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chapter 19 Flashcards

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1
Q

(vocab) Marco Polo

A

an Italian merchant whose travels to China in the 13th century opened the door to east-west trade

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2
Q

(vocab) Otto I

A

an aggressive mid-10th century ruler who built a larger state and established himself as king in northern Germany

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3
Q

(vocab) Frederick Barbarossa

A

vigorous king who ruled in southern Germany from 1152 to 1190 CE, he sought to annex Lombardy in northern Italy to dominate Europe

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4
Q

(vocab) Capetian Kings

A

The descendants of a Persian noble who, beginning in 987 CE, gradually centralized power and authority to rule France for over 300 years

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5
Q

(vocab) Normans

A

prominent political and military leaders of Coastal France, they became the founders of the English monarchy after the conquest of Britain

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6
Q

(vocab) William the Conqueror

A

duke who invaded England in 1066, he ruled over much of Britain after his conquest

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7
Q

(vocab) Troubadours

A

A class of traveling poets, minstrels, and entertainers whom aristocratic women enthusiastically patronized

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8
Q

(vocab) Eleanor of Aquitaine

A

A 12th century noblewoman who was celebrated as the wife of two kings and the mother of three more

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9
Q

(vocab) St. Thomas Aquinas

A

A scholastic theologian, he tried to synthesize Christian beliefs and values with that of logical Greek philosophy, hoping to rationally prove that God exists

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10
Q

(vocab) Dominicans and Franciscans

A

organized orders of devout individuals hoping to champion spiritual over materialistic values to persuade heretics to return to the Catholic church

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11
Q

(vocab) Bogomils

A

A religious movement that grew rapidly in the late 10th century in Bulgaria and Byzantium, they viewed the world as a site of unrelenting struggle between the forces of good and evil

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12
Q

(vocab) Cathars

A

similar to the Bogomils, but found in southern France and northern Italy, they rejected church officials who they considered corrupt

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13
Q

(vocab) Pope Urban II

A

leader of the Christian church whose encouragement launched the efforts to restore Christian rule to the holy land

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14
Q

(vocab) Saladin

A

Muslim leader whose victories resulted in the recapture of Jerusalem in 1187 and ended Christian efforts to regain the holy land

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15
Q

(vocab) Holy Roman Empire

A

a regional medieval state formed by German princes as a Christian revival of an earlier empire

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16
Q

(vocab) Manzikert

A

the Byzantine military was overwhelmingly defeated by the Seljuq Turks here in 1071

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17
Q

(vocab) Investiture Contest

A

a controversy over the appointment of church officials in the late 11th and early 12th centuries

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18
Q

(vocab) Reconquista

A

the retaking of Spain by Christians after the Muslim invasion and occupation from the early 8th century until the late 15th century

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19
Q

(vocab) Crusades

A

huge expeditions mounted in the efforts to regain Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim authorities

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20
Q

(vocab) Hanseatic League

A

A medieval trade association that stretched from the Baltic Sea to the North Sea, dominating commerce throughout much of Europe

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21
Q

(vocab) Three Estates

A

the general separation of European society into “those who pray, those who fight, and those who work.”

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22
Q

(vocab) Chivalry

A

an informal but widely recognized code of ethics and behaviors considered appropriate for those of noble birth

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23
Q

(vocab) Guilds

A

merchants and workers of arts, crafts, and trades who regulated the production and sale of goods within their locales

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24
Q

(vocab) Cathedral schools

A

organized by the church because of an increasing demand for educated individuals, and inviting scholars to serve as master teachers, these institutions attracted students from all over Europe.

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25
Q

(vocab) Relics

A

the physical remains of devout individuals widely believed to retain their religious power

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26
Q

In the late 1200s, Marco Polo visited the court of

A

Khubilai Khan

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27
Q

In 962 CE, Pope John XII presented the imperial crown to…

A

Otto of Saxony

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28
Q

The single biggest obstacle to the rise of a powerful Holy Roman Empire was…

A

an ongoing conflict with the papacy

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29
Q

The quip that the Holy Roman Empire was, “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire” is attributed to…

A

Voltaire

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30
Q

The state that developed a tightly centralized political structure in its early stages, in which all power stemmed from a group of dukes, was…

A

England

31
Q

In 1066, William of Normandy conquered…

A

England

32
Q

The reconquest of land from the Muslims occurred in…

A

The Iberian peninsula

33
Q

True or False: Government financial support CANNOT explain the increase in the agricultural production of the High Middle Ages.

