c1.2- respiration Flashcards
full name of atp
adenosine triphosphate
base of atp
adenine
5 carbon sugar (ribose)
3 phosphate group
what is atp converted from + catalyst
from adp and phosphate in condensation
catalysed by atp synthase using energy from organic compounds
1 glucose molecule form how many atp molecules in aerobic respiration
36
1 glucose molecule form how many atp molecules in anaerobic respiration
2
chemical properties of atp [3]
- stable at neutral pH (in cytoplasm)
- wont pass through phospholipid bilayer through simple diffusion
- small amount of energy released for cell’s metabolic reactions
y only release small amount of energy?
if too much energy released then wasted as heat and die
- can control how much energy is released
full name of adp
adenosine diphosphate
cell respiration
controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce atp
how to control release
inhabitants- end product goes back to stop
y need to control release of energy
- not waste glucose
- convert to glycogen -> store in liver or convert to fat
y not store as glucose
- soluble so if a cell tries to store a lot of glucose inside then water potential decreases → burst
y store as glycogen
insoluble- wont affect water potential
glucose needed for life processes eg [3]
- active transport across membranes
- synthesis of macromolecules (anabolism)
- movement of the whole cell or cell components
how r organic compounds classified?
contains carbon and hydrogen
- not in oxide, carbonate or hydrocarbonate form
3 main organic compounds used in respiration
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
oxygen debt
lactate broken down with the use of oxygen
similarities of aerobic and anaerobic respiration [4]
- start with glucose
- produce pyruvate
- produce atp
- produce co2
differences of aerobic and anaerobic respiration
aerobic
- more atp (36) produced
- uses oxygen
- waste products: co2 + water
- pyruvate carried to mitochondria
- can metabolise other molecules
anaerobic
- less atp (2) produced
- water products: co2 + ethanol (yeast) animals: lactic acid
- occurs in cytoplasm only
- can only metabolise glucose
4 stages of respiration
- glycolysis
- link reaction
- kreb’s cycle
- etc
where does glycolysis occur in
cytoplasm
stages of glycolysis
- bind 2 phosphate
- phosphorylation
- glucose-1-6-biphosphate - lysis
- 2 G3P - oxidation
- 2 G3P -> 2 pyruvate
- NAD+ reduced to NADH+ H+
= 2 atp
characteristic of anaerobic respiration + why
reversible so wont use up all NAD+
if deplete all NAD+ but unused
stop at producing 2 G3P
- cant convert to pyruvate so no 4 atp and just loosing 2 atp
link reaction where
mitochondrial matrix
oxidative decarboxylation
link: 2x pyruvate -> 2x AcetylcoA (2c)
catalyst: Coenzyme A
krebs: citrate -> 5c , 5c -> 4c
role of NAD
- steal hydrogen and electron
- reduced
link reaction
pyruvate (3c) will react with oxygen [indirectly] -> one molecule of carbon dioxide, one molecule of Acetyl CoA (2c) and 1 NADH and H+
how many atp formed in link reaction
0
what step not needed when lipids are respired
glycolysis
acetyl CoA
break off 2 carbon off to kreb cycle until all broken down
if number of carbons is odd
released as co2
carbohydrates vs lipids (atp, anaerobic, energy yield)
carbohydrates
- generates some ATP
- does not require oxygen
- energy yield: half from lipids
lipids
- anaerobic is not possible: breaking it down
- energy yield: nearly twice as much from carbohydrates - directly go into link reaction
krebs cycle net yield per glucose
- 2 atp
- 6 NADH + H+ (reduced NAD)
- 2 FADH
where does kreb cycle take place in
mitochondrial matrix
what is the electron transport chain made up of + where
a number of integral proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane
role of NAD
accepts hydrogen form a substrate
what is NAD+
coenzyme
- NAD accepts hydrogen from a substrate, reduced to NADH
- NADH carries the hydrogen to the electron transport chain
- hydrogen ions and electrons are used to produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation
purpose of converting pyruvate to lactate during anaerobic cell respiration
regenerate NAD
energy change involved in the interconversion between atp and adp
- energy is released when atp is hydrolysed to adp and phosphate
- energy is required to synthesise atp from adp and phosphate
how many Acetyl CoA produced per glucose molecule
2 (split into 2 pyruvate)
function of outer membrane
separates the contents of mitochondria from rest of the cell, partially permeable
function of inner membrane (and cristae)
etc and atp synthase present
how is inner membrnae and cristae adapted
increase surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation
(ADP + Pi → ATP)
function of the matrix
contains enzymes for krebs cycle and link reaction
how is the matrix efficient
presence of respiratory enzymes
function of mitochondrial and ribosomes
expression of mitochondrial genes, can grow and reproduce itself
function of inter-membrane space
hydrogen ions pumped into this space by etc
adaptation of inner-membrane space
small- build up proton concentration quickly
4 main cellular process that use atp as a source of energy
- synthesising dna and proteins
- pumping molecules across membrane- active transport
- muscle contraction
- movement of chromosomes during cell division
molecules that control the process of respiration
enzymes
y cell respiration much happen within every living cell
needs its own supply of atps to carry out vital processes
given out by respiration since every cell must carry out cellular respiration
purpose of filter paper wicks
increase efficiency of co2 absorption
function of capillary tube containing coloured oil
measures rate of oxygen consumption- movement in the oil per minute towards the other tube
function of rubber bungs sealing each tube
close system to prevent changes in air volume not due to respiration
function of syringe
used to reset position of coloured oil
function of metal cage
keep organism in place and away from contact with the hydroxide solution
main advantages to humans of anaerobic respiration
can supply atp rapidly for a short period of time
y can aerobic respiration only be done for short periods of time
lactic acid will build up and the body cant tolerate it → need o2 to break it down
oxygen debt
demand for oxygen to break down the excess lactic acid built up during anaerobic respiration
electron carrier
substances that can accept and give up electrons as required and link oxidations and reductions in cells
how phosphorylation aids cell respiration
- makes a molecule unstable → more likely to react
- reduce the activation energy required for the reaction
coenzyme: a carrier
non-protein that binds to enzymes to help catalyse reactions
how to measure rate of respiration + set up [4]
respirometer
1. capillary tube filled with coloured fluid and attached to a test tube
2. wire basket for the living organism
3. potassium hydroxide solution
4. syringe
chemical used to generate co2
sodium hydrogen carbonate
enzyme for atp + energy it uses
atp synthase using energy to form organic compounds
waste products of aerobic respiration
co2 + water
where does aerobic respiration carry pyruvate to
mitochondria
what can anaerobic respiration metabolise
carbohydrates (glucose)
NOT LIPIDS
product after phosphorylation
glucose-1, 6 biphosphate
why is anaerobic respiration- glycolysis reversible
wont use up all the NAD+
why do lipids have a higher energy yield
go directly to link reaction
how to regenerate NAD+
convert pyruvate → lactate during anaerobic respiration
eg hydrolysis reaction
ATP → ADP + Pi
processes that uses atp [4]
- synthesising dna and proteins
- active transport
- muscle contraction
- movement of chromosomes
how does phosphorylation make process more efficient
makes compound to be more unstable so easier to react with lower activation energy
coenzyme A
non protein that binds to enzymes and catalyses reactions
