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bio > c3.1 integration of body systems > Flashcards

c3.1 integration of body systems Flashcards

1
Q

emergent properties

A

whole function is greater than the sum of all individual parts

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2
Q

tissue

A

contains different cell types that all contributes to the function

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3
Q

order of body systems (small to large)

A

organelles → tissue → organ → organ system → organism

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4
Q

tissue eg

A

trachea

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5
Q

diff cell types eg [2]

A
  1. ciliated cells
  2. goblet cells
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6
Q

property of AT1 cell + adaptation

A

very thin → allows efficient gas exchange

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7
Q

property of AT2 cell + adaptation

A

secretes surfactant so alveoli wont collapse

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8
Q

organ

A

a group of tissues in an animal or plant that work together to carry out a specific function of life

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9
Q

organ systems

A

when groups of organs interact with each other to perform an overall function of life

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10
Q

organisms

A

a living individual made up of interconnected parts but the parts are independent

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11
Q

brain as a central information integration organ function [3]

A

receives, processes, stores information

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12
Q

hippocampus function

A

convert short term memory to long term memory

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13
Q

white matter in spinal cord

A

sensory neurones, sends signal up

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14
Q

grey matter in spinal cord

A

motor and inter-motor neurones, sends signals down

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15
Q

conditions for brain to override spinal cord processes

A

have to be conscious

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16
Q

sensory neurones function

A

convey messages from receptor cells to central nervous system

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17
Q

receptor cells eg

A

rod and cone cells in retina detect changes in light

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18
Q

how do axons of sensory neurones enter spinal cord or the brain

A

using spinal nerves or cranial nerves

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19
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibres consists of sensory or motor neurones, enclosed in a protective sheath

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20
Q

neurone

A

the entire cell

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21
Q

nerve fibres

A

just the axons part of the neurones

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22
Q

reflex arc

A
  1. receptor to CNS: sensory neurones
  2. within CNS: relay neurones (interneurones)
  3. CNS to effectors: motor neurones
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23
Q

endocrine system

A
  1. stimulus is received
  2. use of hormones secreted into the blood
  3. transported to target tissues
  4. hormone changes conditions of the tissue
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24
Q

how is change in the endocrine system monitored

A

through feedback

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25
Q

how to ensure hormone is transported in endocrine system

A

as long as the cell has the receptor

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26
Q

hypothalamus

A

controls endocrine system using the pituitary gland

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27
Q

posterior pituitary gland function

A

stores and releases hormones made by the hypothalamus

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28
Q

anterior pituitary gland function

A

makes and secretes own hormones that regulate many body functions

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29
Q

diurnal pattern of melatonin

A

secreted by the phenol gland to control rhythms in behaviour in a 24 hr cycle

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30
Q

how the pattern works

A
  1. melatonin secretion increases in the evening (high levels causes drowsiness and promote sleep)
  2. detects amount of blue light → melatonin secretion drops
  3. melatonin in blood is broken down by the liver rapidly → wake up
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31
Q

where is epinephrine/adrenaline secreted from

A

adrenal glands

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32
Q

what does epinephrine/adrenaline do

A

binds to adrenergic receptors of target cells

33
Q

factors that facilitate intense muscle contraction [5]

A
  1. muscle cells break down glycogen into glucose for respiration
  2. liver cells break down glycogen and release glucose into the bloodstream
  3. smooth muscle cells in bronchi and chanchiole relax to dilate the airways for better ventilation
  4. pacemaker in the heart speeds up the heart rate
  5. artirole going to muscle vasodilate while the ones foing to the intestines, skin and extremities vasoconstrict so more blood goes to the muscle
34
Q

feedback control of heart rate

A

the cardiovascular centre of the medulla oblongata receives signals to determine if the heart should pump faster or slower suing negative feedback

35
Q

what do signals from the sympathetic nerve do

A

pacemaker- increase heart rate

36
Q

what do signals from the vagus nerve do

A

pacemaker- reduce heart rate

37
Q

where do the signals to the pacemaker come from [2]

A
  1. baroreceptors (detects blood pressure)
  2. chemoreceptors (detects blood oxygen and pH)
38
Q

where are the receptors for heart rate located

A

aorta and carotid arteries

39
Q

what happens when blood pressure is low

A

pump faster

40
Q

what happens when blood has low pH

A

means high co2
pump faster to get rid of co2

41
Q

negative feedback eg

A
  • high blood pressure, high blood oxygen level and high pH (low co2 concentration) will cause heart rate to slow down
  • low blood pressure, low blood pressure level and low pH (high co2 concentration) will cause the heart rate to speed up
42
Q

what receptors detect blood pH + location

A

central chemoreceptors in the brainstem (medula oblongata) and the peripheral chemoreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries

