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chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® World History flashcards
1
Q

(14.1) ka’ba

A

cubed shaped shrine that is the holiest of Muslim places

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2
Q

(14.1) hajj

A

the holy pilgrimage to Mecca required of all Muslims

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3
Q

(14.1) jihad

A

Translated as “struggle” it has come to mean “holy war” obligating many Muslims to take up the sword against unbelievers who would threaten Islam

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4
Q

(14.1) Muhammad

A

founder and “true prophet” of Islam

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5
Q

(14.1) hijra

A

Muhammad’s flight to Yatrib and the starting point for the official Islamic calendar

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6
Q

(14.1) Muslim

A

Follower of Islam as “one who has submitted” to the will of Allah

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7
Q

(14.1) 5 pillars of Islam

A

The obligations of devout Muslims as the foundation of Islam

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8
Q

(14.1) bedouin

A

Nomadic people of Arabia who become Islam’s first converts

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9
Q

(14.1) medina

A

Once called Yatrib, it became known as the “city of prophet” after Muhammad took refuge there

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10
Q

(14.1) Quran

A

Holy book of Islam that contains Muhammad’s revelations

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11
Q

(14.1) Islam

A

World-wide religion requiring “submission” to Allah

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12
Q

(14.1) Umma

A

The cohesive “community of the faithful” into which Muhammad organized his followers

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13
Q

(14.1) hadith

A

Traditions of Islam including the sating and deeds of Muhammad

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14
Q

(14.1) dar-al-Islam

A

Arabic term for “the house of Allah” or all lands under Islamic rule

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15
Q

(14.1) Mecca

A

The holiest city of Islam and the center of its religion and home to its greatest shrine

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16
Q

(14.1) Allah

A

The one and only true God that rules the universe

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17
Q

(14.2) Sufi

A

effective Islamic missionaries and mystics who worked to deepen spiritual awareness through their piety and devotion

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18
Q

(14.2) Qadis

A

judges who set moral standards and resolved disputes in local communities

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19
Q

(14.2) Umayyad dynasty

A

A group of prominent Meccan merchant clans who seized power after the assassination of Ali whose rule favored Arab-Muslims

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20
Q

(14.2) Abu Bakr

A

one of Muhammad’s closest friends, he was chosen to serve as Islam’s head of state, judge, and military after the death of the prophet

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21
Q

(14.2) Ibn Rushd

A

A Muslim philosopher who tried to adapt the teachings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle to Islamic thought

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22
Q

(14.2) Sakk

A

letters of credit established during the Abbasid dynasty that helped to stimulate trade for the Islamic economy

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23
Q

(14.2) Abbasid dynasty

A

an Islamic group founded by Abu al-abbas that rejected favor to Arab-Muslims by annihilating clans of the previous rulers and welcoming non-Arab Muslims to positions of wealth and power

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24
Q

(14.2) Caliph

A

essentially lieutenants or substitutes who led the umma in the years of the death of Muhammad (deputy)

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25
Q

(14.2) Rubaiyat

A

one of Islam’s great literary works of poetic verse produced by Omar Khayyam

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26
Q

(14.2) Harun-al-Rashid

A

Caliph during the highest point of the Abbasid dynasty

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27
Q

(14.2) Jizya

A

special “head tax” levied on primarily monotheistic Christians and Jews who refused to convert to Islam

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28
Q

(14.2) Shia

A

the minority sect within Islam that believed leadership should pass to a line descended from Muhammad and Ali and divinely appointed to rule Islam

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29
Q

(14.2) Sharia

A

Islamic holy law offering detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life

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30
Q

(14.2) Madrasas

A

formal institutes of higher learning and educations that began to be established in the 10th century to promote Islamic values

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31
Q

(14.2) Sunni

A

traditionally, the majority sect within Islam that believed that any Muslim who followed Muhammad’s example may lead

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32
Q

(14.2) Al-Andalus

A

Islamic Spain established by Muslim Berber conquerors on the Iberian peninsula

33
Q

(14.2) Ulama

A

Pious scholars with great “religious knowledge” who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia under the Abbasids

34
Q

What are the three largest monotheistic religions of the world?

