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bio > c3.2 defence against disease > Flashcards

c3.2 defence against disease Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen

A

microscopic entities that causes disease within their hosts

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2
Q

virus eg

A

covid-19

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3
Q

bacteria eg

A

e coli

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4
Q

fungi eg

A

yeast

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5
Q

protists

A

malaria

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6
Q

physical barriers against pathogens [2]

A
  1. mucus membranes
  2. skin
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7
Q

why mucus membranes can defend against pathogens [3]

A
  1. sticky- traps pathogen
  2. pH not favourable
  3. natural organisms- competitive exclusion by non-harmful microbes
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8
Q

lysozyme

A

enzymes that breaks down pathogens

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9
Q

what makes mucus

A

goblet cells

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10
Q

what moves mucus

A

ciliated cells

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11
Q

why skin can defend against pathogens [5]

A
  1. continuous
  2. many layers
  3. dry
  4. pH- not favourable to pathogens
  5. natural organisms- competitive exclusion by non-harmful microbes
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12
Q

metabolic pathway eg

A

blood clotting

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13
Q

mechanism of blood clotting

A
  1. clotting factors: thrombin
  2. fibrinogen (soluble) → fibrin (fibrous)
  3. captures erythrocytes
  4. clot
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14
Q

2 types of immune system

A
  1. innate immune system
  2. adaptive immune system
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15
Q

innate immune system

A
  • doesnt change
  • phagocyte
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16
Q

phagocyte

A

detect anything that might have a foreign antigen

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17
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfs pathogens then lysozymes in their lysosomes to digest them

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18
Q

adaptive immune system

A

changes overtime depending on the individuals history of exposure to various antigens

19
Q

identify lymphocyte

A

circle with circle inside

20
Q

identify phagocyte

A

has ‘c’ shape inside it

21
Q

mechanism of HIV

A

kill t helper cells → weaken immune system significantly because macrophages are too slow and cant find the pathogen

22
Q

why do memory cells retain the memory

A

dont die

23
Q

how do memory cells recognise pathogens

A

bind to receptor, works if the pathogen is slightly different as long as they can still bind

24
Q

amoeboid movement

A

phagocytes use pseudopods to crawl and chase the pathogen

25
Q

antigen

A

presented to t helper cells and the b cells (nymphocytes)

26
Q

t cells

A

find hte right b cells and release cytokines

27
Q

how do t cells work

A
  • divide into plasma cells to release antibodies
  • small percentage turn into memory cells
28
Q

how HIV works

A

infects t-helper cells and other lymphocytes to cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

29
Q

what does retrovirus contain

A

rna

30
Q

causes of HIV [5]

A
  1. bodily fluids form an infected to uninfected person
  2. sex without a condom
  3. sharing hypodermic needles
  4. transfusion of infected blood
  5. childbirth- virus can get through placenta + lots of blood during childbirth
31
Q

how hiv turn into aids

A
  • takes time for t-cell count to decrease
    1. t-helper cells gets attacked and starts to die
    2. if t-helper cell count too low then AIDS
32
Q

how less t-helper cells lead to lowered immunity

A

antibodies are unable to be produced → lowered immunity

33
Q

why aids causes people to die

A

body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections

34
Q

treatment of hiv

A

group of antiretroviral drugs- prevents damage to immune system

35
Q

how antibiotics work [3]

A
  1. block the process of bacteria building a cell wall by linking molecules together
    • bacteria can burst easier
  2. affect ribosomes (cell’s protein-building machines) so prevent them from building proteins. proteins do all the cell’s work so a bacterium that cant build proteins cant survive
    • virus dont have ribosomes, rely on their host’s ribosomes
  3. causes dna strands to break and prevent the breaks from being repaired when bacteria begins to copy their dna. without intact dna, bacteria cant live or reproduce
36
Q

why antibiotics dont work against viruses

A

Viruses do not possess a metabolism (they are not alive) bc they dont have their own metabolic reactions and instead take over the cellular machinery of infected host cells

37
Q

how to treat viruses

A

Antiviral treatments target features specific to viruses (e.g. viral enzymes like reverse transcriptase or components of the capsid)

38
Q

how do bacteria become drug resistant

A

can pass resistant gene through plasmids

39
Q

mrsa

A
  • bacteria- staphylococcus aureus
  • og- mrsa
  • variation- mssa
  • result: mssa is killed, mrsa survives, nrsa reproduces so resistant gene proliferates → mrsa population increases → mrsa is a dominant strain → methycillin is no longer effective against infection
40
Q

what do vaccines contain

A

antigens (weakened/killed pathogens) or nucleic acids (dna/rna)

41
Q

why nucleic acids vers of vaccines are better

A

faster bc less trials needed

42
Q

antigens in vaccines

A

sequences that code for the antigens without causing the disease

43
Q

2nd response after the vaccination

A

create more antibodies in a shorter amount of time

44
Q

zoonoses

A

infectious disease that can transfer from other species to humans

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