chapter 14 Flashcards
1
Q
(14.1) ka’ba
A
cubed shaped shrine that is the holiest of Muslim places
2
Q
(14.1) hajj
A
the holy pilgrimage to Mecca required of all Muslims
3
Q
(14.1) jihad
A
Translated as “struggle” it has come to mean “holy war” obligating many Muslims to take up the sword against unbelievers who would threaten Islam
4
Q
(14.1) Muhammad
A
founder and “true prophet” of Islam
5
Q
(14.1) hijra
A
Muhammad’s flight to Yatrib and the starting point for the official Islamic calendar
6
Q
(14.1) Muslim
A
Follower of Islam as “one who has submitted” to the will of Allah
7
Q
(14.1) 5 pillars of Islam
A
The obligations of devout Muslims as the foundation of Islam
8
Q
(14.1) bedouin
A
Nomadic people of Arabia who become Islam’s first converts
9
Q
(14.1) medina
A
Once called Yatrib, it became known as the “city of prophet” after Muhammad took refuge there
10
Q
(14.1) Quran
A
Holy book of Islam that contains Muhammad’s revelations
11
Q
(14.1) Islam
A
World-wide religion requiring “submission” to Allah
12
Q
(14.1) Umma
A
The cohesive “community of the faithful” into which Muhammad organized his followers
13
Q
(14.1) hadith
A
Traditions of Islam including the sating and deeds of Muhammad
14
Q
(14.1) dar-al-Islam
A
Arabic term for “the house of Allah” or all lands under Islamic rule
15
Q
(14.1) Mecca
A
The holiest city of Islam and the center of its religion and home to its greatest shrine
16
Q
(14.1) Allah
A
The one and only true God that rules the universe
17
Q
(14.2) Sufi
A
effective Islamic missionaries and mystics who worked to deepen spiritual awareness through their piety and devotion
18
Q
(14.2) Qadis
A
judges who set moral standards and resolved disputes in local communities
19
Q
(14.2) Umayyad dynasty
A
A group of prominent Meccan merchant clans who seized power after the assassination of Ali whose rule favored Arab-Muslims
20
Q
(14.2) Abu Bakr
A
one of Muhammad’s closest friends, he was chosen to serve as Islam’s head of state, judge, and military after the death of the prophet
21
Q
(14.2) Ibn Rushd
A
A Muslim philosopher who tried to adapt the teachings of the Greek philosopher Aristotle to Islamic thought
22
Q
(14.2) Sakk
A
letters of credit established during the Abbasid dynasty that helped to stimulate trade for the Islamic economy
23
Q
(14.2) Abbasid dynasty
A
an Islamic group founded by Abu al-abbas that rejected favor to Arab-Muslims by annihilating clans of the previous rulers and welcoming non-Arab Muslims to positions of wealth and power
24
Q
(14.2) Caliph
A
essentially lieutenants or substitutes who led the umma in the years of the death of Muhammad (deputy)
25
(14.2) Rubaiyat
one of Islam's great literary works of poetic verse produced by Omar Khayyam
26
(14.2) Harun-al-Rashid
Caliph during the highest point of the Abbasid dynasty
27
(14.2) Jizya
special "head tax" levied on primarily monotheistic Christians and Jews who refused to convert to Islam
28
(14.2) Shia
the minority sect within Islam that believed leadership should pass to a line descended from Muhammad and Ali and divinely appointed to rule Islam
29
(14.2) Sharia
Islamic holy law offering detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life
30
(14.2) Madrasas
formal institutes of higher learning and educations that began to be established in the 10th century to promote Islamic values
31
(14.2) Sunni
traditionally, the majority sect within Islam that believed that any Muslim who followed Muhammad's example may lead
32
(14.2) Al-Andalus
Islamic Spain established by Muslim Berber conquerors on the Iberian peninsula
33
(14.2) Ulama
Pious scholars with great "religious knowledge" who sought to develop public policy in accordance with the Quran and sharia under the Abbasids
34
What are the three largest monotheistic religions of the world?
