chapter 31 🛤️ Flashcards
Janissaries (vocab)
Members of the Ottoman army that repeatedly masterminded palace coups and turned a blind eye towards weaponry advances, making the Ottoman Empire vulnerable, leading to its decline
Muhammad Ali (vocab)
Egyptian general who built a powerful army based on the Europeans, ruling Egypt from 1805-1848
Sultan Selim III (vocab)
Ottoman sultan, reigning during 1789-1807, who tried to reform by threatening his elite fighting corps (the Janissaries), who revolted and locked him up
Mahmud II (vocab)
Selim’s cousin, who stepped into power as sultan after Selim III was locked up and reigned from 1808-1839
Abdul Hamid II (vocab)
Ottoman sultan who reigned from 1876-1909, he had a despotic style of rule that lead to the creation of many opposition groups and to his disposition by dissidents in 1909
Young Turks (vocab)
19th century Turkish reformers who pushed for changes within the Ottoman Empire, such as universal suffrage and freedom of religion
Tsar Alexander II (vocab)
Ruler of Russia that aided in the emancipation of serfs and abolished serfdom, reigned 1855-1881
Sergei Witte (vocab)
The prime mover behind Russian industrialization who was the minister of finance from 1892-1903
Nicholas II (vocab)
Russian tsar who reigned from 1894-1917, the first to be deposed and executed in the Russian Revolution along with his family
Lin Zexu (vocab)
Chinese commissioner tasked with destroying the opium trade
Kang Youwei (vocab)
One of the leading figures of the Hundred days reform (1858-1927) who wanted to remake China into a more powerful and modern society
Liang Qichoa (vocab)
One of the leading figures of the Hundred days reforms (1873-1929) who published a series of treaties with Youwei reinterpreting Confucian thought in a way that justified radical changes
Tokugawa bakufu (vocab)
Feudal warlord rulers of Japan that were responsible for making Japan isolated
from the rest of the world
Samurai (vocab)
A Japanese warrior
Commodore Matthew C. Perry (vocab)
American commander who forced the Japanese into a treaty of
friendship, opening Japan to Western relations after centuries of isolation
Mutsuhito (vocab)
Boy emperor of Japan reigned (1852-1912) during the most eventful period in Japanese history. He ascended the throne at age 15.
Fukuzawa Yukichi (vocab)
(1835-1901) A Meiji-era traveler that traveled to Western lands and observed their constitutional governments and modern educational systems, and he argued for equality in Japan.
Ito Hirobumi (vocab)
(1841-1909) A Meiji-era traveler that traveled to Europe to study foreign constitutions and administrative systems to help Meiji leaders develop a new government
Zaibatsu (vocab)
Financial cliques of people in Japan
Taiping (vocab)
Hong Xiuquan’s dynasty that he proclaimed himself in rebellion towards the Qing Dynasty, contained an army that he grew to push the Qing Dynasty into extinction; “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
Tanzimat Era (vocab)
“Reorganization era” (1839-1876), was an attempt to reorganize the Ottoman Empire on Enlightenment and constitutional forms
Crimean War (vocab)
A war fought during 1853-1856 CE on the Crimean Peninsula between Russia on one side and Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia on the other; an upset over the balance
of power in Europe
Opium War (vocab)
War that lasted from 1839-1842 against Great Britain because of their merchants selling the Chinese Opium, which caused an opium crisis. The Chinese weren’t as technologically advanced as the Western power, so they suffered an embarrassing defeat
Taiping Rebellion (vocab)
Occurred during 1850-1864, where Hong Xiuquan led the rebellion, and led to China’s decline in the 19th century, Xiuquan wanted to reform China so he rebelled
Self-Strengthening Movement (vocab)
1860-1895, a movement where the Chinese attempted to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology
Hundred Days Reform (vocab)
Period of time in 1898, where Chinese changed policies, cultural, economic,
education, but soon failed
Boxer Rebellion (vocab)
A violent movement spearheaded by militia units calling themselves the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Meiji Period (vocab)
Period where Japan was the political, military, and economic powerhouse of East Asia
Meiji Restoration (vocab)
Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan.
