Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

bio > d3.1 reproduction > Flashcards

d3.1 reproduction Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction [4]

A
  1. no. of parents
  2. a- mitosis used throughout life cycle
    s- meiosis used once per generation
  3. a- offspring is genetically identical to each other + parent
    s- offspring genetically different from each other and their parents
  4. a- no genetic variation generated
    s- genetic variation generated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

eg of asexual reproduction

A

bacteria- binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pros of asexual reproduction [1]

A

fast and efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cons of asexual reproduction [1]

A

lack of genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

consequences of lack of genetic diversity

A
  • more likely to all die from disease
    less adapted against extinction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pros of sexual reproduction [1]

A

generates genetic variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does genetic variation allow for

A

natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cons of sexual reproduction [1]

A

slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

difference between male and female gametes [4]

A
  1. motility
    m- travel to female
    f- sessile
  2. size
  3. food reserves
    m- only enough for the gamete
    f- enough for development of an embryo
  4. numbers produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ovulation

A

egg has been developed and released in oviduct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

another name for egg

A

oocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what does uterus do when egg is developing

A

prepares for the arrival of a fertilised egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

where does the egg develop

A

ovary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

stages of the menstrual cycle [4]

A
  1. follicular phase
  2. ovulation
  3. luteal phase
  4. menstruation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

follicle definition

A

an egg surrounded by a small group of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the group of follicles stimulated by

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

where is FSH released from

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does developing follicles release

A

oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

purpose of oestradiol

A

thickens the endometrium (uterus lining)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does high amount of oestrogen do

A

inhibit FSH secretion
stimulates LH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

eg of negative feedback

A

high amount of oestrogen → inhibit FSH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does oestradiol do

A

increase number of FSH receptors on follicle cells- more responsive to FSH and releases more oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

eg of positive feedback

A

increase number of FSH receptors on follicle cells- more responsive to FSH and releases more oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens if theres too much FSH

A

too many eggs released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

where does developing follicles move to

A

edge of the ovary
- bigger ones that contains the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which days are LH released in huge amounts

A

days 12-14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

where is LH released from

A

pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens on the 14th day

A

one of the biggest follicle- bursts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

why does the follicle burst

A

bc high amount of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what happens after the follicle bursts [2]

A
  • releases an oocyte into the oviduct
  • other follicles degenerates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how long does an egg last after ovulation

A

less than 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what happens at the start of luteal phase

A

follicle forms corpus luteum and releases progesterone and oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

purpose of progesterone

A

thicken the endometrium further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does oestradiol do in luteal phase

A

stimulate LH secretion from pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what does progesterone effect

A

inhibits both LH and FSH secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

why does LH level drop in luteal phase

A

mroe progesterone is released than oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

why cant a zygote implant

A

only one cell- need at least 100 cells to implant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what happens if theres no implantation [5]

A
  1. unfertilised oocyte leaves via the vagina
  2. corpus luteum breaks down after 2 weeks
  3. no more progesterone
  4. endometrium breaks down (released during menstruation)
  5. no progesterone- release FSH again
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

after menstruation stops [4]

A
  1. blood loss stops
  2. endometrium builds up
  3. FSH stimulates oestradiol release
  4. another group of follicles in the ovary will develop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what will the embryo release

A

hCG (human chronic gonatropin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

function of hCG

A

keep corpus luteum active so it can keep making progesterone to thicken the endometrium further

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

reason for pituitary gland not secreting FSH

A

progesterone is present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

few weeks after implantation

A

corpus luteum will degrade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

function of placenta [2]

A
  1. release progesterone
  2. pass nutrients and waste back to mother
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

overall 2 cycles

A
  1. ovarian cycle
    - follicle phase
    - luteal phase
  2. uterine cycle
    - changes to the endometrium during menstrual cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

graph of hormones in the menstrual cycle

A

check notes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

why does the uterus need to be thickens to prepare for pregnancy

A

so fetus can be implanted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what hormone is responsible for stimulating follicle development?

A

FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

which hormone stimulates ovulation?

A

LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the name of the hormone that maintains the thickening of the endometrium?

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

why would the endometrium collapse and break down if theres no implantation?

