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b3.2 transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

progression to heart attack [4]

A
  1. atheroma
  2. anigma
  3. thrombosis
  4. heart attack
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2
Q

atheroma

A
  • fat deposits in coronary arteries
  • blockage as an occlusion
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3
Q

anigma

A
  • pain in chest
  • symptom: shortness of breath
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4
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of blood clot

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5
Q

what is thrombosis caused by

A

fatty deposits in the artery wall becoming impregnated with calcium salts
- hardens the artery
- inner surface becomes rough

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6
Q

what will hypertension cause

A

increased risk of thrombosis

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7
Q

heart attack

A

when blood clots block the blood flow to part of the muscular wall of heart
- deprives it of oxygen
- prevents normal contractions

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8
Q

causes of coronary artery occlusion [9]

A
  1. hypertension
  2. smoking
  3. consuming too much saturated fat and cholesterol
  4. obesity
  5. high salt intake
  6. too much alcohol
  7. sedentary lifestyle
  8. genetic predisposition
  9. old age
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9
Q

tunica externa

A

tough outer layer of connective tissue with collagen fibres

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10
Q

tunica media

A

thick layer containing smooth muscle and elastic fibres made of protein elastin

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11
Q

tunica intima

A
  • smooth endothelium forming the lining of artery
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12
Q

importance of thick muscle layer

A

make arteries strong enough to withstand high and variable blood pressure without bulging outwards

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13
Q

importance of large amount of elastic tissue

A
  • reduces the amount of energy expended in transporting blood to the organs of the body
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14
Q

when elastic tissue is stretched

A

store potential energy

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15
Q

how does the elastic tissue return the energy

A

recoiling and squeezing the blood in the lumen

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16
Q

importance of semilunar valves

A

prevents back flow of blood to heart and forces it towards the organs

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17
Q

differences between arteries and veins [5]

A

wall: thicker vs thinner
lumen: narrower vs wider
section: section vs section/flattened
inner surface: corrugated vs no corrugation
fibres: visible in the wall vs no visible (or only few are)

18
Q

how does blood move

A

by gravity and muscular movement

19
Q

why does the lymph move slowly

A

no pump to assist in movement
- close to muscles so aided by muscle contraction

20
Q

where is deoxygenated blood + lymph

A

right atrium

21
Q

what do lymph contain [8]

A
  1. lipids
  2. lymphocytes
  3. blood plasma
  4. wbc
  5. waste
  6. water
  7. minerals
  8. proteins
22
Q

why cant the pressure be high when pumping to the lungs

A

alveoli will burst

23
Q

what happens to blood flow when pressure increases

A
  • blood can go long distances
  • increases metabolism
  • homeostasis
24
Q

why can fishes only have single circulation

A
  • surrounding water prevents capillaries from bursting
  • travelling quickly- increases diffusion
  • quick exchange of nutrients
25
Q

pressure from artery

A

high
- doesnt have to be oxygenated

26
Q

path of blood

A

artery -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules ->veins -> heart

27
Q

capillary action

A
  • tissue fluid squeezes past
  • blood plasma + wbc leak out form blood in capillaries
28
Q

pacemaker

A

generates an electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atria) to contract

29
Q

what is the pacemaker also known as

A

SA node

30
Q

how does the heart beat [7]

A
  1. myogenic so generate own electrical signal
  2. SA node indicated electrical impulse for heartbeat
  3. electrical impulse travels along walls of atrium -> contracts
  4. electrical impulse moves along to the atrioventricular node (AV node)
  5. delay for 0.1 sec to let all the blood travel ventricles
  6. AV node sends another electrical impulse down the Purkinje fibre in the bundle of His of the septum and ventricle walls
  7. vesicles contracts and blood leaves the heart
31
Q

myogenic cells

A

can generate their own electrical impulse for muscle contraction

32
Q

factors that change the pace of pacemakers

A
  1. adrenaline
  2. blood ph
    - decreases when co2 increases
33
Q

what is the pace of pacemaker signalled by

A

medulla oblongta

34
Q

nerve that causes pacemaker to speed up

A

sympathetic nerve

35
Q

nerve that causes pacemaker to slow down

A

vagnus nerve

36
Q

properties of water molecules that permit them to move upwards in plants

A
  1. water molecules are polar so can form hydrogen bonds
  2. cohesion between water molecules allows continuous water columns
  3. adhesion of water to the walls of xylem vessel helps water rise
  4. water evaporates at environmental temperatures allowing transpiration pull
37
Q

Describe the distribution of vascular tissues in the stem of dicotyledonous plants

A
  • stem vascular tissue is in bundles
  • bundles form a ring
  • phloem is towards outside «of bundle»
  • xylem is towards centre «of bundle»
38
Q

which blood vessel connected to the heart does blood have the lowest carbon dioxide cocnetration

A

pulmonary vein

39
Q

what helps to keep blood flowing onwards away from the heart in an artery

A

elastic fibres

40
Q

when will pressure in the left atrium decrease

A

as left ventricle fills up

41
Q

how increase in co2 concentration affects the release of oxygen to respiring cells

A
  • lower the pH of the blood
  • decreased affinity of the haemoglobin for oxygen so greater release of oxygen
    oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the right

bio (24 decks)

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