43
Q

what happens when pH drops

A
  1. chemoreceptors send signals to the respiratory centres in the brainstem increase the ventilation rate by contracting the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • increase in ventilation rate will reduce the co2 concentration inside the alveoli allowing the co2 in the blood to diffuse out faster due to the steep concentration gradient
  3. blood pH will go up and when it is back to normal level, the chemoreceptors stop sending a signal and the ventilation rate goes back to normal
44
Q

swallowing controlled by

A

swallowing of food and egestion of faeces are voluntary control of muscles that are controlled by the central nervous system

45
Q

peristalsis controlled by

A

occurs in the oesophagus and the intestines involuntarily and this is controlled by the enteric nervous system

46
Q

hormone

A

chemical message produced and released in one part of an organism to have an effect in another part of the organism

47
Q

name of plant hormones

A

phytohormones

48
Q

phytohormones function [3]

A
  1. signal cell growth
  2. development
  3. response to stimuli
49
Q

where is auxin produced

A

shoot tip

50
Q

IAA

A

most abundant type of auxin

51
Q

where is IAA synthesised

A

apical meristem of the shoot (stem cells at the shoot tip)

52
Q

function of IAA [2]

A
  1. controls growth at the shoot tip
  2. promotes elongation of cells in the stems
53
Q

how to auxin enter cells

A

by diffusion

54
Q

how does auxin reacts once it enters a plant’s cell cytoplasm

A

loses a proton and become negatively charged → form water cage

55
Q

how to pump auxin out and into the cell wall

A

auxin efflux carriers

56
Q

what happens when auxin reaches the cell wall

A

becomes uncharged again and can diffuse into the next cell

57
Q

phototropism

A
  1. proteins (phototropins) absorb light of the correct wavelength and change shapes
  2. increase gene expression of a group of auxin efflux carrier (PIN3 transporter proteins)
  3. more PIN3 transporter proteins are produced and moved to the cell membrane
58
Q

PIN3 protein function

A

carry and transport IAA from cells to cells

59
Q

more PIN3 transporter proteins means

A

more IAA

60
Q

to elongate the shaded side of the shoot

A
  • shaded side will phototropin increase the expression of PIN3 gene
  • so IAA elongate cells in the shaded sides of the shoot
61
Q

cell wall function

A

allows cell to stay turgid without bursting
- cant stretch or extend

62
Q

cell wall structure

A

made of inelastic cellulose that are bundled up into structure called microfibrils and then reinforced cross linking with pectin

63
Q

how does auxin elongate the shaded side

A
  • promotes the synthesis of proton pumps (H+ ions) proton pumps are added to the plasma membrane and pumps protons from inside the cell to the outside making it acidic and the crosslink of the cell wall weaker
  • allows the cell wall to expand and the cell can elongate due to the turgor pressure inside the cell
64
Q

cytokinin function

A

promotes cell division/cytokinesis

65
Q

where is cytokinin produced

A

root tips

66
Q

cytokinin transport

A

transported up the shoots via the xylem

67
Q

apical dominance

A

totipotent
the closer the nodes are to the shoot tip, the higher the IAA concentration and higher the growth inhibition

68
Q

why need apical dominance

A
  • when the shoot grows upwards, the apical meristem leaves some meristem at the node (ie the auxiliary body) to allow for branches to grow
  • however, the apical meristem wants to make sure the shoot tip is always at the top
69
Q

what will happen when auxin is produced by the shoot tip + how

A

inhibit development of auxiliary buds and promote root growth
by increasing gene expression of cytokinin

70
Q

eg antagonistic interaction

A

auxin and cytokinin

71
Q

how does cytokinin help growth of auxiliary buds

A

moving nutrients towards them so they can become the new main shoot

72
Q

what determines whether an auxiliary bud will develop

A

ratio of cytokinins and auxins

73
Q

gibberellin function

A

contributes to stem elongation

74
Q

main purpose of fruits

A

attract other organisms to consume them and help seed dispersal

75
Q

how to know when seeds arent fully developed by the fruit

A

fruit will be hard, acidic and lacks scent
- so wont attract other organisms

76
Q

what causes the changes when food ripens

A

ethylene

77
Q

ethylene released by what

A

seeds when they are mature

78
Q

eg of positive feedback in fruits + why

A

ethylene stimulates fruit ripening and ripening fruit will release more ethylene
- will diffuse to other fruits too

79
Q

why ethylene will diffuse to other fruits too

A

encourages organisms to visit the area if there are a lot of ripe fruits

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