A

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

35
Q

Name the founder, holy book, and god of Judaism

A

Founder: Abraham
Holy Book: Torah
God: Yahweh

36
Q

Name the founder, holy book, and god of Christianity

A

Founder: Jesus
Holy book: Bible
God: just God

37
Q

Name the founder, holy book, and god of Islam

A

Founder: Muhammad
Holy book: Qu’ran
God: Allah

38
Q

What was Mohammad’s pre-prophet life like?

A
  • Born ~570 CE to merchant family in Mecca
  • Orphan
  • Married wealthy widow ~595 CE
  • Worked as a merchant
    *Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
39
Q

What are the common beliefs between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?

A
  • Monotheistic (Single God)
  • A day of judgement (heaven & hell)
  • Abraham - a common spiritual ancestor
40
Q

What did the Bedouins worship prior to Islam?

A

Elemental spirits of the Universe (Earth, Water, Wind, & Fire)

41
Q

Who wee the five great prophets of Islam?

A

Adam
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad

42
Q

What was the “Seal of the Prophets”?

A

The idea that Muhammad was the final prophet, and he was entrusted with a more complete revelation

43
Q

When and how did Muhammad’s spiritual transformations happen?

A

He started having visions in ~610 CE of the Archangel Gabriel telling him to recite Allah’s word

44
Q

Why was Muhammad considered a threat to Mecca?

A
  • Monotheistic teachings offended polytheistic pagans
  • Economic threat to merchants in Mecca and the existing religious industry
  • Denunciation of greed was an affront to local aristocracy
45
Q

What is the first pillar of Islam?

A
  • FAITH: the testimony of faith “There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet”
  • Repeated over and over during worship
45
Q

What did Muhammad achieve when he returned to and attacked Mecca in 630 CE?

A
  • Converted all of Mecca to Islam
  • Destroyed pagan sites and replaced them with mosques
  • Kept Ka’ba as a pilgrimage site
46
Q

What is the second pillar of Islam?

A
  • PRAYER (SALAT): Pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca
    1) At dawn
    2) At midday
    3) At mid-afternoon
    4) After sunset
    5) At 2 hours after sunset
47
Q

How is the Islamic call to prayer carried out?

A
  • A man (muezzin) is appointed and climbs the minaret of the mosque to call in all directions
  • Muslims respond to call and pray/pledge
  • Muslims bring a prayer carpet when traveling abroad, rolls it out, determines the direction of Mecca, and prays
48
Q

What is the third pillar of Islam?

A
  • ALMS (Zakat): Giving gifts of money to the weak and poor
  • Anonymous giving is considered to be a greater blessing
  • Even the poorest must give
49
Q

What is the fourth pillar of Islam?

A
  • FAST: Occurs during Ramadan, Muslims cannot eat or drink from sunup to sundown
  • Commemorates the Hijrah of Muhammad
  • Exempt from the Fast are the very young, very old, the sick, or those pregnant
50
Q

What is the fifth pillar of Islam?

A
  • PILGRIMAGE: Muslims must travel to Mecca to worship at the Ka’ba at least ONCE in their lifetime
  • If they cannot, they must desire to do so with all of their heart
51
Q

What is forbidden by the Quran?

A
  • Eating pork
  • Gambling
  • Alcohol
  • Marriage to a Non-believer
  • Idol worship
52
Q

What is the Islamic idea of Heaven?

A
  • If you’re faithful, you go to Paradise
  • Paradise is a garden with rivers of Milk and Honey
  • Dressed in silk
  • Life of Eternal Ease
53
Q

What is the Islamic idea of hell?

A
  • If you’re unfaithful, you go to hell
  • Wear shoes of fire
  • Drink boiling water
  • Eat filth
  • Life of Eternal Torment
54
Q

What are the marriage customs of Islam?

A
  • A man can marry up to 4 wives (he must support all of them and with equal treatment)
  • Most marriages arranged by contract
  • Women may have only 1 husband
  • Adultery is severely punished
  • Divorce does exist
55
Q

Why did Islam spread so quickly?

A
  • Passion holy wars (Jihad) were fought for Allah
  • Weak resistance - byzantine and persian empires collapse
  • The promotion of Equality
  • Trade led to prosperity
55
Q

What customs distinguish Islam from other beliefs?

A
  • Muhammad taught that all believers are equal - little racism
  • Slavery of polytheists continued but “People of the Book” could not be enslaved
  • Muslim women are equal before Allah but are restricted to the home
  • No organized priesthood exists
  • There is nothing between man and Allah
56
Q

What was Islam’s policy toward Conquered Peoples?

