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ap world history 🌎 > chaptr 26 > Flashcards

chaptr 26 Flashcards

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1
Q

Eunuchs (vocab)

A

A man who has been castrated, served as guards in women’s living areas

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2
Q

Yongle (vocab)

A

An emperor who reigned from 1403-1424 who launched a series of naval expeditions that sailed throughout the Indian Ocean

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3
Q

Manchus (vocab)

A

Manchurians who conquered China, putting an end to the Ming dynasty and founding the Qing dynasty

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4
Q

Nurhaci (vocab)

A

An ambitious chieftain who reigned from 1616-1626 and unified Manchu tribes into a unified state

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5
Q

Kangxi (vocab)

A

A voracious emperor who reigned from 1661-1722, who was Confucian scholar and an enlightened ruler

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6
Q

Qianlong (vocab)

A

An effective emperor who reigned from 1736-1795

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7
Q

Zheng He (vocab)

A

A eunuch admiral who led seven massive maritime expeditions with as many as 317 vessels and 28,000 men

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8
Q

Zhu Xi (vocab)

A

A twelfth century scholar who articulated the new form of neo-Confucianism

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9
Q

Tokugawa (vocab)

A

Shoguns who sought to lay the foundation for long term political and social stability, and provided generous support for neo-Confucian studies in an effort to promote traditional values

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10
Q

Shogun (vocab)

A

Japanese military leader who ruled in place of the emperor

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11
Q

Daimyo (vocab)

A

Powerful territorial lords in early modern Japan

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12
Q

Francis Xavier (vocab)

A

A Jesuit who traveled to Japan in 1549 to seek converts to Christianity

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13
Q

Christovao Ferriera (vocab)

A

A Portuguese Jesuit who led the missionary in Japan who gave up Christianity under torture and adopted Buddhism

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14
Q

Qing Dynasty (vocab)

A

The final imperial dynasty in China lasting from 1644 to 1912, noted for its initial prosperity and tumultuous final years, and for being only the second time that China was not ruled by the Han people

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15
Q

Ming Dynasty (vocab)

A

Chinese dynasty from 1368-1644, founded by Hongwu and known for its cultural brilliance

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16
Q

Civil Service Examination (vocab)

A

A battery of grueling tests given at the district, provincial, and metropolitan levels that determined entry into Chinese civil service during the Ming and Qing dynasties

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17
Q

Yongle Encyclopedia (vocab)

A

A vast collection of Chinese philosophical, historical, and religious texts

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18
Q

Tokugawa Bakufu (vocab)

A

Feudal style of government that ruled Japan under the direction of shoguns from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868

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19
Q

Neo-Confucianism (vocab)

A

Philosophy that tried to merge the principles of Buddhist and Confucian thought; the most important neo-confucist being Zhu Xi

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20
Q

Dutch Learning (vocab)

A

European knowledge that reached Japan

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21
Q

Ukiyo (vocab)

A

Japanese word for floating worlds, Buddhist term for the insignificance of the world that came to represent the urban centers of Tokugawa Japan

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22
Q

Kabuki (vocab)

A

Japanese theatre where actors are free to improvise and embellish their words

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23
Q

Bunraku (vocab)

A

Japanese puppet theatre

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24
Q

The main goals of the conservative Ming and Qing dynasties was…

A

to maintain a stable society after the trauma of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty

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25
Q

In an effort to stabilize China internally…

A

Ming emperors stressed Chinese traditions

26
Q

The building of a tight, centralized state under the Ming dynasty was done through the use of…

A

mandarins and eunuchs

27
Q

The decline of the Ming Dynasty was caused by…

A

pirates and a lackluster government

28
Q

After the Manchus conquered China, they forbid…

A

intermarriage between Chinese and Manchu

29
Q

The philosophy pattern and techniques used by the Qing were…

A

the same used by the Ming

30
Q

The term “Son of Heaven” was used to describe…

A

Qing emperors with heavenly powers, sent to Earth to maintain order

31
Q

Civil service examinations were used to…

A

determine the status of the participants

32
Q

The day to day governance fell to…

A

the well-educated and highly literate scholar bureaucrats appointed by the emperor

33
Q

During the time of the Qing Dynasty, patriarchal authority over females…

A

became tighter than ever before

34
Q

Foot binding was a custom where…

A

the feet of women were wound to fit an unnatural, tiny shape

35
Q

Like the imperial government, the Qing Chinese family was…

A

hierarchical, patriarchal, and authoritarian

36
Q

The population growth in China during the 16th and 17th century was…

A

highly fluctuating, but eventually rose to 225 million

37
Q

After the 17th century, Spanish merchants introduced…

A

American food crops to China

38
Q

During the Qing Dynasty, foreign trade was…

A

limited and under tight governmental control

39
Q

Chinese merchants worked either individually or…

A

in partnerships, which helped develop and grow the population

40
Q

Despite the tight governmental control, foreign trade during the early Qing Dynasty brought…

A

Prosperity to China

41
Q

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China fell behind technologically because…

A

the government favored political and social stability over technological innovations

42
Q

Confucian tradition ranked three broad classes of commoners, which were…

A

peasants, artisans, and merchants

43
Q

Moralists looked upon merchants as…

A

unscrupulous social parasites

43
Q

Chinese scholar bureaucrats and gentry were easy to identify because…

A

they had distinctive clothing of black gowns with blue borders adorned

44
Q

Confucian traditions were systematized by…

A

Song Dynasty scholar Zhu Xi

45
Q

While Confucianism was supported at the imperial level, many people…

A

decided to read popular novels instead of confucian teachings

46
Q

To promote Confucian values, the Ming and Qing dynasties…

A

supported educational programs at several levels

47
Q

After the arrival of the Europeans, east Asian societies…

A

copied the ways of the more advanced Europeans

48
Q

The founder of the Roman Catholic mission to China was…

A

Matteo Ricci, who began learning about Confucius and memorizing the Chinese language

49
Q

Ricci preached that…

A

Confucianism and Christianity were very similar, if not the same

50
Q

The main principle of the Japanese Tokugawa shoguns was…

A

to stabilize their realm and prevent return of a civil war

51
Q

Starting in the 1630s, and lasting for more than two centuries, the shoguns…

A

issued a series of edicts sharply restricting Japanese relations with other lands

52
Q

New crop strains, new methods of irrigation, and the use of fertilizer brought…

A

increased yields of rice

53
Q

In the 17th century, the Japanese population rose by almost one third, from 22 million to…

A

29 million

54
Q

During the Tokugawa era, merchants in Japan…

A

became increasingly wealthy and prominent

55
Q

Economic growth in Japan had its roots in

A

increased agricultural production

56
Q

Neo-Confucianism of Zhu Xi and the emphasis on filial piety and loyalty to superiors were both promoted by…

A

Tokugawa shoguns

57
Q

The centers of Tokugawa urban culture were…

A

the ukiyo

58
Q

Entertainment quarters such as teahouses, theaters, brothels, and public baths offered…

A

an escape from social responsibility and the rigid rules of conduct in the Tokugawa era

59
Q

Who was Francis Xavier?

A

A Jesuit who traveled to Japan in 1549 and opened a mission to seek converts to Christianity

60
Q

The Chinese were hesitant to convert to Christianity because…

A

the religion’s exclusivity concerning other beliefs such as Taoism or Buddhism

ap world history 🌎 (17 decks)

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