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bio > b4.2 ecological niches > Flashcards

b4.2 ecological niches Flashcards

1
Q

ecological niche

A

every species in an ecosystem has a unique role

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2
Q

why do species ned to adapt and specialise for their mode of nutrition within their habitat

A

need to compete for food to grow, survive and reproduce

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3
Q

obligate aerobes

A

require a continuous oxygen supply so can only live in oxic environment

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4
Q

obligate aerobes eg

A

all animals and plant

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5
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

inhibited or killed by oxygen so can only live in anoxic environment

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6
Q

obligate anaerobes eg

A

tentanus bacteria

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7
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

use oxygen if available so can live in both environment

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8
Q

facultative anaerobes eg

A

yeast

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9
Q

photosynthesis as a mode of nutrition

A
  1. energy from sunlight used to fix carbon dioxide
  2. carbon turned into sugars, amino acids and other carbon compounds
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10
Q

phototropic

A

can get energy from sunlight but does not use chrorophyll pigments (NOT PHOTOSYNTHESIS)

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11
Q

chemotropic

A

oxidation of inorganic chemicals

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12
Q

heterotropic

A

oxidation of carbon compounds of other organisms

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13
Q

archaea characteristics [3]

A
  • unicellular
  • no nucleus
  • diverse in how they obtain energy for atp production
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14
Q

holozoic nutrition

A

when food is ingested and digested internally to be absorbed and assimilated

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15
Q

archaea- how they obtain energy

A
  1. phototropic
  2. chemotropic
  3. heterotropic
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16
Q

animals- how they obtain energy

A
  1. heterotrophic
  2. holozoic nutrition
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17
Q

mixotropic

A

organisms that arent mutually autotropic or heterotrophic

18
Q

obligate mixotroph

A
  • cant grow unless they use other methods
  • cant synthesise some of the carbon compounds on its own so must consumer others to gain them
19
Q

facultative mixotrophic

A

can survive with either mode or both tgt

20
Q

mixotrophic eg

A

eugiena gracillis
- facultative mixotroph
- protist can photosynthesise when theres light and also feed on smaller organisms

21
Q

saprotrophic nutrition

A

decomposers- break down carbon compounds in dead matter and release them into the environment for other organisms to use

22
Q

ditritvores

A

ingest and digest directly

23
Q

ditritvores eg

A

earthworm

24
Q

dentition

A

use conditions of teeth to deduce the diet of organisms

25
Q

herbivores teeth

A

large + flat
- to grind

26
Q

omnivores

A

mixture

27
Q

physical adaptations of predators

A

vampire bats
large incisors and canines to pierce prey so can feed on blood

28
Q

chemical adaptations of predators

A

black mambas
produces venom that paralyses prey so they can swallow it whole

29
Q

behavioural adaptations of predators

A

grizzly bears
learn ambush strategies to catch migrating salmon

30
Q

physical adaptations of prey

A

buff-tip moths
camouflage to avoid predation

31
Q

chemical adaptation of prey

A

caterpillar
toxins w colours to warn predators

32
Q

behaviours adaptations of prey

A

blue-striped snappers
swim in a tight group so can easily detect threats + difficult for predator to catch any one individual

33
Q

adaptations of herbivores [2]

A
  1. piercing mouthparts- to reach the phloem
  2. chewing mouthparts- hew and ingest pieces of leaves
34
Q

piercing mouthparts eg

A

anphids

35
Q

chewing mouthparts eg

A

beetles

36
Q

physical adaptations to avoid herbivory [4]

A
  1. bark
    - lignin- tough to chew
  2. leaves
    - waxy cuticles
  3. thorns, spines
    - deters larger predators
  4. mimosa plant
    - receptors to touch so less appealing
37
Q

chemical adaptations to avoid herbivory [3]

A
  1. insect repellent
    - signals to other plants: waxy cuticle thickens, cell wall gets stronger
  2. hormones
    - warning system
  3. cotton
    - attract wasps that kill the caterpillars
38
Q

adaptations to harvest light [5]

A
  1. trees- dominant leading shoot to reach the canopy
  2. shade-tolerant shrubs- can survive by absorbing light that reach the forest floor
  3. lianas- climb through diff trees, no need to build strong xylem in stems
  4. epiphytes- grow on trunks to receive more light
  5. strangler epiphytes- climb up trunks and outgrow their branches so shades the leaves and eventually kills the tree
39
Q

fundamental niche

A

where u could live
- bigger area

40
Q

realistic niche

A
  • where u can actually live when u get outcompeted
41
Q

competitive exclusion

A
  • complete competitors cannot exists
  • 2 species cant be in a niche bc they are in competition for food so the stronger one would take over the niche

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