Capitulations (vocab)
Unfavorable trading agreements that the Ottoman Turks signed with the Europeans in the 19th century, led to the decline of the Ottomans
Emancipation Manifesto (vocab)
Manifesto proclaimed by Russian Tsar Alexander II in 1861 that abolished
the institution of serfdom, freeing 23 million serfs
Zemstvos (vocab)
Government district assemblies elected by Russians in the 19th century
Pogroms (vocab)
Anti-Jewish riots in Russia, Yiddish for “devastation”
Duma (vocab)
Russian parliament that was established after the Russian Revolution of 1905, was Russia’s first parliament institution
Cohong (vocab)
Specially licensed Chinese firms that were under strict government regulation
Unequal Treaties (vocab)
The treaties that followed the Opium War, but the treaties were more in favor of the Western world
Treaty of Nanjing
1842 treaty forced on China by Great
Britain, after Britain’s victory in the first Opium War, forcibly opening China to western trade and settlement.
Compared to Westerners, the Ottomans…
the technology and weaponry, so they suffered countless defeats
Losing Egypt took a toll on the Ottoman Empire because…
Muhammad Ali ruled over it, declaring it an autonomous region.
The capitulations in the Ottoman Empire granted many benefits for…
foreign merchants and governments
Capitulations in the Ottoman Empire allowed for the establishment of…
tax-exempt banks & commercial enterprises for foreigners
In the 17th century, limiting taxes, increasing agricultural production, and ending official corruption were all…
attempts by the sultans to strengthen and reform the Ottoman Empire
The Janissaries felt threatened by the Ottoman reform + European weapons and revolted by…
killing all male members of the dynasty except for his Selim’s cousin, Mahmud II.
Power under Mahmud II was transferred from…
the elites to the sultan and his cabinet
Along with improvements in communication and transport, Mahmud II improved education by…
creating a secondary education system for boys, from mosque schools to scientific, technical, and military academies
New Ottoman law during the Tanzimat Era guaranteed what four things?
public trials, rights of privacy, equality before the law for all subjects, and a new penal & commercial code
Reformed legal & educational law during the Tanzimat Era…
undermined the ulama to give Ottomans more authority
The Young Turks argued for…
civil rights and freedoms, secular and progressive reforms, and access to public education
In 1909, the Young Turks dethroned sultan _________ and appointed ______________ as their puppet sultan.
Hamid II, Mehmed V Rashid
The key to social reform in Russia was…
the emancipation of the serfs implemented by Tsar Alexander II
Government elected district assemblies created during the political reform of Russia were called…
Zemstvos
During Russian industrialization, peasants…
worked in terrible conditions with no political freedom
Devising a program of railroad construction, remodeling the state bank, and encouraging saving banks were all policies implemented by…
Count Sergei Witte to stimulate economic development.
The decisive factor in the Russo-Japanese war was…
the destruction of the majority of the Russian navy in battle with the Japanese
In response to peasants protesting for land and intelligentsia demanding political reform and socialism, tsarist authorities…
increased censorship, police repression, and anti-Jewish pogroms, fueling further radicalism.
Alexander II was assassinated by…
The People’s Will, a faction of the Land and Freedom Party
The duma was a result of the Russian Revolution of 1905, where government troops…
massacred workers who marched to St. Petersburg protesting for political concessions
British merchants were able to obtain silver coins to buy Chinese goods by…
growing opium in India and shipping it to China to be exchanged for Chinese silver coins
Around 1830, the Chinese government charged Lin Zexu with the task of…
eradicating the opium trade by destroying 20,000 chests of opium
The Opium War stalemate was broken by…
the British, who striked at the Grand Canal leading to the decisive point in the war
Compared to Chinese coastal towns in the early stages of the Opium war, the British naval vessels…
easily demonstrated superiority on the seas
What treaty guided Chinese relations with foreign states until 1943?
Treaty of Nanjing (1842)
The Treaty of Nanjing forced China to open trade to foreign countries and…
grant Britain higher privileges such as extraterritoriality
The Taiping reform program included which of the following changes EXCEPT?