A

no more progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what inhibits FSH and stimulate LH

A

oestradiol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what inhibits FSH and LH secretion

A

progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm matures and is stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

seminal vesicle function

A

makes seminal fluid
- contains fructose (energy source)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

testicle function

A
  • male gonads
  • make testosterone and sperm (male gametes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

prostate gland function

A

alkaline for the semen for sperms to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

ovary function

A
  • female gonads
  • produces oestrogen , progesterone and eggs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

endometrium (uterus) function

A

allows for implantation of fetus

60
Q

fallopian tube function

A
  • oviduct
    -pathway for egg to uterus
61
Q

sperm diagram

A

notes

62
Q

egg diagram

A

notes

63
Q

process of fertilisation (humans) [5]

A
  1. one sperm reaches the zona pellucida
  2. acrosome reaction occurs- enzymes in head of the sperm digest through the zona
    • takes more than one sperm to digest the zona pelucida
  3. plasma membranes of the sperm and the egg fuse
  4. stimulates release of Ca2+ in the egg, stimulating meiosis II in the nucleus
  5. cortical reaction- at the same time, the cortical granules fuses with the egg plasma membrane, releasing its contents
64
Q

why is it important that the zona pellucida cant bind w sperm

A
  • no more sperm can enter- prevent polyspermy
65
Q

how does structure of zona pelucida change

A

acrosome is an enzyme
- when active site changes- cant enter anymore

66
Q

what happens when zygote undergoes first mitosis

A

male and female nuclei fuse- joint mitosis
=> 2 genetically identical diploids

67
Q

what stays out of egg

A

midpiece and tail of sperm

68
Q

importance of midpiece and tail of sperm not entering egg

A

male mitochondria never enters

69
Q

ifv process

A
  1. down-regulation
    • injection every day for 2 wks- stop the pituitary gland from secreting FSH or LH
    • secretion of oesteradiol and progesterone also stops
    • allows doctors to control the timing and amount of egg production
  2. intramuscular injections of FSH
    • stimulates follicles to develop
    • aim- generate a higher FSH concentration
    • more follicles than usual develop
  3. when follicles are 18mm- stimulated to mature by injection of hCG
    • signals to the mother that the embryo is in need of sustenance from the endometrium
  4. egg collection
    • draw the eggs out of the follicles
  5. mixed with sperm cells in a shallow dish + incubated
  6. extra progesterone given to ensure that uterus lining is maintained
  7. if implantation occurs- normal pregnancy
70
Q

petal function

A

attracts pollinators

71
Q

stigma function

A

pollen binding site

72
Q

style function

A

pollen tube grows down style from stigma to ovary

73
Q

ovary function

A

contains ovules (female gametes)

74
Q

sepals function

A

protect developing flower

75
Q

filament function

A

supports anther

76
Q

anther function

A

contains pollen

77
Q

female name for plant reproduction system

A

carpel

78
Q

male name for plant reproduction system

A

stamen

79
Q

why is carpel longer than stamens

A
  • avoid self pollination and increase genetic variety
  • offsprings- varied genotype
80
Q

why pollen grains dont simply fall off the stigma after pollination

A
  • different shapes
  • water- hydrate the pollen so causes surface tension
  • fructose: makes it more sticky
81
Q

why a pollen grain knows when to grow a pollen tube down the style

A
  • hydration from the water
  • compatibility- if it recognise that its from itself- wont grow or grow then killed halfway
  • temperature
  • chemicals to attract the tube to find the ovule
82
Q

micropyle

A

opening of the micropyle allows the pollen to enter the ovule for fertilisation

83
Q

product of plant fertilisation

A

zygote: develops into an embryo with an embryo root, embryo shoot and either one or two embryo leaves

84
Q

why 2 male gametes

A

one- seed, one- endosperm

85
Q

adv of self pollination

A

ensures survival even when population is scarce

86
Q

disadv of self pollination

A

disadv- increases the change of recessive alleles of rare diseases being inherited

87
Q

why would want to self pollinate

A

gardener- rare and pure breed of flower then would want to self pollinate

88
Q

adv cross pollination

A
  1. genetic variation so the offsprings are better adapted to the changing environment
  2. promotes hybrid vigour (offsprings of crosses between genetically unrelated plants tend to be healthily and grow strongly)
89
Q

methods to promote cross pollination [4]

A
  1. anthers and stigmas have different maturing times
  2. separate male and female flowers
  3. separate male and female plants
  4. self incompatibility gene
90
Q

anthers maturing first

A

protandrya

91
Q

stigma maturing first

A

protogny

92
Q

eg of male and female in the same flower

A

corn

93
Q

eg of separate male and female plants

A

ginko tree

94
Q

word for male and female flower on separate plants

A

dioecious

95
Q

how does self incompatibility gene work

A

when the pollen lands onto the stigma, the plant will see whether it contains the same allele as the style

