chapter 24 Flashcards
Taino (vocab)
the most prominent agricultural society in the Caribbean at the time when the Spanish Mariners arrived there
Conquistadors (vocab)
Spanish mariners or conquerors who initially invaded the Caribbean Islands and then moved farther West to invade Mexico and South America
Francisco Pizarro (vocab)
The Spanish conquistador that toppled the Inca Empire in 1533
Motecuzoma II (vocab)
The emperor of the Aztec empire when it was captured by the Spanish, killed in 1520 trying to defend it
Huéscar (vocab)
Part of the Incan ruling class during the collapse of the Incan, he was in a major conflict with his brother Atahualpa
Atahualpa (vocab)
The Incan ruler during the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, he was strangled by the Incas and decapitated after handing over large amounts of gold to the Spanish
Mestizo (vocab)
Meaning “mixed”, a Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage
Peninsulares (vocab)
Migrants in Spanish and Portuguese colonies that were born in Europe
Criollos (vocab)
Those born in the American colonies of Iberian parents
Metis (vocab)
Children born from French Fur traders interacting with the indigenous women of North America
The Virgin of Guadalupe (vocab)
The “Virgin Mary” who became a national symbol to the Catholic Mestizos, with thousands of people making pilgrimages to visit her shrine
James Cook (vocab)
In 1770, he was the first explorer to chart Australia and he discovered the Great Barrier Reef
New Spain (vocab)
Modern day Mexico, the Spanish established New Spain as one of their two authoritative centers in the Americas
Brazil (vocab)
A large South American country in which the Portuguese established their first imperial presence in the Americas
Zacatecas (vocab)
A region in Northern Mexico where silver mining was very productive
Potosí (vocab)
A region in the Northern Andes that was rich with silver, used by the Spanish
Terra Australis Incognita (vocab)
Meaning “unknown southern land”, it is the land that the European explorers believed must exist in the southern Hemisphere
Fur Trade (vocab)
The North American fur trade occurred between indigenous people who captured animals for fur and traded them to their colonizers who gave them manufactured items such as wool, iron, and firearms
Encomienda (vocab)
An institution where the Taino were forced to work in the fields and mines of Spanish settlers, who took care of their food and health and encouraged Christianity.
Smallpox (vocab)
A disease that wiped out the indigenous Caribbean and American populations that was brought over from Europe by conquistadors
Epidemic Disease (vocab)
A disease that wipes out large percentages of a population within a region or area
Audiencias (vocab)
Courts, staffed by lawyers, put in place by the King of Spain to make sure his viceroys didn’t gain too much power
Mita System (vocab)
A system of drafting workers for difficult and dangerous labor, that the Spanish copied from the Incas
Manila Galleons (vocab)
Spanish trading ships that traded between the Americas and Spanish controlled Philippines
Hacienda (vocab)
Spanish American estates where agriculture and crafts were very prominent
Engenho (vocab)
The sugar mills in Brazilian colonies that society revolved around due to their vast complexes of land, buildings, labor, and many other things
Tobacco (vocab)
A very integral plant of the English colonies in North America, mostly smoked through a pipe during the time of imperialism
Indentured Labor (vocab)
The labor source for plantations, Europeans would get a ride to the colonies in exchange for a few years work on the plantations
Christopher Columbus’ first plan when arriving in Hispaniola was…
to build trading posts for merchants to trade with natives
In 1498, Santo Domingo was established by…
Christopher Columbus
Signed in 1494, The Treaty of Tordesillas created…
an imaginary line through Central and South America, giving Spain west of the line and Portugal east.
Brazil was claimed in 1500 by…
Portugal
The Encomienda system was primarily based on…
the mining of gold
The shift towards plantations from the Encomienda system was caused by…
an insufficient amount of gold to sustain the economy.
By 1540, after the introduction of Small pox…
only a few thousand natives remained in the Caribbean
The difference between the Spanish conquests of Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes was that…
While Pizarro toppled the Incas, Cortes took down the Aztecs.
During the 16th century, conquistadors eventually…
lost control of their conquered lands and were replaced by formal rule of the Spanish crown
The conquered lands of New Spain and New Castile were ruled by…
viceroys, direct representatives of the crown
In contrast of the French and English, Spain viewed the Americas as…
a place to exploit rather than settle
English and French colonies…
relied on private investors much more than the Spanish did
A common factor of the Spanish, English, and French was that…
they did not see the natives as equal
The relationship between settlers and Native Americans was…
primarily negative with frequent clashes
During the age of colonial society, women…
did not travel to the New World as much as the men did
Through marriage with natives, which population grew rapidly in size?
Mestizo
In the social Hierarchy of the Spanish and Portuguese, the peninsulares and enslaved persons were…
on the top and bottom, respectively
Compared to gold, silver…
was much more abundant
The two prominent silver mines in the New World were…
Zacatecas in Mexico, Potosi in Bolivia
The Mita system for labor required native villages to annually send…
1/7 of their male population to work in silver mines for 4 months
By the 1580s, Portuguese plantations were…
solely reliant on the labor of African slaves
What type of industry was the largest and most abundant in Portuguese Brazil?
Sugar plantations
The animal that the fur trade mainly targeted was…
beavers
The most brutal conflict the Fur Trade led to was…
the Beaver Wars between the Iroquois and the Hurons
What type of workers were the first plentiful labor force in North America?
Indentured servants
People who sold themselves into labor for free passage to America were…
indentured servants
In 1500, Queen Isabella called for…
the conversion of natives to Christianity
Christianity had a hard time sticking with natives everywhere except for…
Spanish America
In 1623, Dutch mariner Jan Carstensz reported Australia as worthless because…
he was only exposed to its dry west side
In 1606, the first confirmed European sighting of which continent occurred?
Australia
In 1688, what percentage of the natives of Guam and Mariana Islands die in a smallpox epidemic?
90% of them
The Manila Galleon Trade created in 1565 was between…
Mexico and Philippines
In 1790, Britain established Australia as…
a penal (prison) colony
