b1.1 carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
what does the chemical properties of a carbon atom allow it to do
form 4 covalent bonds or a combination of single and double bonds with other non-metallic elements -> high density of compounds
what is glucose also known as
hexose sugar
diagram of glucose
notes
what is ribose also known as
pentose sugar
ribose diagram
notes
what is deoxyribose
missing an oxygen on carbon 2
eg of deoxyribose
sugar in dna
diagram of amino acid
amine grp
R grp
carboxyl grp
notes
diagram of fatty acids
notes
diagram of glycerol
notes
- h on top
why is glucose important [4]
- chemically stable so body can metabolise it
- highly soluble + small: can move around easily
- easy to use in respiration to generate atp
- turn into glycogen if in excess -> insoluble and large so doesnt affect water potential
glucose + glucose chemical reaction eq
glucose + glucose -> [condensation] maltose + water
which 2 carbons react in glucose + glucose
c1 + c4
what is the c1 c4 bond known as
1-4 glycosidic bond
1-4 glycosidic bond feature
straight chain
what bond does amino acid form
peptide bond
bond of glycogen
1-6 glycosidic bond
1-6 glycosidic bond feature
bent chain- causes branch in the polysaccharide
structure of alpha glucose
hydrogen on top
OH at bottom
structure of beta glucose
hydrogen on bottom
OH at top
difference between glycogen and cellulose
glycogen- C6 all facing the top: take up more space
for structure which one better
straight
cellulose structure
beta glucose in alternating orientation to ensure that the cellulose is straight
what protein are the ABO antigens in blood
glycoprotein
what do lipids dissolve in
non-polar solvents eg. ethanol and acetone
what does condensation in triglyceride result in
ester bond formed
saturated fat bond
no C=C double bond in the hydrocarbon chain, all single bonds
monounsaturated fatty acid bond
one double bond in hydrocarbon chain
cis fatty acid features + effect
liquid in room temp
healthier- less likely to become a blockage
polyunsaturated fatty acid bond
more than one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain
adipocytes
layer of fat under the skin
function of adipocytes [2]
- energy storage
- thermal insulation
structure of steroids
3 hexagons, 1 pentagon
hexagons- cyclhexane
pentagon- cyclopentane
how many carbons do steroids have
17
steroids egs [2]
- oestrogen
- testosterone
most to least ideal energy source
carbohydrates -> fats -> proteins
factors to determine which one (carbs, fats, proteins) most efficient in energy
- speed of which they release energy
- amount of oxygen needed to release energy
bonds that carbon molecules form
covalent (strongest)
exception of carbon forming 4 covalent bonds
methane
polymer
chain of two or more monomers chemically bonded together
3 examples of 6 carbon monosaccharides
- glucose
- galactose
- fructose
what is needed to allow condensation to occur except for two monosaccharides
activation energy
eg word eq of hydrolysis
maltose -> glucose + glucose
orientation and bonding of glucose molecules in cellulose
1-4 bonds between alternately oriented glucose molecules
1-4 bonding found in polysaccharides
cellulose
amylose
1-4 and 1-6 bonding found in polysaccharides
amylopectin
glycogen
polysaccharides with straight chain
cellulose
amylose
polysaccharides with bent chain
amylopectin
glycogen
polysaccharides with unbranched chain
cellulose
amylose
glycogen
polysaccharide with branched chain
amylopectin
properties of cellulose and glycogen
insoluble
properties of amylose and amylopectin
insoluble
vary in size (easy to remove glucose units)
what are amylose and amylopectin examples of
starch
function of cellulose
structural support
function of starch
- useful for glucose storage
- temporary store in leaf cells when glucose is being made faster than it can be exported
function of glycogen
storage of carbohydrate
role of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition
recognise and bind to carbohydrate receptors on adjacent cells -> cell-cell attachment + intracellular responses in the interacting cells
eq to form triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> [condensation] triglyceride
when energy in carbohydrates is released
atp
chemical energy stored in the form of glucose is for immediate use in what process
respiration
where is glycogen stored
liver
why is glycogen used rather than lipids
easier to break down and use
where are fats stored in mammals
under the skin in adipose cells
why lipids better than carbohydrates in long term storage
more energy per gram
how non-polar steroid passes through the phospholipid bilayer
simple diffusion, squeezing through the phospholipids bilayers
- wont repel hydrophobic interactions
- dont need proteins for transport
how monosaccharides are converted into polysaccharides (bond + catalyse)
condensation
- removal of water to join monosaccharides together
- catalysed by enzymes
- glycosidic bonds
maximum number of fatty acids that can be condensed with glycerol
three
diagram of deoxyribose
notes
- change oh on 2nd c to h
difference between peptide and glycosidic bond
peptide bond: between aminos acids
glycosidic bond: between monosaccharides
Glucose is absorbed through protein channels in the plasma membrane of epithelium cells in the small intestine. Which characteristics of glucose prevent its diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?
It is polar and therefore hydrophilic.
2 types of unsaturated fat
monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
how to identify steroid is a lipid
very low proportion of oxygen to carbon
how are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood
as groups of molecules in lipoprotein complexes
features of atp [3]
- wont pass thru phospholipid bilayer thru simple diffusion
- small amount of energy released
- stable at neutral pH
what is glucose needed for [2]
- active transport
- anabolism
structure of cellulose
form bundles using hydrogen bonds (polar)
what are ribose and glucose
monosaccharides
deoxyribose eg
sugar in dna
is straight or branched chain better + why
straight because fits better
feature of cis fat- effect on body
liquid- healthier
structure of steroids
3 cyclohexanes, 1 cyclopentane
where is glycogen stored
liver
what is cellulose
polysaccharide
bond in hydrolysis
glycosidic bond