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
35
Name the founder, holy book, and god of Judaism
Founder: Abraham
Holy Book: Torah
God: Yahweh
36
Name the founder, holy book, and god of Christianity
Founder: Jesus
Holy book: Bible
God: just God
37
Name the founder, holy book, and god of Islam
Founder: Muhammad
Holy book: Qu'ran
God: Allah
38
What was Mohammad's pre-prophet life like?
* Born ~570 CE to merchant family in Mecca
* Orphan
* Married wealthy widow ~595 CE
* Worked as a merchant
*Familiarity with paganism, Christianity, and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula
39
What are the common beliefs between Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?
* Monotheistic (Single God)
* A day of judgement (heaven & hell)
* Abraham - a common spiritual ancestor
40
What did the Bedouins worship prior to Islam?
Elemental spirits of the Universe (Earth, Water, Wind, & Fire)
41
Who wee the five great prophets of Islam?
Adam
Abraham
Moses
Jesus
Muhammad
42
What was the "Seal of the Prophets"?
The idea that Muhammad was the final prophet, and he was entrusted with a more complete revelation
43
When and how did Muhammad's spiritual transformations happen?
He started having visions in ~610 CE of the Archangel Gabriel telling him to recite Allah's word
44
Why was Muhammad considered a threat to Mecca?
* Monotheistic teachings offended polytheistic pagans
* Economic threat to merchants in Mecca and the existing religious industry
* Denunciation of greed was an affront to local aristocracy
45
What is the first pillar of Islam?
* FAITH: the testimony of faith "There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet"
* Repeated over and over during worship
45
What did Muhammad achieve when he returned to and attacked Mecca in 630 CE?
* Converted all of Mecca to Islam
* Destroyed pagan sites and replaced them with mosques
* Kept Ka'ba as a pilgrimage site
46
What is the second pillar of Islam?
* PRAYER (SALAT): Pray five times a day facing the holy city of Mecca
1) At dawn
2) At midday
3) At mid-afternoon
4) After sunset
5) At 2 hours after sunset
47
How is the Islamic call to prayer carried out?
* A man (muezzin) is appointed and climbs the minaret of the mosque to call in all directions
* Muslims respond to call and pray/pledge
* Muslims bring a prayer carpet when traveling abroad, rolls it out, determines the direction of Mecca, and prays
48
What is the third pillar of Islam?
* ALMS (Zakat): Giving gifts of money to the weak and poor
* Anonymous giving is considered to be a greater blessing
* Even the poorest must give
49
What is the fourth pillar of Islam?
* FAST: Occurs during Ramadan, Muslims cannot eat or drink from sunup to sundown
* Commemorates the Hijrah of Muhammad
* Exempt from the Fast are the very young, very old, the sick, or those pregnant
50
What is the fifth pillar of Islam?
* PILGRIMAGE: Muslims must travel to Mecca to worship at the Ka'ba at least ONCE in their lifetime
* If they cannot, they must desire to do so with all of their heart
51
What is forbidden by the Quran?
* Eating pork
* Gambling
* Alcohol
* Marriage to a Non-believer
* Idol worship
52
What is the Islamic idea of Heaven?
* If you're faithful, you go to Paradise
* Paradise is a garden with rivers of Milk and Honey
* Dressed in silk
* Life of Eternal Ease
53
What is the Islamic idea of hell?
* If you're unfaithful, you go to hell
* Wear shoes of fire
* Drink boiling water
* Eat filth
* Life of Eternal Torment
54
What are the marriage customs of Islam?
* A man can marry up to 4 wives (he must support all of them and with equal treatment)
* Most marriages arranged by contract
* Women may have only 1 husband
* Adultery is severely punished
* Divorce does exist
55
Why did Islam spread so quickly?
* Passion holy wars (Jihad) were fought for Allah
* Weak resistance - byzantine and persian empires collapse
* The promotion of Equality
* Trade led to prosperity
55
What customs distinguish Islam from other beliefs?
