classification

Question 1

what are the different molecular sequences

Answer 1

• DNA sequencing
• DNA hybridisation
• Protein sequence

Question 2

what is DNA sequencing?

Answer 2

DNA is made up of 4 bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine), these bases give organisms their characteristics. The more similar the DNA sequence, the more closely related species are.

Question 3

what is DNA hybridisation?

Answer 3

DNA is double-stranded, but when heated up it can denature into two strands. When it cools down again it attempts to line back up with a second strand. This DNA is linked to another organism stranded molecule, the more links between each strand the more closely related they are

Question 4

what is protein sequencing

Answer 4

Refers to the chains of amino acids being compared between two organisms. The more similarities within the chains the more closely related the organisms are.

Question 5

what are molecular clocks

Answer 5

Are sequence differences of both DNA and proteins over time. There is a relationship between the amount of time and the number of changes. This means a ratio can ve determined when two species last shared a common ancestor.

Question 6

what are the main categories of characteristics

Answer 6

• physical
• reproductive
• genetic

Question 7

what are the different physical characteristics

Answer 7

1. macro or cellular level
2. types of skeleton
3. types of symmetry
4. segmentation

Question 8

what can physical classification occur at

Answer 8

Physical classification can occur at a macro level or a cellular level.

Question 9

what are the types of skeletons

Answer 9

exoskeleton - external skeleton
endoskeleton internal skeleton
hydroskeleton - no skeleton

Question 10

what is segmentation

Answer 10

Segmentation applies to invertebrates. It is the division into spreading sections.

Question 11

what are the types of symmetry

Answer 11

bilateral symmetry - the division into two equal sides (left, right, up and down)

radial symmetry - the number of divisions as long as its cit through a central axis

Question 12

what are the different reproductive methods

Answer 12

sexual reproduction - gametes from individuals

asexual reproduction - single organism reproduction

Question 13

what are the different types of asexual reproduction

Answer 13

• fragmentation
• binary fission
• spores
• parthenogenesis

Question 14

what is fragmentation

Answer 14

the splitting of an organism’s body which is regenerated into a whole organism

Question 15

what is binary fission?

Answer 15

Refers to cell division which involves an organism duplicating its DNA and split it into 2 bodies

Question 16

what are spores

Answer 16

releases of genetic material which can be activated later

Question 17

what is parthenogenesis

Answer 17

It is a female-only reproduction that involves them producing embryos from an unfertilised egg

Question 18

what is sexual reproduction

Answer 18

Is the mixing of gametes from two individuals. Some organisms lay eggs and some have live young.

Question 19

What are genetic characteristics

Answer 19

DNA, RNA and protein sequences are all indicative of relatedness. The greater the similarity the more closely related organisms are

Question 20

what is DNA

Answer 20

• deoxyribonucleic acid
• 4 bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
• These base sequences determine RNA sequences

Question 21

what is RNA

Answer 21

• ribonucleic acid
• 4 bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil)
• these base sequence determines which amino acids join together to make proteins

Question 22

what are proteins

Answer 22

• made up of long, folded sequences of amino acids
• essential for life
• changes are rare otherwise, this will result in death

Question 23

what are the conventions of binomial nomenclature?

Answer 23

a binomial name consists of a generic and specific name. The generic name denotes the genus and the specific name is unique to a species.

Question 24

define speciation

Answer 24

Refers to the formation of new species due to evolution. It refers to the splitting of a single evolutionary linage.

Question 25

what is asexual reproduction

Answer 25

It does not involve the fusion of gametes or changes in the number of gametes. The offspring that arises will inherit the full set of genes of their single parent.