b1.1 carbohydrates and lipids Flashcards
1
Q
what does the chemical properties of a carbon atom allow it to do
A
form 4 covalent bonds or a combination of single and double bonds with other non-metallic elements -> high density of compounds
2
Q
what is glucose also known as
A
hexose sugar
3
Q
diagram of glucose
A
notes
4
Q
what is ribose also known as
A
pentose sugar
5
Q
ribose diagram
A
notes
6
Q
what is deoxyribose
A
missing an oxygen on carbon 2
7
Q
eg of deoxyribose
A
sugar in dna
8
Q
diagram of amino acid
A
amine grp
R grp
carboxyl grp
notes
9
Q
diagram of fatty acids
A
notes
10
Q
diagram of glycerol
A
notes
- h on top
11
Q
why is glucose important [4]
A
- chemically stable so body can metabolise it
- highly soluble + small: can move around easily
- easy to use in respiration to generate atp
- turn into glycogen if in excess -> insoluble and large so doesnt affect water potential
12
Q
glucose + glucose chemical reaction eq
A
glucose + glucose -> [condensation] maltose + water
13
Q
which 2 carbons react in glucose + glucose
A
c1 + c4
14
Q
what is the c1 c4 bond known as
A
1-4 glycosidic bond
15
Q
1-4 glycosidic bond feature
A
straight chain
16
Q
what bond does amino acid form
A
peptide bond
17
Q
bond of glycogen
A
1-6 glycosidic bond
18
Q
1-6 glycosidic bond feature
A
bent chain- causes branch in the polysaccharide
19
Q
structure of alpha glucose
A
hydrogen on top
OH at bottom
20
Q
structure of beta glucose
A
hydrogen on bottom
OH at top
21
Q
difference between glycogen and cellulose
A
glycogen- C6 all facing the top: take up more space
22
Q
for structure which one better
A
straight
23
Q
cellulose structure
A
beta glucose in alternating orientation to ensure that the cellulose is straight
24
Q
what protein are the ABO antigens in blood
A
glycoprotein
25
what do lipids dissolve in
non-polar solvents eg. ethanol and acetone
26
what does condensation in triglyceride result in
ester bond formed
27
saturated fat bond
no C=C double bond in the hydrocarbon chain, all single bonds
28
monounsaturated fatty acid bond
one double bond in hydrocarbon chain
29
cis fatty acid features + effect
liquid in room temp
healthier- less likely to become a blockage
30
polyunsaturated fatty acid bond
more than one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain
31
adipocytes
layer of fat under the skin
32
function of adipocytes [2]
1. energy storage
2. thermal insulation
33
structure of steroids
3 hexagons, 1 pentagon
hexagons- cyclhexane
pentagon- cyclopentane
34
how many carbons do steroids have
17
35
steroids egs [2]
1. oestrogen
2. testosterone
36
most to least ideal energy source
carbohydrates -> fats -> proteins
37
factors to determine which one (carbs, fats, proteins) most efficient in energy
1. speed of which they release energy
2. amount of oxygen needed to release energy
38
bonds that carbon molecules form
covalent (strongest)
39
exception of carbon forming 4 covalent bonds
methane
40
polymer
chain of two or more monomers chemically bonded together
41
3 examples of 6 carbon monosaccharides
1. glucose
2. galactose
3. fructose
42
what is needed to allow condensation to occur except for two monosaccharides
activation energy
43
eg word eq of hydrolysis
maltose -> glucose + glucose
44
orientation and bonding of glucose molecules in cellulose
1-4 bonds between alternately oriented glucose molecules
45
1-4 bonding found in polysaccharides
cellulose
amylose
46
1-4 and 1-6 bonding found in polysaccharides
amylopectin
glycogen
47
polysaccharides with straight chain
cellulose
amylose
48
polysaccharides with bent chain
amylopectin
glycogen
49
polysaccharides with unbranched chain
cellulose
amylose
glycogen
50
polysaccharide with branched chain
amylopectin
51
properties of cellulose and glycogen
insoluble
52
properties of amylose and amylopectin
insoluble
vary in size (easy to remove glucose units)
53
what are amylose and amylopectin examples of
starch
54
function of cellulose
structural support
55
function of starch
- useful for glucose storage
- temporary store in leaf cells when glucose is being made faster than it can be exported
56
function of glycogen
storage of carbohydrate
57
role of glycoproteins in cell-cell recognition
recognise and bind to carbohydrate receptors on adjacent cells -> cell-cell attachment + intracellular responses in the interacting cells
58
eq to form triglyceride
glycerol + 3 fatty acids -> [condensation] triglyceride
59
when energy in carbohydrates is released
atp
60
chemical energy stored in the form of glucose is for immediate use in what process
respiration
61
where is glycogen stored
liver
62
why is glycogen used rather than lipids
easier to break down and use
63
where are fats stored in mammals
under the skin in adipose cells
64
why lipids better than carbohydrates in long term storage
more energy per gram
65
how non-polar steroid passes through the phospholipid bilayer
simple diffusion, squeezing through the phospholipids bilayers
- wont repel hydrophobic interactions
- dont need proteins for transport
66
how monosaccharides are converted into polysaccharides (bond + catalyse)
condensation
- removal of water to join monosaccharides together
- catalysed by enzymes
- glycosidic bonds
67
maximum number of fatty acids that can be condensed with glycerol
three
68
diagram of deoxyribose
notes
- change oh on 2nd c to h
69
difference between peptide and glycosidic bond
peptide bond: between amino acids
glycosidic bond: between monosaccharides
70
Glucose is absorbed through protein channels in the plasma membrane of epithelium cells in the small intestine. Which characteristics of glucose prevent its diffusion through the phospholipid bilayer?
It is polar and therefore hydrophilic.
71
2 types of unsaturated fat
monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
72
how to identify steroid is a lipid
very low proportion of oxygen to carbon
73
how are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood
as groups of molecules in lipoprotein complexes
74
features of atp [3]
1. wont pass thru phospholipid bilayer thru simple diffusion
2. small amount of energy released
3. stable at neutral pH
75
what is glucose needed for [2]
1. active transport
2. anabolism
76
structure of cellulose
form bundles using hydrogen bonds (polar)
77
what are ribose and glucose
monosaccharides
78
deoxyribose eg
sugar in dna
79
80
is straight or branched chain better + why
straight because fits better
81
feature of cis fat- effect on body
liquid- healthier
82
structure of steroids
3 cyclohexanes, 1 cyclopentane
83
where is glycogen stored
liver
84
what is cellulose
polysaccharide
85
bond in hydrolysis
glycosidic bond
86
