b4.2 ecological niches

Question 1

ecological niche

Answer 1

every species in an ecosystem has a unique role

Question 2

why do species ned to adapt and specialise for their mode of nutrition within their habitat

Answer 2

need to compete for food to grow, survive and reproduce

Question 3

obligate aerobes

Answer 3

require a continuous oxygen supply so can only live in oxic environment

Question 4

obligate aerobes eg

Answer 4

all animals and plant

Question 5

obligate anaerobes

Answer 5

inhibited or killed by oxygen so can only live in anoxic environment

Question 6

obligate anaerobes eg

Answer 6

tentanus bacteria

Question 7

facultative anaerobes

Answer 7

use oxygen if available so can live in both environment

Question 8

facultative anaerobes eg

Answer 8

yeast

Question 9

photosynthesis as a mode of nutrition

Answer 9

1. energy from sunlight used to fix carbon dioxide
2. carbon turned into sugars, amino acids and other carbon compounds

Question 10

phototropic

Answer 10

can get energy from sunlight but does not use chrorophyll pigments (NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

Question 11

chemotropic

Answer 11

oxidation of inorganic chemicals

Question 12

heterotropic

Answer 12

oxidation of carbon compounds of other organisms

Question 13

archaea characteristics [3]

Answer 13

• unicellular
• no nucleus
• diverse in how they obtain energy for atp production

Question 14

holozoic nutrition

Answer 14

when food is ingested and digested internally to be absorbed and assimilated

Question 15

archaea- how they obtain energy

Answer 15

1. phototropic
2. chemotropic
3. heterotropic

Question 16

animals- how they obtain energy

Answer 16

1. heterotrophic
2. holozoic nutrition

Question 17

mixotropic

Answer 17

organisms that arent mutually autotropic or heterotrophic

Question 18

obligate mixotroph

Answer 18

• cant grow unless they use both heterotrophic and autotrophic means
• cant synthesise some of the carbon compounds on its own so must consumer others to gain them

Question 19

facultative mixotrophic

Answer 19

can survive with either mode or both tgt

Question 20

mixotrophic eg

Answer 20

eugiena gracillis
- facultative mixotroph
- protist can photosynthesise when theres light and also feed on smaller organisms

Question 21

saprotrophic nutrition

Answer 21

decomposers- break down carbon compounds in dead matter and release them into the environment for other organisms to use

Question 22

ditritvores

Answer 22

ingest and digest directly

Question 23

ditritvores eg

Answer 23

earthworm

Question 24

dentition

Answer 24

use conditions of teeth to deduce the diet of organisms

Question 25

herbivores teeth

Answer 25

large + flat - to grind

Question 26

omnivores

Answer 26

mixture

Question 27

physical adaptations of predators

Answer 27

vampire bats large incisors and canines to pierce prey so can feed on blood

Question 28

chemical adaptations of predators

Answer 28

black mambas produces venom that paralyses prey so they can swallow it whole

Question 29

behavioural adaptations of predators

Answer 29

grizzly bears learn ambush strategies to catch migrating salmon

Question 30

physical adaptations of prey

Answer 30

buff-tip moths camouflage to avoid predation

Question 31

chemical adaptation of prey

Answer 31

caterpillar toxins w colours to warn predators

Question 32

behaviours adaptations of prey

Answer 32

blue-striped snappers swim in a tight group so can easily detect threats + difficult for predator to catch any one individual

Question 33

adaptations of herbivores [2]

Answer 33

1. piercing mouthparts- to reach the phloem 2. chewing mouthparts- chew and ingest pieces of leaves

Question 34

piercing mouthparts eg

Answer 34

anphids

Question 35

chewing mouthparts eg

Answer 35

beetles

Question 36

physical adaptations to avoid herbivory [4]

Answer 36

1. bark - lignin- tough to chew 2. leaves - waxy cuticles 3. thorns, spines - deters larger predators 4. mimosa plant - receptors to touch so less appealing

Question 37

chemical adaptations to avoid herbivory [3]

Answer 37

1. insect repellent - signals to other plants: waxy cuticle thickens, cell wall gets stronger 2. hormones - warning system 3. cotton - attract wasps that kill the caterpillars

Question 38

adaptations to harvest light [5]

Answer 38

1. trees- dominant leading shoot to reach the canopy 2. shade-tolerant shrubs- can survive by absorbing light that reach the forest floor 3. lianas- climb through diff trees, no need to build strong xylem in stems 4. epiphytes- grow on trunks to receive more light 5. strangler epiphytes- climb up trunks and outgrow their branches so shades the leaves and eventually kills the tree

Question 39

fundamental niche

Answer 39

where u could live - bigger area

Question 40

realistic niche

Answer 40

- where u can actually live when u get outcompeted

Question 41

competitive exclusion

Answer 41

- complete competitors cannot exists - 2 species cant be in a niche bc they are in competition for food so the stronger one would take over the niche