a4.1 evolution and speciation Flashcards

1
Q

what allows different variations in a species

A

mutation of genes inside organisms over a period of time

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2
Q

theory of evolution

A

natural selection

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3
Q

evolution

A

cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population

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4
Q

what is not regarded as evolution

A

acquired characteristics that are not genetic in origin
eg. language

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5
Q

explanation for natural selection

A
  1. organisms with more favourable characteristics within the environment will survive
  2. higher chance to pass on their genes onto the next generation
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6
Q

what does “the fittest” mean

A

organisms that can adapt to the current environment

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7
Q

what happens if no organisms in a species can adapt to the new environment

A

become extinct

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8
Q

word for gaining species

A

speciation

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9
Q

steps for selective breeding [4]

A
  1. humans choose the individual animals or plants with the desired characteristics
  2. then they breed them together to produce offsprings
  3. then they choose the offsprings carrying the desired characteristics and have them breed with each other
  4. repeat these steps for several generations, eventually the desired characteristics will be present in more of the offsprings
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10
Q

analogous structures

A

same function but different evolutionary origins

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11
Q

homologous structures

A

might look different as the species evolved and perform different functions

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12
Q

eg for homologous structures

A

pentadactyl limbs

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13
Q

eg of corn

A

wild ancestor- teosinte (grass)
domesticated- maize (corn)

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14
Q

cons of artificial selection [3]

A
  1. reduce variations in the species
  2. may cause extinction if the environment changes
  3. selectively bred organisms may not survive in the wild without human support
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15
Q

how is dna base sequences used to support the theory of evolution

A

not just about gaining genes
also losing genes that are no longer fit for survival

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16
Q

what might mutations in dna do to a species

A

more adaptive to their environment

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17
Q

name for ‘dead gene’

A

pseudogene

18
Q

what leads to divergent evolution

A

adaptive radiation

19
Q

why are analogous structures not evidence for evolution

A
  • did not come from the same origin
  • species evolved and body parts served a similar function
20
Q

what is analogous structure a product of

A

convergent evolution

21
Q

how to promote speciation

A

reproductive isolation- their gene pools can no longer mix

22
Q

eg for speciation

A

bonobos and chimpanzees

conditions of diff parts of the jungle
south (bonobos)- make friends, less likely to be eaten by predators and can mate
north- presence of gorillas so chimpanzees evolved to be violent and aggressive

23
Q

differential selection

A

when theres a selection pressure on a certain type of mates

24
Q

allopatric speciation

A

caused by geographical isolation

25
sympatric speciation
anything BUT geographical
26
temporal isolation
sympatric speciation diff time of flowering or in heat
27
behavioural isolation
sympatric speciation diff bird songs
28
adaptive radiation eg
galapagos finches - adapted on diff islands based on diff food sources - diff species meet again- diff songs and appearance stops them from mating
29
why are hybrids rare
zygotes often die during embryo development
30
are hybrids efficient
no - genes are not passed onot the next generation
31
ways to prevent hybridisation [3]
1. very specific courtship behaviour 2. sterility of interspecific hybrids (odd number of chromosomes so cant be evenly divided and cant make gametes, meiosis cant happen) 3. geographical isolation
32
result if hybrids can produce offsprings
abrupt speciation
33
factors that cause abrupt speciation [2]
1. offspirngs of hybrids 2. polyploidy
34
what is polyploidy
more than 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
35
why can polyploidy occur
- eg. meiosis did not occur after S phase and a diploid gamete fused with a haploid gamete - can be due to error in meiosis or hybrid between 2 species
36
polyploid
cant reproduce with original species but if they can produce fertile offsprings, then u have a new species
37
4 sets of chromosomes
tetraploid
38
autotetraploid
4 sets of chromosomes that came from the same organism
39
why is polyploidy more common in plant cells
pluripotent (stem cells)
40
triploid
meiosis in an autotetraploid individual produces diploid cells
41
allotetraploid
- involved hybridisation - can interbreed with other allotetraploids but not w either of the diploid parent species
42
how to create new species w polyploidy
2 homologous pairs w AB - can do meiosis normally