CHAPTER 20 💥💥💥 Flashcards
ali’i nui (vocab)
the classes of high chiefs in Hawaii that commanded enormous respect within their society.
polynesians (vocab)
a group that, after 1000 CE, populated most of the habitable islands of the Pacific.
cuzco (vocab)
magnificent administrative, religious, and ceremonial center for the Inca empire.
chimu (vocab)
powerful kingdom that dominated the lowlands of the Peruvian coast around the 10th century.
marae (vocab)
most distinctive architecture of early Pacific societies, usually for ceremonial precincts and temple structures.
inca empire (vocab)
a huge empire stretching over 4000 km and ruling 11.5 million people to easily be the largest state ever built in South America.
maori (vocab)
island civilization native to New Zealand in the South Pacific.
chucuito (vocab)
a 12th century kingdom that dominated the highlands region of what is modern Peru and Bolivia.
viracocha (vocab)
creator god of the Inca.
nan madol (vocab)
massive stone palace and administrative center built between 1200 and 1600 by a powerful state in the Caroline Islands by the Saudeleur dynasty.
quechua (vocab)
the language spoke within the Inca empire.
aboriginal peoples (vocab)
nomadic natives of Australia, they covered vast stretches of the continent as their society flourished.
quipu (vocab)
small cords of various colors and lengths used by the Incan as means of keeping records.
inti (vocab)
major deity of the Inca representing the sun god.
mexica (vocab)
most prominent people of this age and the architects of the Aztec empire
aztec empire (vocab)
the dominant native people in central Mexico during the 15th century until the arrival of the Spanish
motecuzoma I (vocab)
ruler of the Aztec’s from 1440-1469, he was for the conquest of Oaxaca and imposed Aztec rule on over 12 million people
huitzilapochtli (vocab)
the war god of the Mexica and Aztecs, sacrificial victims were demanded to appease this god
cahokia (vocab)
a society of mound building people in North America that reached its height from 950-1250 CE
pueblo and navajo (vocab)
native peoples of the american southwest, their agricultural economies supported large populations
calpulli (vocab)
originally clans or groups of families that claimed descent from common ancestors
tenochtitlan (vocab)
the capital city to the Aztec empire at the time of the Spanish invasion
quetzalcoatl (vocab)
feathered serpent god of arts, crafts, and agriculture
toltecs (vocab)
powerful people who controlled much of central Mexico from 950-1150 CE
tezcatlipoca (vocab)
the patron deity of warriors known as the “smoking mirror” and the giver of breath and taker of light
tula (vocab)
a major city of the Toltecs, it became an important center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian works
chinampa (vocab)
extremely fertile system of agriculture developed by the Aztecs permitting the harvest of as many as seven crops per year
iroquois (vocab)
located in what is now upstate New York, they were comprised of five different Indian nations
teotihuacan (vocab)
largest city in MesoAmerica around the 8th century CE
itzcoatl (vocab)
Ambitious and brutal ruler (1428-1440) of the Aztec’s known as the obsidian serpent
Bernal Diaz del Castillo was…
the Spanish solider who left detailed records of the Aztecs
The most important city of the Toltecs was…
Tula
The influence of the Maya on the Toltecs can be seen in the similarities between Tula and the Maya city of…
Chichen Itza
The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because…
of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion
The word ‘Aztlan’ means…
the place of the seven legendary caves
The capital of the Aztec empire was…
Tenochtitlan
The “chinampa system” refers to the…
Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom
By the middle of the 15th century, the Mexica had formed a triple alliance with…
Texcoco and Tlacopan
The Aztec expansion began under…
Itzcoatl
In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the…
military elite
Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by…
a council made up of the most successful warriors
Women in Aztec society played…
almost no public role
The primary role of women in Mexica society was…
to bear children
A Mexica woman who died in childbirth…
won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle
Mexica priests had…
great power as advisors to the rulers
Most Mexica slaves were…
not foreigners, but Mexica
When the Mexica migrated to central Mexico, they…
adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the people of Mesoamerica
Tezcatlipoca was also known as…
the Smoking Mirror
Most Aztec human sacrifices were in honor of…
Huitzilopochtli
The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice as an…
essential ritual to ensure the worlds’s survival
In terms of development, North American societies…
developed on a relatively small scale
The Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest lived…
a settled, agricultural existence
The five Iroquois nations were the….
Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca
In terms of literature, the North American Indian societies…
possessed no form of writing
The kingdom of Chucuito was located in…
South America
The capital city of Chimu was…
Chanchan
The most important ruler in the expansion of the Inca empire was…
Pachacuti
The Incas imposed order by…
taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes
The Inca quipu, a mnemonic aid, consisted of…
small cords with knots
The capital of the Inca empire was…
Cuzco
Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the presence of the mummies of their predecessors?
The Incan
The Inca sun god was…
Inti
(in terms of diffusion) The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines…
did not diffuse much beyond their own regions
The massive stone palace at Nan Madol was located in the…
Caroline Islands
The Hawaiian class of high chiefs were known as the…
ali’i nui
The ‘marae’ was…
a Pacific island temple
An Inca woman fulfilling her tribute duty by weaving woolen fabric would most likely provide evidence for…
The compulsory labor service required by the state
The Inca state most likely developed the tribute system in order to…
control populations of conquered peoples
The Inca tribute system was also used in the Aztec empire, but most strongly differed from the Inca state by…
the lack of an administrative bureaucracy
In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire…
had no elaborate beaucracy
At its high point, the Aztec empire contained a population of around…
twelve million people
True or False: Iron and brass implements were NOT typical of trade items found in the Mexica markets.
True. Gold and silver jewelry, Vanilla beans and cacao, Jaguar skins and parrot feathers, and cotton cloth were prevalent.
In order to maintain control over conquered peoples, the Mexica…
threatened subject peoples with brutal reprisals.
In order to maintain clear class distinctions, Mexica sumptuary laws…
held that persons of different social classes could not intermarry.
Most Aztec sacrifices were…
Captives, criminals, or tribute from conquered people
True or False: The Iroquois’ system of pictographic writing has not yet been deciphered.
True probably
The great earthen mounds like that at Cahokia were probably used for…
rituals and burials
Between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries, the Andean kingdom of Chucuito governed an agricultural society based on…
potato farming
True or False: Granting autonomy to local chieftains was another way the Inca administrated their empire.
False…
The Inca government maintained storehouses of agricultural surplus for…
public relief and social welfare.
Unlike the Aztec religion, Inca religion…
had a moral dimension
The aboriginal peoples of Australia subsisted by
hunting and gathering
Aboriginal Australians frequently…
interacted with people from neighboring societies.
How were goods traded in aboriginal Australia c. 1000 - 1500 C.E.?
Trade good passed from one aboriginal community to another until they came to rest in distant places
