen carbonate

66
Q

enzyme for atp + energy it uses

A

atp synthase using energy to form organic compounds

67
Q

waste products of aerobic respiration

A

co2 + water

68
Q

where does aerobic respiration carry pyruvate to

A

mitochondria

69
Q

what can anaerobic respiration metabolise

A

carbohydrates (glucose)
NOT LIPIDS

70
Q

product after phosphorylation

A

glucose-1, 6 biphosphate

71
Q

why is anaerobic respiration- glycolysis reversible

A

wont use up all the NAD+

72
Q

why do lipids have a higher energy yield

A

go directly to link reaction

73
Q

how to regenerate NAD+

A

convert pyruvate → lactate during anaerobic respiration

74
Q

eg hydrolysis reaction

A

ATP → ADP + Pi

75
Q

processes that uses atp [4]

A
  1. synthesising dna and proteins
  2. active transport
  3. muscle contraction
  4. movement of chromosomes
76
Q

how does phosphorylation make process more efficient

A

makes compound to be more unstable so easier to react with lower activation energy

77
Q

coenzyme A

A

non protein that binds to enzymes and catalyses reactions

78
Q
A

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