c2.2 neural signalling Flashcards

1
Q

neurone

A

cell within the nervous system that carry electrical impulses

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2
Q

sensory neurone function

A
  1. sense stimuli
  2. send to spine
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3
Q

sensory neurone shape

A

cell body at the end

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4
Q

relay neurone function

A

travel

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5
Q

motor neurone function

A

move

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6
Q

what allows electrical impulses to be faster

A

myelin sheath

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7
Q

how does myelin sheath allow electrical impulses to be faster

A

reduce distance electrical impulse has to travel so the speed is much faster

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8
Q

location of the myelin sheath

A

layers surrounding the axon

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9
Q

how is an impulse generated + how does it travel [3]

A
  1. part of axon going thru action potential, the rest is at resting potential
  2. electrical impulse will cause resting potential to turn into action potential
  3. the action potential will trigger a new action potential in the adjacent section of the axon in one direction
    • previous part of action potential will go back to resting
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10
Q

why cant the electrical impulse go back

A

-80mV too negative so sodium voltage gated channel cant open (hyperpolarisation)

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11
Q

synapse

A

junction between 2 neurones in the nervous system

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12
Q

what can synapse be in between [2]

A
  1. between sensory receptor cells and neurones
  2. between neurones and muscle fibre or glands
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13
Q

acetylcholine released by + function

A

being released by motor neurones to control muscle contraction

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14
Q

what happens to acetylcholine once it activates the action potential

A

recycled and broken down

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15
Q

what happens if acetylcholine is not broken down

A

muscle spasms

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16
Q

characteristic of acetylcholine

A

can bind to completely different receptors

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17
Q

why can acetylcholine bind to 2 completely different receptors

A

made up of 2 parts: acetyl CoA and choline
- so head and tail are diff shapes

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18
Q

enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine

A

acetylcholinesterase

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19
Q

why does the electrical current only go one way during depolarisation

A

the one before is at hyperpolarisation (-80mV) but the one next is at -70 mV so its easier to get the -70mV up to action potential

20
Q

what is depolarisation caused by

A

sodium ions rushing in

21
Q

what is repolarisation caused by

A

potassium ions rushing out

22
Q

what is the node of revere

A

gaps between the myelin sheath

23
Q

why are gaps between the myelin sheath needed

A

insulation prevent ions movement

24
Q

how do gaps between the myelin sheath cause the distance travelled reduced

A

reduces ion exchange so ion exchange only happens at the nodes and less energy is required

25
exogenous chemical
enters the body of an organism from an outside source eg. through the skin, lungs, gut
26
function of neonicotinoids
blocks synaptic transmission
27
how does neonicotinoids block synaptic transmission
binds to the acetylcholine receptor in the cholinergic synapses in the central nervous system of insects
28
why is the binding of neonicotinoids to cholinergic synapses irreversible
acetylcholinesterase doesnt break down neonicotinoids
29
how does neonicotinoids cause death to an insect
blocks their receptors bc binding between neonicotinoids to cholinergic synapses are irreversible
30
why doesnt neonicotinoids affect humans [2]
1. fewer receptors 2. binding not as strong
31
function of cocaine
promotes synaptic transmission
32
role of cocaine
acts at synapses that use dopamine as neurotransmitter
33
mechanism of cocaine
1. binds to dopamine reuptake transporters in the presynaptic neurone 2. dopamine builds up in the synaptic gap → postsynaptic neurone is continuously excited
34
what are dopamine reuptake transporters
membrane proteins that pump dopamine back into the presynaptic neurone
35
temporal summation
multiple firing form one input
36
why is temporal summation needed
might have to fire more than once to hit the threshold
37
spacial summation
all or nothing - add all five synaptic neurone then decides activity
38
2 types of spacial summation
1. excitatory 2. inhibitory
39
excitatory neurotransmitters function
excites post-synaptic neurone to cause depolarisation
40
excitatory neurotransmitters summation
leads to EPSPs (excitatory post-synaptic potentials)
41
inhibitory neurotransmitters function
inhibits post-synaptic neurones by causing hyperpolarisation
42
inhibitory neurotransmitters summation
leads to IPSPs (inhibitory post-synaptic potentials)
43
inhibitory neurotransmitters egs
anaesthesia
44
mechanism for perception of pain [2]
1. free nerve endings in the skin have channels for positively charged ions that respond to stimuli 2. entry of positively charged ions will cause threshold potential to be reached and the nerve impulse will be passed to the brain and perceived as pain
45
consciousness
property that emerges from the interaction of individual neurones in the brain
46
consequences of interaction eg
emergent properties- consciousness