* Muhammad taught that all believers are equal - little racism
* Slavery of polytheists continued but "People of the Book" could not be enslaved
* Muslim women are equal before Allah but are restricted to the home
* No organized priesthood exists
* There is nothing between man and Allah
56
What was Islam's policy toward Conquered Peoples?
* Favorited Arab military rulers, causing discontent among non-Arab Muslims
* Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims
* Jizya (head tax) on non-Muslims
* Umayyads' luxurious living caused further decline in moral authority
57
Who fell under People of the Book?
Christians, Zoroastrians, and Jews
58
How did Islam's treatment of Conquered people differ between Monotheists and Polytheists?
Monotheists:
* People of the Book were allowed to live in peace but were often very highly taxed
Polytheists usually had three choices:
* Convert to Islam
* Be enslaved
* Be killed
59
How did Muhammad die?
After his farewell pilgrimage, he suffered with fever, head pain, and weakness before dying on June 8, 632 CE in medina
60
What are some characteristics of the Umayyad Dynasty ?
* Lasted from 661-750 CE
* From Meccan merchant class
* Brought stability to Islam
* Capital: Damascus, Syria
* Associated with Arab military aristocracy
61
What was the great turning point in islam?
* When non-Arab Muslims outnumbered Arab Muslims in Islam for the first time
* Abbasid dynasty (non-arab muslims) overthrow Umayyad dynasty (750 CE)
62
What are some characteristics of the Abbasid Dynasty?
* Lasted 750-1258 CE)
* Diverse nature of administration
* Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion
* Content to administer inherited empire
* Continued growth of dar al-Islam
63
What was the Court of Baghdad?
* The official residence of the Abbasid court
* The center of banking, commerce, crafts, industrial production, cultural activity
64
How did the Abbasid decline?
* Civil war between the sons of Harun all-Rashid after his death
* Provincial governors asserted regional independence
* Dissenting sects, heretical movements
* Neglectful Abbasid caliphs, puppets of Person nobility
* Later influence of Seljuk Turks whose sultans became true source of power
65
What are some common bonds uniting people of the Muslim world?
* Single religion (Islam)
* One legal system (Quran)
* One language (Arabic)
* Similar governments
* Trade and commerce
66
What were the classes in the Muslim world?
Upper class: Muslim at birth
Second class: Converts to Islam
Third class: "People of the Book"
Lowest class: Polytheists of slaves
67
How were women in Islam treated in the beginning?
* Women could own land, inherit money, and run a business
* Access to education
* Men and women considered equal by Muhammad and Islam
68
How did the equality between men and women change in Islam?
* The Quran outlawed female infanticide, decided that Brides (not husbands) claimed Dowries
* Male dominance preserved
- Patrilineal descent
- Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden
- Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice
69
How did the economy develop in the early Islamic world?
* Food and industrial crops spread from trade routes from India to Spain
* Adapted western diet
* New crops adapted to different growing seasons
* Cotton, paper industries developed
* major cities emerged
70
What was the formation of a hemispheric trading zone?
* Was a historical precedent of Arabic trade
* Camel caravans and Maritime trade
* Dar al-Islam extended over Silk roads
* Summer weekly ice exports from the mountains of Syria to Egypt (10th century)
71
What were Islamic values perpetuated by?
*Uniformity of Islamic law
*Establishment of madrasas
*Importance of the hajj
72
Who did sufi missionaries create tension with by spreading asceticism and mysticism?
Orthodox Islamic theologians
73
What were some advances in the Muslim world (art)?
* Calligraphy
*Arabesques
* Intricate geometric designs
* Ban on the representation of Living things
74
What were some advances in the Muslim world (Architecture)?
Arched ceilings
Domes
Mosques
Minarets
75
What are examples of some popular Islamic literature?
* The Quran
* The Rubaiyat
* 1001 Arabian Nights
* Shahnama
76
What did Islam introduce/contribute to Math?
* Algebra
* Geometry
*Trigonometry
* Calculus
* Introduction of Arabic numerals
77
How did islam contribute to medicine?
* Encyclopedia of Medical knowledge called "The comprehensive book"
* Al-Razi's "Treatise on Smallpox"
* First hospitals
