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ap world history 🌎 > CHAPTER 20 💥💥💥 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 20 💥💥💥 Flashcards

1
Q

ali’i nui (vocab)

A

the classes of high chiefs in Hawaii that commanded enormous respect within their society.

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2
Q

polynesians (vocab)

A

a group that, after 1000 CE, populated most of the habitable islands of the Pacific.

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3
Q

cuzco (vocab)

A

magnificent administrative, religious, and ceremonial center for the Inca empire.

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4
Q

chimu (vocab)

A

powerful kingdom that dominated the lowlands of the Peruvian coast around the 10th century.

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5
Q

marae (vocab)

A

most distinctive architecture of early Pacific societies, usually for ceremonial precincts and temple structures.

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6
Q

inca empire (vocab)

A

a huge empire stretching over 4000 km and ruling 11.5 million people to easily be the largest state ever built in South America.

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7
Q

maori (vocab)

A

island civilization native to New Zealand in the South Pacific.

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8
Q

chucuito (vocab)

A

a 12th century kingdom that dominated the highlands region of what is modern Peru and Bolivia.

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9
Q

viracocha (vocab)

A

creator god of the Inca.

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10
Q

nan madol (vocab)

A

massive stone palace and administrative center built between 1200 and 1600 by a powerful state in the Caroline Islands by the Saudeleur dynasty.

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11
Q

quechua (vocab)

A

the language spoke within the Inca empire.

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12
Q

aboriginal peoples (vocab)

A

nomadic natives of Australia, they covered vast stretches of the continent as their society flourished.

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13
Q

quipu (vocab)

A

small cords of various colors and lengths used by the Incan as means of keeping records.

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14
Q

inti (vocab)

A

major deity of the Inca representing the sun god.

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15
Q

mexica (vocab)

A

most prominent people of this age and the architects of the Aztec empire

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16
Q

aztec empire (vocab)

A

the dominant native people in central Mexico during the 15th century until the arrival of the Spanish

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17
Q

motecuzoma I (vocab)

A

ruler of the Aztec’s from 1440-1469, he was for the conquest of Oaxaca and imposed Aztec rule on over 12 million people

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18
Q

huitzilapochtli (vocab)

A

the war god of the Mexica and Aztecs, sacrificial victims were demanded to appease this god

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19
Q

cahokia (vocab)

A

a society of mound building people in North America that reached its height from 950-1250 CE

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20
Q

pueblo and navajo (vocab)

A

native peoples of the american southwest, their agricultural economies supported large populations

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21
Q

calpulli (vocab)

A

originally clans or groups of families that claimed descent from common ancestors

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22
Q

tenochtitlan (vocab)

A

the capital city to the Aztec empire at the time of the Spanish invasion

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23
Q

quetzalcoatl (vocab)

A

feathered serpent god of arts, crafts, and agriculture

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24
Q

toltecs (vocab)

A

powerful people who controlled much of central Mexico from 950-1150 CE

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25
Q

tezcatlipoca (vocab)

A

the patron deity of warriors known as the “smoking mirror” and the giver of breath and taker of light

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26
Q

tula (vocab)

A

a major city of the Toltecs, it became an important center of weaving, pottery, and obsidian works

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27
Q

chinampa (vocab)

A

extremely fertile system of agriculture developed by the Aztecs permitting the harvest of as many as seven crops per year

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28
Q

iroquois (vocab)

A

located in what is now upstate New York, they were comprised of five different Indian nations

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29
Q

teotihuacan (vocab)

A

largest city in MesoAmerica around the 8th century CE

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30
Q

itzcoatl (vocab)

A

Ambitious and brutal ruler (1428-1440) of the Aztec’s known as the obsidian serpent

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31
Q

Bernal Diaz del Castillo was…

A

the Spanish solider who left detailed records of the Aztecs

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32
Q

The most important city of the Toltecs was…

A

Tula

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33
Q

The influence of the Maya on the Toltecs can be seen in the similarities between Tula and the Maya city of…

