chapter 19 Flashcards
(vocab) Marco Polo
an Italian merchant whose travels to China in the 13th century opened the door to east-west trade
(vocab) Otto I
an aggressive mid-10th century ruler who built a larger state and established himself as king in northern Germany
(vocab) Frederick Barbarossa
vigorous king who ruled in southern Germany from 1152 to 1190 CE, he sought to annex Lombardy in northern Italy to dominate Europe
(vocab) Capetian Kings
The descendants of a Persian noble who, beginning in 987 CE, gradually centralized power and authority to rule France for over 300 years
(vocab) Normans
prominent political and military leaders of Coastal France, they became the founders of the English monarchy after the conquest of Britain
(vocab) William the Conqueror
duke who invaded England in 1066, he ruled over much of Britain after his conquest
(vocab) Troubadours
A class of traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers whom aristocratic women enthusiastically patronized
(vocab) Eleanor of Aquitaine
A 12th century noblewoman who was celebrated as the wife of two kings and the mother of three more
(vocab) St. Thomas Aquinas
A scholastic theologian, he tried to synthesize Christian beliefs and values with that of logical Greek philosophy, hoping to rationally prove that God exists
(vocab) Dominicans and Franciscans
organized orders of devout individuals hoping to champion spiritual over materialistic values to persuade heretics to return to the Catholic church
(vocab) Bogomils
A religious movement that grew rapidly in the late 10th century in Bulgaria and Byzantium, they viewed the world as a site of unrelenting struggle between the forces of good and evil
(vocab) Cathars
similar to the Bogomils, but found in southern France and northern Italy, they rejected church officials who they considered corrupt
(vocab) Pope Urban II
leader of the Christian church whose encouragement launched the efforts to restore Christian rule to the holy land
(vocab) Saladin
Muslim leader whose victories resulted in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1187 and ended Christian efforts to regain the holy land
(vocab) Holy Roman Empire
a regional medieval state formed by German princes as a Christian revival of an earlier empire
(vocab) Manzikert
the Byzantine military was overwhelmingly defeated by the Seljuq Turks here in 1071
(vocab) Investiture Contest
a controversy over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and early 12th centuries
(vocab) Reconquista
the retaking of Spain by Christians after the Muslim invasion and occupation from the early 8th century until the late 15th century
(vocab) Crusades
huge expeditions mounted in the efforts to regain Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim authorities
(vocab) Hanseatic League
A medieval trade association that stretched from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea, dominating commerce throughout much of Europe
(vocab) Three Estates
the general separation of European society into “those who pray, those who fight, and those who work.”
(vocab) Chivalry
an informal but widely recognized code of ethics and behaviors considered appropriate for those of noble birth
(vocab) Guilds
merchants and workers of arts, crafts, and trades who regulated the production and sale of goods within their locales
(vocab) Cathedral schools
organized by the church because of an increasing demand for educated individuals, and inviting scholars to serve as master teachers, these institutions attracted students from all over Europe.
