Diseases Conditions Procedures (Reproductive)

Question 1

Cervicitis

Answer 1

Inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection
[cervic=neck, cervix uteri; -itis = inflammation]

Question 2

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 2

Implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in the oviducts (tubal pregnancy)

Question 3

Endometriosis

Answer 3

Presence of endometrial tissue outside (ectopic) the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or abdomen
[endo-=within, in; metri=uterus (womb); -osis= abnormal condition]

Question 4

Fibroid

Answer 4

Benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue; aka “leiomyoma”
[fibr=fiber, fibrous tissue; -oid=resembling]

Question 5

Fistula

Answer 5

Abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by an injury, infection, or inflammation

Question 6

Vesicovaginal

Answer 6

Abnormal duct between the bladder and bagging that results in severe urine loss from the vagina
[vesic/o=bladder; vagin=vagina; -al=pertaining to]

Question 7

Gestational hypertension

Answer 7

Potentially life-threatening condition of high blood pressure usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria

Question 8

Preeclampsia

Answer 8

No convulsive from of gestational hypertension that, if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia

Question 9

Eclampsia

Answer 9

Convulsive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life-threatening to the mother, baby, or both

Question 10

Sterility

Answer 10

Inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman

Question 11

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

Answer 11

Rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating woman, most of whom use vaginal tampons

Question 12

Anorchism

Answer 12

Congenital absence of one or both testes; aka “anorchia”

[an=without, not; orch=testis; -ism=condition]

Question 13

Balanitis

Answer 13

Inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis
[balan=glans penis; -itis=inflammation]

Question 14

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Answer 14

Gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than age 60

Question 15

Cryptorchidism

Answer 15

Failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
[crypt=hidden; orchid=testis; -ism=condition]

Question 16

Epispadias

Answer 16

Congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
[epi-=above, upon; -spadias=slit, fissure]

Question 17

Hypospadias

Answer 17

Congenital defect in which the male urethra opens on the undersurface of the penis instead of the tip
[hyp/o=under, below, deficient; -spadias = slit, fissure]

Question 18

Impotence

Answer 18

Inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection; aka “erectile dysfunction”

Question 19

Phimosis

Answer 19

Stenosis or narrowing of the reputable orifice so that the foreskin cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
[phim=muzzle; -osis=abnormal condition, increase]

Question 20

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Answer 20

Any disease affecting the male or female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual; aka “venereal disease”

Question 21

Chlamydia

Answer 21

One of the most damaging STIs caused by the bacterium “Chlamydia trachomatis” causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men

Question 22

Genital warts

Answer 22

Wart(s) in the genitalia caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women
[genit=genitalia; -al=pertaining to]

Question 23

Gonorrhea

Answer 23

Contagious STI caused by the bacterium “neisseria gonorrhoeae” and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or rectum
[gon/o= seed (ovum or spermatozoon); -rrhea=discharge, flow]

Question 24

Herpes genitalis

Answer 24

Infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and año recital skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery

Question 25

Syphilis

Answer 25

Infectious, chronic STI, characterized by a skin lesion (chancre) typically on the genitals, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long-term complications, including death if left untreated

Question 26

Trichomoniasis

Answer 26

Protozoan infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in women

Question 27

Candidiasis

Answer 27

Vaginal fungal infection caused by “Candida albicans” and characterized by a curry or cheese like discharge and extreme itching

Question 28

colposcopy

Answer 28

Examination of the vagina and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument (colposcope)
[colp/o= vagina; -scopy=visual examination]

Question 29

Hysterosalpingography

Answer 29

Radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
[hyster/o=uterus (womb); salpin/o=tube; -graphy=process of recording]

Question 30

Laparoscopy

Answer 30

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually at the emboli cuts
[lapar/o= abdomen; -scopy= visual examination]

Question 31

Mammography

Answer 31

Radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
[mamm/o= breast; -graphy=process of recording]

Question 32

Papanicolaou (pap) test

Answer 32

Microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vagina using a swab to detect carcinoma

Question 33

Digital rectal examination (DRE)

Answer 33

Examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum
[rect=rectum; -al=pertaining to]

Question 34

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

Answer 34

Blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and cancer

Question 35

Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate

Answer 35

An ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissues where abnormalities are detected
[trans= across, through; Rect= rectum; -al =pertaining to; bi-=two; -opsy=view of]

Question 36

Cerclage

Answer 36

Obstetric procedure in which a nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix

Question 37

Dilation and curettage (D&C)

Answer 37

Surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus (dilation) so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scraped (curettage) to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities, and obtain tissue for microscopic examination

Question 38

Hysterosalpingooophorectomy

Answer 38

Surgical removal of the uterus, a Fallopian tube, and an ovary
[hyster/o= uterus; scalping/o=tube; oophor=ovary; -ectomy= excision]

Question 39

Lumpectomy

Answer 39

Excision of a small primary breast tumor (“lump”) and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it

Question 40

Mastectomy

Answer 40

Complete or partial excision of one or both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
[mast=breast; -ectomy=excision, removal]

Question 41

Modified radical mastectomy

Answer 41

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm (auxiliary dissection)

Question 42

Radical mastectomy

Answer 42

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast

Question 43

Total mastectomy

Answer 43

Mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areole, and the involved overlying skin; aka “simple mastectomy”

Question 44

Reconstructive breast surgery

Answer 44

Reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease; commonly possible immediately after mastectomy so the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place.

Question 45

Tissue (skin) expansion

Answer 45

Common breast reconstruction technique in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replace with a more permanent implant

Question 46

Transverse rect us abdominal muscle (TRAM) flap

Answer 46

Surgical creation of a skin flap (using skin and fat from the lower half of the abdomen), which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural-looking breast, and sutured into place

Question 47

Tubal ligation

Answer 47

Sterilization procedure that involves blocking both Fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off

Question 48

Circumcision

Answer 48

Surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis; usually performed on the male infant

Question 49

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

Answer 49

Surgical procedure to relieve obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (excessive overgrowth of normal tissue) by insertion of a respects cope into the penis and through the urethra to “chip away” at prostatic tissue and flush out ships using an irrigating solution

Question 50

Amniocentesis

Answer 50

“Amniotic fluid test” is an obstetric procedure used in prenatal diagnosis of abnormalities and fetal a infections. Surgical puncture of the amniotic sac to remove amniotic fluid, which contains fetal cells. The cells are grown in a culture medium and then fixed and stained. Under the microscope, fetal DNA is examined for genetic abnormalities; the most common abnormalities detected are Down syndrome, Edward syndrome (trisomy 18), Turner syndrome (monosomy X). Routine procedure; possible complications include infection of the amniotic sac from the needle and failure of the puncture to heal properly; serious complications include miscarriage. Otherwise, the puncture heals, and the amniotic sac replenishes the liquid over the next 24-48 hours.

Question 51

Vasectomy and its reversal

Answer 51

Vasectomy= urologist makes in incision through the scrotal sac withe the patient under local anesthesia, cuts the vas deferens from each testicle, removes a small segment, and ties and binds off (ligates) the ends with sutures. Impedes sperm from entering the seminal stream (ejaculate) and thereby prevents fertilization from occurring. The testicles continue to produce sperm, which is reabsorbed by the body. For male sterilization and/or a permanent method of birth control. Advances in microsurgery have made it possible for vasectomy reversal (vasovasostomy). Reversal is more complicated and is typically an outpatient procedure with the patien under spinal or general anesthesia. Greatest chance of success within the first 3 years after vasectomy.