A

Chichen Itza

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34
Q

The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because…

A

of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion

35
Q

The word ‘Aztlan’ means…

A

the place of the seven legendary caves

36
Q

The capital of the Aztec empire was…

A

Tenochtitlan

37
Q

The “chinampa system” refers to the…

A

Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom

38
Q

By the middle of the 15th century, the Mexica had formed a triple alliance with…

A

Texcoco and Tlacopan

39
Q

The Aztec expansion began under…

A

Itzcoatl

40
Q

In the Aztec social hierarchy, most of the honors and rewards went to the…

A

military elite

41
Q

Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by…

A

a council made up of the most successful warriors

42
Q

Women in Aztec society played…

A

almost no public role

43
Q

The primary role of women in Mexica society was…

A

to bear children

44
Q

A Mexica woman who died in childbirth…

A

won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle

45
Q

Mexica priests had…

A

great power as advisors to the rulers

46
Q

Most Mexica slaves were…

A

not foreigners, but Mexica

47
Q

When the Mexica migrated to central Mexico, they…

A

adopted cultural and religious traditions shared by the people of Mesoamerica

48
Q

Tezcatlipoca was also known as…

A

the Smoking Mirror

49
Q

Most Aztec human sacrifices were in honor of…

A

Huitzilopochtli

50
Q

The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice as an…

A

essential ritual to ensure the worlds’s survival

51
Q

In terms of development, North American societies…

A

developed on a relatively small scale

52
Q

The Pueblo and Navajo peoples of the American southwest lived…

A

a settled, agricultural existence

53
Q

The five Iroquois nations were the….

A

Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca

54
Q

In terms of literature, the North American Indian societies…

A

possessed no form of writing

55
Q

The kingdom of Chucuito was located in…

A

South America

56
Q

The capital city of Chimu was…

A

Chanchan

57
Q

The most important ruler in the expansion of the Inca empire was…

A

Pachacuti

58
Q

The Incas imposed order by…

A

taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes

59
Q

The Inca quipu, a mnemonic aid, consisted of…

A

small cords with knots

60
Q

The capital of the Inca empire was…

A

Cuzco

61
Q

Rulers of which group deliberated state policy in the presence of the mummies of their predecessors?

A

The Incan

62
Q

The Inca sun god was…

A

Inti

63
Q

(in terms of diffusion) The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines…

A

did not diffuse much beyond their own regions

64
Q

The massive stone palace at Nan Madol was located in the…

A

Caroline Islands

65
Q

The Hawaiian class of high chiefs were known as the…

A

ali’i nui

66
Q

The ‘marae’ was…

A

a Pacific island temple

67
Q

An Inca woman fulfilling her tribute duty by weaving woolen fabric would most likely provide evidence for…

A

The compulsory labor service required by the state

68
Q

The Inca state most likely developed the tribute system in order to…

A

control populations of conquered peoples

69
Q

The Inca tribute system was also used in the Aztec empire, but most strongly differed from the Inca state by…

A

the lack of an administrative bureaucracy

70
Q

In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire…

A

had no elaborate beaucracy

71
Q

At its high point, the Aztec empire contained a population of around…

A

twelve million people

72
Q

True or False: Iron and brass implements were NOT typical of trade items found in the Mexica markets.

A

True. Gold and silver jewelry, Vanilla beans and cacao, Jaguar skins and parrot feathers, and cotton cloth were prevalent.

73
Q

In order to maintain control over conquered peoples, the Mexica…

A

threatened subject peoples with brutal reprisals.

74
Q

In order to maintain clear class distinctions, Mexica sumptuary laws…

A

held that persons of different social classes could not intermarry.

75
Q

Most Aztec sacrifices were…

A

Captives, criminals, or tribute from conquered people

76
Q

True or False: The Iroquois’ system of pictographic writing has not yet been deciphered.

A

True probably

77
Q

The great earthen mounds like that at Cahokia were probably used for…

A

rituals and burials

78
Q

Between the thirteenth and the fifteenth centuries, the Andean kingdom of Chucuito governed an agricultural society based on…

A

potato farming

79
Q

True or False: Granting autonomy to local chieftains was another way the Inca administrated their empire.

A

False…

80
Q

The Inca government maintained storehouses of agricultural surplus for…

A

public relief and social welfare.

81
Q

Unlike the Aztec religion, Inca religion…

A

had a moral dimension

82
Q

The aboriginal peoples of Australia subsisted by

A

hunting and gathering

83
Q

Aboriginal Australians frequently…

A

interacted with people from neighboring societies.

84
Q

How were goods traded in aboriginal Australia c. 1000 - 1500 C.E.?

A

Trade good passed from one aboriginal community to another until they came to rest in distant places

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