A) The abolition of private property and footbinding
B) The creation of communal wealth to be shared according to needs
C) The prohibition of practicing Buddhism
D) Simplification of the written language, literacy for masses, and free public education
E) The equality of men and women
C) The prohibition of practicing Buddhism
Hong Xiuquan led the Taiping Rebellion, which called for…
destruction of the Qing Dynasty and radical transformation of Chinese society
During the Taiping Rebellion, what three events happened in 1853, 1855, and 1860 respectively?
1853, Hong and his followers took Nanjing and made it their capital
1855, a million Taipings were poised to attack Beijing and Qing forces rebelled
1860, the Taipings threatened Shanghai
In response to the Taiping rebellion, the Qing government created…
regional armies staffed by Chinese soldiers and lead by the scholar-gentry class
Empress Dowager Cixi was…
A former imperial concubine who effectively ruled the last 50 years of the Qing Dynasty
True or False: In June of 1862, Hong Xiuquan died from a lingering illness.
Answer: False. In 1862, he withdrew from public affairs. In June of 1864, after getting an illness, he committed suicide.
The slogan “Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use” was used when, and to do what?
Self-Strengthening Movement, to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.
Movement leaders of the Self-Strengthening movement began to build…
Constructed railroads, modern shipyards, weapons industries, and steel foundries.
What did people conclude from the industrialization of the Self-Strengthening Movement?
Industrialization would bring social change and education but would undermine the commitment to Confucian values
In the late 19th century, China’s claim over Vietnam, Burma, and Korea was subject to what?
Foreign powers dismantling the Chinese system.
Under the pressure of foreign demands, the Qing government was forced to…
Grant exclusive rights for railway and mineral development
What was the only thing that prevented the total dismemberment of China?
Distrust among the foreign powers
Scholars Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao both seeked to…
Remake China into a powerful modern industrial society
The response to the Hundreds Day Reform was…
violent and results in Empress Cixi imprisoning the emperor, and executing six leading reformers.
Kang and Liang escaped to where
Japan
What compelled Cixi to launch the Boxer rebellion?
A belief that foreign powers were pushing for her to retire
In 1899, Boxers organized to rid China of what?
“foreign devils”
In November 1908, Cixi appointed who to the imperial throne before she died?
a 2 year old boy Puyi to the imperial throne
In the late 18th and early 19th century, what aspects did Japanese society struggle with most, leading to peasant protest and rebellion?
Agricultural productivity and economic hardship
Mizuno Tadakuni initiated what measures to revive Japanese society in the 19th century?
Cancellation of debts, abolishing of merchant guilds, and relocating urban peasants to cultivate rice in fields
Beginning in 1844, British, French, and US ships visited what country seeking to establish relations?
Japan
Tokugawa officials and the Bakufu military resisted what in the late 1800s?
Foreign requests, visitors, and attacks
By the demands of Commodore Matthew C. Perry, the shogun has no other alternative but to do what?
Open Japan to diplomatic and commercial relations
The sudden intrusion of foreign powers led to a domestic crisis in Japan, resulting in…
the collapse of Tokugawa bakufu, and the restoration of imperial rule
By 1858, what became the focal point for opposition? What was their slogan?
The imperial court in Kyoto; “Revere the emperor, expel the barbarians”
The first goal of the Meiji leaders was…
to centralize political power
In an attempt to destroy the old social order, the Meiji government..
established prefectures and metropolitan districts; abolished the samurai class
Among the political reformations of the Meiji Period in Japan, which of the following was NOT an aspect?
A) Revamp of the tax system
B) Emperor now commanded the armed forces, named the prime minister, and appointed the cabinet
C) Established a constitution that recognized individual rights but included that laws could limit those rights in the interest of the state
D) Provided more debate and dissent than ever before in Japanese society
All of these things were aspects of the political reformation.
Local and regional Japanese marks were tied into a national economic network through…
The establishment of telegraph, railroad, and steamship lines
The government in 1800 sold most enterprises to private investors who had close ties to the government which resulted in what?
enormous economic power being concentrated in a small group called zaibatsu
The Japanese land tax of 1873 cost peasants what percent of their crop yields?
50%
Foreign exchange to purchase Japanese industrial equipment came from where?
the export of textiles produced in a labor intensive Industry
How did the Japanese government in the late 1800s help rural populations and peasants?
They didn’t; they struck down unions and ignored rural suffering