A
  • Favorited Arab military rulers, causing discontent among non-Arab Muslims
  • Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
  • Jizya (head tax) on non-Muslims
  • Umayyads’ luxurious living caused further decline in moral authority
57
Q

Who fell under People of the Book?

A

Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews

58
Q

How did Islam’s treatment of Conquered people differ between Monotheists and Polytheists?

A

Monotheists:
* People of the Book were allowed to live in peace but were often very highly taxed

Polytheists usually had three choices:
* Convert to Islam
* Be enslaved
* Be killed

59
Q

How did Muhammad die?

A

After his farewell pilgrimage, he suffered with fever, head pain, and weakness before dying on June 8, 632 CE in medina

60
Q

What are some characteristics of the Umayyad Dynasty ?

A
  • Lasted from 661-750 CE
  • From Meccan merchant class
  • Brought stability to Islam
  • Capital: Damascus, Syria
  • Associated with Arab military aristocracy
61
Q

What was the great turning point in islam?

A
  • When non-Arab Muslims outnumbered Arab Muslims in Islam for the first time
  • Abbasid dynasty (non-arab muslims) overthrow Umayyad dynasty (750 CE)
62
Q

What are some characteristics of the Abbasid Dynasty?

A
  • Lasted 750-1258 CE)
  • Diverse nature of administration
  • Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion
  • Content to administer inherited empire
  • Continued growth of dar al-Islam
63
Q

What was the Court of Baghdad?

A
  • The official residence of the Abbasid court
  • The center of banking, commerce, crafts, industrial production, cultural activity
64
Q

How did the Abbasid decline?

A
  • Civil war between the sons of Harun all-Rashid after his death
  • Provincial governors asserted regional independence
  • Dissenting sects, heretical movements
  • Neglectful Abbasid caliphs, puppets of Person nobility
  • Later influence of Seljuk Turks whose sultans became true source of power
65
Q

What are some common bonds uniting people of the Muslim world?

A
  • Single religion (Islam)
  • One legal system (Quran)
  • One language (Arabic)
  • Similar governments
  • Trade and commerce
66
Q

What were the classes in the Muslim world?

A

Upper class: Muslim at birth
Second class: Converts to Islam
Third class: “People of the Book”
Lowest class: Polytheists of slaves

67
Q

How were women in Islam treated in the beginning?

A
  • Women could own land, inherit money, and run a business
  • Access to education
  • Men and women considered equal by Muhammad and Islam
68
Q

How did the equality between men and women change in Islam?

A
  • The Quran outlawed female infanticide, decided that Brides (not husbands) claimed Dowries
  • Male dominance preserved
  • Patrilineal descent
  • Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden
  • Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
69
Q

How did the economy develop in the early Islamic world?

A
  • Food and industrial crops spread from trade routes from India to Spain
  • Adapted western diet
  • New crops adapted to different growing seasons
  • Cotton, paper industries developed
  • major cities emerged
70
Q

What was the formation of a hemispheric trading zone?

A
  • Was a historical precedent of Arabic trade
  • Camel caravans and Maritime trade
  • Dar al-Islam extended over Silk roads
  • Summer weekly ice exports from the mountains of Syria to Egypt (10th century)
71
Q

What were Islamic values perpetuated by?

A

*Uniformity of Islamic law
*Establishment of madrasas
*Importance of the hajj

72
Q

Who did sufi missionaries create tension with by spreading asceticism and mysticism?

A

Orthodox Islamic theologians

73
Q

What were some advances in the Muslim world (art)?

A
  • Calligraphy
    *Arabesques
  • Intricate geometric designs
  • Ban on the representation of Living things
74
Q

What were some advances in the Muslim world (Architecture)?

A

Arched ceilings
Domes
Mosques
Minarets

75
Q

What are examples of some popular Islamic literature?

A
  • The Quran
  • The Rubaiyat
  • 1001 Arabian Nights
  • Shahnama
76
Q

What did Islam introduce/contribute to Math?

A
  • Algebra
  • Geometry
    *Trigonometry
  • Calculus
  • Introduction of Arabic numerals
77
Q

How did islam contribute to medicine?

A
  • Encyclopedia of Medical knowledge called “The comprehensive book”
  • Al-Razi’s “Treatise on Smallpox”
  • First hospitals

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