96
Q

difference between pollination and seed dispersal

A
  • pollination- transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
  • seed dispersal- spread out to avoid competition of sunlight, water, minerals
97
Q

why radicle out first than plumule

A
  • water can get in seed first
    dont need sun to germinate
98
Q

ideal conditions for germination + explanation

A
  1. water- taken in thru plumule + used to activate the seed
  2. oxygen- respiration
  3. ideal temp and pH- enzyme activity
99
Q

is light needed for seed germination

A

depends on the species

100
Q

why seeds need water to germinate

A
  • stored food inside is starch
  • breaks it down into glucose and used for respiration
101
Q

process of seed germination [6]

A
  1. water is absorbed through the micropyle and activates cells
  2. synthesis of gibberellins (plant growth hormones)
  3. gibberellins cause synthesis of amylase (enzyme)
  4. amylase hydrolyses stored starch to maltose
  5. maltose absorbed by plumule and radicle
  6. further hydrolysis breaks maltose into glucose, which is used for respiration in the growing tissues
102
Q

when is light needed in the process of seed germination

A

when stored food runs out

103
Q

puberty definition

A

sequence of developmental changes that form the transition between childhood and sexual maturity

104
Q

where is the GnRH released from

A

hypothalamus

105
Q

how does fsh and lh secretion secretion by the pituitary gland affect females

A

oestradiol secretion by the ovaries

106
Q

how does fsh and lh secretion by the pituitary gland affect males

A

testosterone secretion by the testes

107
Q

what does GnRH stand for

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

108
Q

what does low level frequency stimulate

A

fsh secretion

109
Q

what does high level frequency stimulate

A

lh secretion

110
Q

fsh in males

A

stimulates testis growth

111
Q

lh in males

A

stimulates testosterone secretion by Leydig cells in the testis

112
Q

lh and fsh in males

A

development of secondary sexual characteristics

113
Q

fsh in females

A

development of follicles in the ovary

114
Q

what does wall of follicle do

A

secretes oestradiol

115
Q

lh in females

A

stimulates development of the follicle wall into the corpus luteum after ovulation

116
Q

what does corpus luteum secrete

A

oestradiol and progesterone

117
Q

function of testosterone

A

development of secondary sexual characteristics

118
Q

function of oestradiol

A

causes development of secondary sexual characteristics

119
Q

function of progesterone

A

stimulates developmental changes in the breasts

120
Q

germinal epithelium function

A

contains the stem cells that makes the primary follicles

121
Q

primary follicles function

A

location for development of oocyte, surrounded by support cells
- eggs inside not ready

122
Q

mature follicle

A

contains secondary oocyte
- gamete that fetal makes

123
Q

secondary oocyte

A

haploid gamete
- final stage of meiosis occurs after fertilisation

124
Q

medula function

A

nutrients for follicles and nerves

125
Q

differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis [5]

A
  1. number of gametes (4:1)
  2. rate of gamete production
  3. timing of release
  4. timing of production and release of gametes
  5. amount of cytoplasm
126
Q

how pregnancy testing works

A
127
Q

placenta function

A
  • releases progesterone and oestrogen
  • exchange of materials between maternal and fetal blood
128
Q

which hormones are given during hormone replacement therapy

A

oestrogen and progesterone

129
Q

hormone replacement therapy function

A

relieve menopausal symptoms

130
Q

cortical granules

A

releases enzymes to modify zona pellucida- prevent polyspermy

131
Q

function of Leydig cells

A

produce testosterone

132
Q

name of gaps between seminiferous tubules

A

interstices

133
Q

origin of spermatogonia

A

germinal epithelial cells

134
Q

function of Sertoli cells

A

noursih developing spermatozoa

135
Q

important of meiosis in sexual reproduction

A
  • make haploid gametes
  • genetical difference
136
Q

genetic variation in meiosis due to [3]

A
  1. cross over at prophase i
  2. random orientation at metaphase i and ii
  3. random assortment at anaphase i and ii
137
Q

why fusion of gametes important for sexual life cycle

A

ensure diploid number of chromosome in offsprings

138
Q

large size of egg as adaptation

A

energy storage during early stage of embryo development
- before implantation to the uterus lining

139
Q

jelly coat as adaptation

A

change structure after first sperm penetration into the egg- prevents polyspermy

140
Q

flagellum as adaptation

A

allow for movement

141
Q

mitochondrion as adaptation

A

respire to release energy for movement

142
Q

enzyme in acrosome

A

break down zona pellucida of ovum

143
Q

flowering plants that contain both male and female sexual reproductive system

A

hermaphroditic plant

144
Q

name of small tubules in testes

A

seminiferous tubules

145
Q

what are in between seminiferous tubules

A

Leydig cells

bio (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions