Cumulative Drugs from Both Semesters - Final Exam Flashcards
Pilocarpine
Direct Acting Cholinomimetic
Varenicline
Direct Acting Cholinomimetic
Edrophonium
Indirect Short Acting Cholinomimetic
Atropine
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
Cyclopentolate
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
homatropine
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
ipratropium
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
Tioptropium
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
tropicamide
Cholinoceptor Blocker Drug
These drugs are Ach receptor stimulants
Cholinoceptor Agonists ( direct)
organ system effects of these drugs : contraction of iris sphincter, contraction of ciliary muscle ( accommodation), decreased BP, contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, increase smooth muscle motility
( parasympathetics)
these drugs increase the concentration of endogenous Ach by inhibiting Ach’esterase
Cholinoceptor Agonists ( indirect acting )
which drug was used as an older treatment for glaucoma
pilocarpine
Which drug is used in the Dx and Tx of myasthenia Gravis
edrophonium
these drugs block Ach action at muscarinic receptors
Cholinoceptor blocker drugs
Organ system effects of these drugs : mydriasis, Cycloplegia, reduction in lacrimal secretion, increased HR, bronchodilation, decrease gastric motility , reduced sweating
Cholinoceptor blocker drugs
which drug is used for an accurate refraction
Homatropine or cyclopentolate
Which drug is used for DFE
tropicamide or cyclopentolate
Which drug is used for uveitis
Homatropine or cyclopentolate
which drug is used for pre-anesthesia
atropine
which drug is used in COPD and asthma
ipratropium or tiotropium
epinephrine
non selective alpha and beta agonist
phenylephrine
alpha 1 agonist
brimonidine
alpha 2 agonist
albuterol
beta 2 agonist
formoterol
beta 2 agonist
salmeterol
beta 2 agonist
tamsulosin
alpha 1 antagonist
timolol
beta 1 antagonist
atenolol
beta 1 selective antagonist
metoprolol
beta 1 selective antagonist
nebivolol
beta 1 selective antagonist
sildenafil
type 5 phosphodiesterase inhib.
vasoconstriction, mydriasis, increased HR, increased BP, bronchoconstriction
alpha 1 receptor and beta 1
these drugs cause vasodilation, mydriasis, and decreased HR, decreased BP , bronchodilation
alpha 2 receptor and Beta 2
this drug is a potent vasoconstrictor and cardiac stimulant ; increased bf; used in cardiac arrest and in anaphylaxis
epinephrine
this drug is an alpha 1 selective drug; its a Mydriatic and decongestant; used in hypotension and detection of Horners Syndrome
phenylephrine
this drug is a beta 2 selective drug ; used for bronchodilation and tx of asthma
albuterol
these drugs bind to the alpha receptors and prevent binding of the agonist
alpha antagonists
effects of these drugs include miosis, nasal stuffiness, increased urine flow , decreased bp,
alpha antagonists
this drug is CI in pts undergoing Cat Sx; can cause floppy iris syndrome
tamsulosin
what are some clinical uses of alpha antagonists
Pheochromocytoma, hypertensive emergencies, chronic HTN, urinary obstruction
these drugs potentiate the vasodilative effect of Ach; they inhibit the breakdown of cGMP;
type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitors
SE of these drugs includes impaired color vision, blurry vision, and ischemic optic neuropathy
type 5 Phosphodiesterase inhibitors
these drugs occupy beta receptors and prevent binding by agonists
beta antagonists
these drugs cause a decrease in BP, slow AV conduction, increased airway resistance ( CI in asthma), decrease IOP
beta antagonists
what are some clinical uses of beta blockers
HTN, heart disease, arrthymias, heart failure. glaucoma, hyperthyroidism
what are some SE of beta blockers
bradycardia, mild sedation/depression, worsening of asthma , cardiac decompensation
methotrexate
antimetabolite
prednisone
steroid hormone
tamoxifen
steroid hormone
these drugs interfere with the availability of normal purine or pyrimidine nucleotide precursors: inhibit synthesis or compete with them in DNA or RNA synthesis
antimetabolites
this drug is structurally related to folic acid and acts as an antagonist; it enters the cell via active transport and decreases production of DNA , RNA, etc required for synthesis
methotrexate
what are some clinical uses for methotrexate
severe psoriasis, RA, and Crohn Disease
What are some SE of methotrexate
nausea, vomiting and diarrhea; renal damage; cirrhosis; pulmonary toxicity in kids; and CI in pregnancy
this drug is used in the tx of lymphomas; it triggers production of specific proteins that reduce cell growth and proliferation
prednisone
what are some AE of prednisone
hyperglycemia, cataract formation, increased IOP, osteoporosis, and mood changes
this drug is an estrogen antagonist and is used for first line therapy in breast cx; it binds to estrogen receptor but fails to induce estrogen responsive genes -> depletes estrogen receptors ; competes with estrogen
tamoxifen
what are some SE of tamoxifen
hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, and skin rash , endometrial cancer, crystalline retinopathy, and other vision probs
penicillin V
penicillins
amoxicillin
penicillin
cephalexin
1st generation cephalosporin
cefuroxime
2nd generation cephalosporin
cefdinir
3rd generation cephalosporin
clavulanic acid
beta lactamase inhibitor
bacitracin
other Ab
vancomycin
other Ab
these drugs form a covalent bond with PBPs and inhibit catalytic activity of these enzymes -> prevents elongation or cross linking of peptidoglycan -> autolysis
beta lactam Ab/ penicillins
these drugs easily cross gram + bacterial cell walls; use porins for entry in gram -
penicillins
what are some AE of penicillins
rash, angioedema, anaphylaxis, cross reaction with beta lactam Ab , diarrhea, nephritis, hematologic toxicities
these drugs are similar to PCNs and have same MOA; these are great for staph infections ; have a cross reactivity to PCN
cephalosporins ( 3rd generation or later safer to use in people who have allergy to PCN)
these drugs bind to PCN’ases and inactivate them ; protect Ab;
beta lactamase inhibitors
this drug is effective against multiple drug resistant org. like MRSA
vancomycin
MOA of this specific drug : inhibits cell wall synthesis ; weakens peptidoglycan polymerization and damages underlying cell membrane
vancomycin
doxycycline
tetracycline
minocycline
tetracycline
tetracycline
tetracycline
gentamicin
aminoglycoside
neomycin
aminoglycoside
tobramycin
aminoglycoside
azithromycin
macrolide/ketolide
erythromycin
macrolide/ketolide
clarithromycin
macrolide/ketolide
these drugs bind reversibly to the 30s ribosomal subunit preventing binding of tRNA
tetracyclines
what are some AE of tetracyclines
gastric discomfort, phototoxicity, vestibular probs, pseudotumor cerebri, super infections, CI in pregnant or breastfeeding and children under 8 ; inhibits warfarin clearance ( bad)
these drugs bind to specific 30s ribosomal proteins and interfere with the initiation of protein synthesis
aminoglycosides
what are some AE of aminoglycosides
ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, neuromuscular paralysis, and allergic Rxns
the MOA of these drugs : binds to 50s ribosomal subunit and blocks the peptidyl transferase center
macrolides
which drug was developed as an alternative to PCN
erythromycin
which drug is effective against the flu
clarithromycin
which drug is effective against respiratory infections
azithromycin ( Z pack)
what are some AE of macrolides
epigastric distress, Cholestatic jaundice, ototoxicity, CI in hepatic dysfunction and in arrhythmia
ciprofloxacin
2nd generation flouroquinolone
levofloxacin
3rd gen. flouroquinolone
moxifloxacin
4th gen. flouroquinolone
sulfacetamide
antifolate drugs
trimethroprim
antifolate drugs
cotrimoxazole
antifolate drug
these drugs enter bacterium by passive diffusion; inhibit replication of DNA by interfering with DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV
flouroquinolones
this drug is most effective against Pseudomonas
ciprofloxacin
AE of flouroquinolones?
GI probs, CNS probs, phototoxicity, CT probs, CI in pregnancy and arrhythmias
MOA of these drugs: compete with Dihydropterate synthetase and inhibit folate production
sulfonamides ( antifolates)
AE of antifolates?
crystalluria, hypersensitivity, hemopoeitic disturbances, kernicterus, CI in newborns and infants ; UTIs
this specific drug inhibits Dihydrofolate reductase; AE = folic acid def.
trimethroprim
this drug is effective in UTIs, respiratory tract infctions, Pneumocystic jirovenci, and MRSA; AE= skin rash, nausea and vomiting, anemias ; CI in pts taking warfarin, phenytoin, and /or methotrexate
cotrimoxazole
oseltamivir
antivirals: respiratory virus infections ( flu)
tenofovir
antivirals: for hepatitis
acyclovir
antivirals: herpesvirus infections
valacyclovir
antivirals: herpes virus
tirfluridine
antivirals: herpes virus
this drug inhibits the viral enzyme ( neuraminidase) that cause the flu; AE= GI probs
oseltamavir
this drug inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
tenofovir
this drug is the tx of choice in HSV encephalitis and genital herpes infections ; it competes as a substrate for viral DNA polymerase and is incorporated into the viral DNA
acyclovir
AE of acyclovir?
local irritation, HA and GI prob, renal dysfunction
this drug inhibits the incorporation of thymidine triphosphate into viral DNA ; drug of choice for HSV keratoconjunctivitis and epithelial keratitis
trifluridine
emtricitabine
HIV: nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTI)
efavirenz
HIV: NONnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NNRTI)
ritonavir
protease inhibitors
these drugs are phosphorylated by cellular enzymes and then incorporated into viral DNA by viral reverse transcriptase
NRTIs
AE of NRTIS
peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and lipoatrophy
these drugs are highly selective inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase
NNRTIs
this drug has CNS SE : HA, dizziness, vivid dreams, loss of concentration
efavirenz
these drugs inhibit HIV aspartyl protease; AE= paresthesia, GI prob, changes in glucose and lipid metabolism
protease inhibitors
this drug is used as an enhancer of other protease inhibitors ; CYP450 inhibitor; has AE= GI probs, HA, paresthesias
HIV protease inhibitors
chloroquine
antiprotozoal drugs ( malaria)
this drug is used for malaria and arthritis/lupus, also has anti-inflammatory activity ; it prevents the parasite from properly digesting host cells Hb; AE= GI prob, skin rash, HA, blurred vision, bulls eye maculopathy
chloroquine
hydrocholorothiazide
thiazide diuretics
furosemide
loop diuretics
acetazolamide
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
these drugs affect the distal tubule; they inhibit the Na/Cl co-transporter; clinical uses = HTN, heart failure, hypercalcuria, diabetes insipidus
thiazide diuretics
AE of thiazide diuretics=
K depletion, Hyponatremia, hyperuricemia, Hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, hypersensitivity
these drugs have their major effect on the ascending limb of loop of henle; they inhibit the cotransport of Na/K/2Cl; AE= ototoxicity, hyperuricemia, acute hypovolemia, K depletion, and hypomagnesemia
loop diuretics
these are the drug of choice for reducing acute pulmonary edema of heart failure
loop diuretics
these drugs inhibit carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubule ; carbonic anhydrase catalyzes reaction for form bicarbonates
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
clinical uses for carbonic anhydrase inh
glaucoma, mountain sickness
AE of carbonic anhydrase inh
metabolic acidosis, K sparing, renal stone formation, drowsiness, paresthesia, avoid in pts with cirrhosis
clonidine
alpha 2 agonist
atenolol
beta 1 selective blocker
metoprolol
beta 1 selective beta blocker
nebivolol
beta 1 selective beta blocker
amlodipine
Ca channel blocker( vasodilator )
benazepril
ACE inhibitor
lisinopril
ACE inhibitor
olmesartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker ( ARB)
telmisartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker ( ARB)
valsartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker ( ARB)
this drug diminishes central adrenergic outflow; used mainly in tx with HTN when 2 or more drugs have failed ; useful in renal disease. AE= sedation, dry mouth, constipation, rebound htn
clonidine
how do beta blockers work on BP
they lower BP by decreasing cardiac output ; CI in pts with asthma . AE= bradycardia, fatigue, hypotension. decreased libido, drug withdrawal
these drugs produce relaxation of smooth muscle ; release NO
vasodilators
these drugs block the inward movement of Ca-> muscles relax . AE= flushing, constipation, dizziness, HA, fatigue, hypotension
Ca channel blockers
these drugs reduce peripheral vascular resistance ; decrease angiotensin II and increase bradykinin ( vasodilator)
ACE inhibitors
clinical uses of ACE inhibtors
HTN, diabetic nephropathy, first line therapy for heart failure, etc
AE of ACE inhibitors
dry cough, hyperkalemia, skin rash, hypotension, fever; CI in pregnancy
these drugs are alternatives to ACE inh; but they do not increase bradykinin levels ; AE mainly dry cough ; CI in pregnancy
ARB
nitroglycerin
organic nitrate
ranolazine
NA channel blocker
these drugs MOA: enzyme activation of drug causes release of NO; NO combines with guanylyl cyclase causing an increase in cGMP
organic nitrates
this is the drug of choice for ongoing attack precipitated by exercise or emotional stress
nitroglycerin
AE of organic nitrates?
tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, HA
this drug inhibits the late phase of the Na current ; used to tx chronic angina
Ranolazine
procainamide
Class IA NA channel blocker
amiodarone
Class III K channel Blocker
these drugs bind to open or inactivated Na channels ; slows the rate of the rise of the action potential
class I NA channel blockers
these drugs diminish the outward K current during repolarization of cardiac cells ; prolong the action potential duration
K channel blockers
which drug is therapy of choice for atrial fibrillation
amiodarone
AE of amiodarone
interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, GI tolerance, tremor, ataxia, dizziness, blue skin discoloration, NAION and whorl keratopathy
clopidogrel
platelet inhibitor
prasugrel
platelet inhibitor
dabigatran
anticoagulant ( direct thrombin inh)
rivaroxaban
anticoagulant ( factor Xa inh)
warfarin
other anticoagulant
these drugs block ADP P2Y receptors ; reduces platelet aggregation
platelet aggre. inhibitors
this drug is used in the prevention of atherosclerotic events following recent heart attack or stroke
clopidogrel
this drug is used to decrease thrombotic events in pts with acute coronary syndrome
prasugrel
AE of platelet inh
prolonged bleeding, aplastic anemia, life threatening TTP
these drugs bind to antithrombin III ; competitive reversible inh. of thrombin
thrombin inhi.
