chaptr 26 Flashcards
Eunuchs (vocab)
A man who has been castrated, served as guards in women’s living areas
Yongle (vocab)
An emperor who reigned from 1403-1424 who launched a series of naval expeditions that sailed throughout the Indian Ocean
Manchus (vocab)
Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty
Nurhaci (vocab)
An ambitious chieftain who reigned from 1616-1626 and unified Manchu tribes into a unified state
Kangxi (vocab)
A voracious emperor who reigned from 1661-1722, who was Confucian scholar and an enlightened ruler
Qianlong (vocab)
An effective emperor who reigned from 1736-1795
Zheng He (vocab)
A eunuch admiral who led seven massive maritime expeditions with as many as 317 vessels and 28,000 men
Zhu Xi (vocab)
A twelfth century scholar who articulated the new form of neo-Confucianism
Tokugawa (vocab)
Shoguns who sought to lay the foundation for long term political and social stability, and provided generous support for neo-Confucian studies in an effort to promote traditional values
Shogun (vocab)
Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor
Daimyo (vocab)
Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan
Francis Xavier (vocab)
A Jesuit who traveled to Japan in 1549 to seek converts to Christianity
Christovao Ferriera (vocab)
A Portuguese Jesuit who led the missionary in Japan who gave up Christianity under torture and adopted Buddhism
Qing Dynasty (vocab)
The final imperial dynasty in China lasting from 1644 to 1912, noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people
Ming Dynasty (vocab)
Chinese dynasty from 1368-1644, founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance
Civil Service Examination (vocab)
A battery of grueling tests given at the district, provincial, and metropolitan levels that determined entry into Chinese civil service during the Ming and Qing dynasties
Yongle Encyclopedia (vocab)
A vast collection of Chinese philosophical, historical, and religious texts
Tokugawa Bakufu (vocab)
Feudal style of government that ruled Japan under the direction of shoguns from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868
Neo-Confucianism (vocab)
Philosophy that tried to merge the principles of Buddhist and Confucian thought; the most important neo-confucist being Zhu Xi
Dutch Learning (vocab)
European knowledge that reached Japan
Ukiyo (vocab)
Japanese word for floating worlds, Buddhist term for the insignificance of the world that came to represent the urban centers of Tokugawa Japan
Kabuki (vocab)
Japanese theatre where actors are free to improvise and embellish their words
Bunraku (vocab)
Japanese puppet theatre
The main goals of the conservative Ming and Qing dynasties was…
to maintain a stable society after the trauma of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty
In an effort to stabilize China internally…
Ming emperors stressed Chinese traditions
The building of a tight, centralized state under the Ming dynasty was done through the use of…
mandarins and eunuchs
The decline of the Ming Dynasty was caused by…
pirates and a lackluster government
After the Manchus conquered China, they forbid…
intermarriage between Chinese and Manchu
The philosophy pattern and techniques used by the Qing were…
the same used by the Ming
The term “Son of Heaven” was used to describe…
Qing emperors with heavenly powers, sent to Earth to maintain order
Civil service examinations were used to…
determine the status of the participants
The day to day governance fell to…
the well-educated and highly literate scholar bureaucrats appointed by the emperor
During the time of the Qing Dynasty, patriarchal authority over females…
became tighter than ever before
Foot binding was a custom where…
the feet of women were wound to fit an unnatural, tiny shape
Like the imperial government, the Qing Chinese family was…
hierarchical, patriarchal, and authoritarian
The population growth in China during the 16th and 17th century was…
highly fluctuating, but eventually rose to 225 million
After the 17th century, Spanish merchants introduced…
American food crops to China
During the Qing Dynasty, foreign trade was…
limited and under tight governmental control
Chinese merchants worked either individually or…
in partnerships, which helped develop and grow the population
Despite the tight governmental control, foreign trade during the early Qing Dynasty brought…
Prosperity to China
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China fell behind technologically because…
the government favored political and social stability over technological innovations
Confucian tradition ranked three broad classes of commoners, which were…
peasants, artisans, and merchants
Moralists looked upon merchants as…
unscrupulous social parasites
Chinese scholar bureaucrats and gentry were easy to identify because…
they had distinctive clothing of black gowns with blue borders adorned
Confucian traditions were systematized by…
Song Dynasty scholar Zhu Xi
While Confucianism was supported at the imperial level, many people…
decided to read popular novels instead of confucian teachings
To promote Confucian values, the Ming and Qing dynasties…
supported educational programs at several levels
After the arrival of the Europeans, east Asian societies…
copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans
The founder of the Roman Catholic mission to China was…
Matteo Ricci, who began learning about Confucius and memorizing the Chinese language
Ricci preached that…
Confucianism and Christianity were very similar, if not the same
The main principle of the Japanese Tokugawa shoguns was…
to stabilize their realm and prevent return of a civil war
Starting in the 1630s, and lasting for more than two centuries, the shoguns…
issued a series of edicts sharply restricting Japanese relations with other lands
New crop strains, new methods of irrigation, and the use of fertilizer brought…
increased yields of rice
In the 17th century, the Japanese population rose by almost one third, from 22 million to…
29 million
During the Tokugawa era, merchants in Japan…
became increasingly wealthy and prominent
Economic growth in Japan had its roots in
increased agricultural production
Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi and the emphasis on filial piety and loyalty to superiors were both promoted by…
Tokugawa shoguns
The centers of Tokugawa urban culture were…
the ukiyo
Entertainment quarters such as teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths offered…
an escape from social responsibility and the rigid rules of conduct in the Tokugawa era
Who was Francis Xavier?
A Jesuit who traveled to Japan in 1549 and opened a mission to seek converts to Christianity
The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity because…
the religion’s exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Taoism or Buddhism