this drug is used for the prevention of stroke in pts with atrial fibrillation. SE= bleeding
dabigatran
apixaban
Factor Xa thrombin inhibitor
these drugs selectively inhibit only Factor Xa;p usd in hip and knee Sx
rivaroxaban
this drug originally used as a rodenticide; now used as an anticoagulant; this inhibits vitamin K epoxide reductase
warfarin
AE of warfarin: bleeding disorders, drug interactions, CI in pregnancy
warfarin
atorvastatin
HMG CoA reductase inh
rosuvastatin
HMG CoA reductase inh
Simvastatin
HMG CoA reductase inh
colesevelam
Bile acid sequestrants
ezetimibe
cholesterol absorption inh
these drugs compete with HMG for the HMC CoA reductase enzyme; uses for lowering cholesterol levels
HMG CoA reductase inh
AE of HMG CoA reductase inh
liver, increase warfarin levels, CI in pregnancy
these drugs bind bile salts and bile acids in the small intestine
bile acid binding resins
this drug inhibits absorption of dietary and biliary cholesterol in the small intestine
ezetimibe
fluoxetine
Selective serotonin reuptake inh ( SSRI)
sertraline
Selective serotonin reuptake inh ( SSRI)
duloxetine
serotonin/ NE reuptake inh.
bupropion
atypical antidepressant
these drugs block the reuptake of serotonin AE: dry mouth, GI distress, agitation, insomnia, sexual dysfunction
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
these drugs block reuptake of NE and serotonin
serotonin / NE reuptake inhibitors
this drug is a weak DA and NE reuptake inh.; it assists in decreasing the withdrawl and craving for nicotine; AE = dry mouth, sweating, tremor, and increased risk for seizure
bupropion
alprazolam
benzodiazepene
diazepam
benzodiazepene
eszopiclone
benzo like hypnotic agents
zolpidem
benzo like hypnotic agent
MOA: binding to receptor increases affinity of GABA for its receptor
benzodiazepenes
clinical use for benzodiazapenes
reduction of anxiety; sedative and hypnotic, anterograde amnesia, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant: SE are opposite of what the drug treats
these drugs are used for sleep prob; high affinity for the benzodiazepene binding site of Gaba receptors ; mimic effect of BZDs
benzo like hypnotic drugs
aripiprazole
second generation antipsychotic drug
quetiapine
second generation antipsychotic drug
these drugs have a high affinity for D2, D3, D4, and serotonin receptors ;do not produce movement disorders and effective control of positive and negative signs
second generation antipsychotics
rivastigmine
cholinesterase inhibitor
memantine
NMDA receptor antagonist
these drugs bind reversibly to acetylcholinesterase and inhibit activity of enzyme;
cholinesterase inhibitor
clinical uses of cholinesterase inh
alzheimers, myasthenia gravis, nerve gases
these drugs bind to glutamine receptors on the post synaptic neuron- prevent binding of glutamine. AE= confusion, anxiety, chills, cough, dry mouth
NMDA receptor Antagonist
dexmethylphenidate
amphetamines
lisdexamfetamine
amphetamines
these drugs cause release of ic stores of neurotransmitter via a reversal of the reuptake enzyme
amphetamines
clinical uses of amphetamines
ADHD, narcolepsy. AE= addiction, insomnia, confusion, heart palpitations, nausea, etc
methadone
opioid agonists
oxycodone
opioid agonists
codeine
partial opioid agonists
hydrocodone
partial opioid agonists
tramadol
mixed mechanism opoid
these drugs cause inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a decrease in the concentration of cAMP
opiod agonists
clinical use of opioid agonist
relief of pain, anesthesia, antidiarrheal, antitussive dyspnea, tx of opiate addiction
this drug binds to opioid receptor and weakly inhibits reuptake of NE and serotonin
tramadol
loperamide
opiate receptor agonist; selectively targets GI opiate receptors ( used to treat diarrhea)
lidocaine
local anesthesitc
proparacine
local anesthestic
tetracaine
local anesthestic
these drugs work by targeting Na channels in the axon; they block information transfer about painful stimuli from the pt of stimulus to the spinal column
local anesthetics
this drug is the most common topical anesthetic used in the eye clinic
proparacaine
THIS anesthetic is a viscous gel that is used during ophthalmic procedures
lidocaine
SE of topical anesthetics
loose corneal epithelium, stinging, allergic reaction
this drug is a topical anesthetic that inhibits activity of topical sulfanomides; used for minor surgical procedures
tetracaine