A

True. The expansion of arable land, the use of new tools, and the introduction of new crops contributed to increased agricultural production during the High Middle Ages.

34
Q

The growth of urbanization was most pronounced in…

A

Northern Italy

35
Q

Medieval social commentators often described the medieval structure with the phrase…

A

“those who pray, those who fight, and those who work”

36
Q

True or False: The guilds of high middle ages usually admitted women as members

A

True. Women were allowed roles in guilds, and there were also woman-only guilds

37
Q

St. Thomas Aquinas believed that…

A

it was possible to rationally prove that God exists

38
Q

The Dominicans and Franciscans attacked _____ and allowed _______

A

They attacked materialism and allowed no personal possessions

39
Q

Newfoundland was discovered around the year 1000 CE by the Scandinavian seafarer…

A

Leif Ericsson

40
Q

The Reconquista occurred in…

A

Spain

41
Q

True or False: During the 11th century, Sicily was captured from Muslims.

A

True. During The Crusades, Christian forces recaptured Sicily from Muslim control

42
Q

Pope Urban II launched…

A

the Crusades in 1095

43
Q

The only crusade that recaptured Jerusalem was the…

A

1st crusade

44
Q

The sacking of Constantinople was a direct consequence of…

A

the fourth Crusade

45
Q

The crusades increased…

A

Trade between the eastern and Western Mediterranean

46
Q

What problem did the late Byzantine empire NOT face?

A

the inability of leaders to get the population to practice Christianity

47
Q

In 987, the French nobles chose who as their king?

A

Hugh Capet

48
Q

Even though Hugh Capet was crowned King of France in 987, it took centuries for…

A

The french Kings to build a powerful, centralized state

49
Q

In the high middle ages, the state that seemed to have to most potential to re-create centralized, imperial rule was…

A

the Holy Roman Empire

50
Q

In Italy, the political structure was marked by…

A

a series of city-states and principalities

51
Q

By the year 1300, the population of Europe had risen to around

A

79 million

52
Q

The high middle ages witnessed a resurgence of…

A

urbanization

53
Q

The Hanseatic League was a trading network that operated in the…

A

North and Baltic Sea

54
Q

Central to the philosophy of the high middle ages was the rediscovery of…

A

Aristotle

55
Q

During the high middle ages, the most popular saint was

A

the Virgin Mary

56
Q

Who founded the orders of mendicants?

A

St. Francis and St. Dominic

57
Q

The Waldensians advocated…

A

modest and simple lives

58
Q

True or False: While Franciscans were a crusading order, Hospitallers were not.

A

False. Franciscans were members of religious orders by St. Francis. Hospitallers were a crusading order.

59
Q

The last surviving Islamic outpost in Spain was

A

Granada

60
Q

Jerusalem was captured in 1187 by…

A

Saladin

61
Q

In 1144, ____ fell to the Turks

A

Edessa

62
Q

True or False: The collapse of the Roman empire and invasions by migratory peoples wrecked European society and economy.

A

True

63
Q

True or False: Pope Gregory VII ordered an end to the practice of lay investiture—the selection of church officials by lay rulers.

A

True

64
Q

True or False: In 1066 Duke William of Normandy invaded England and, after a speedy victory, introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England.

A

True

65
Q

True or False: By the late thirteenth century, only the small kingdom of Castile was left in Muslim hands.

A

False. It was Granada, not Castile

66
Q

True or False: During the high middle ages, European farmers experimented with new crops and different cycles of crop rotation.

A

True

67
Q

True or False: Oxen replaced horses in the high middle ages, which helped to increase agricultural production.

A

False. Horses replaced oxen.

68
Q

True or False: The growth of towns and cities brought about increasing specialization of labor, which in turn resulted in dramatic expansion of manufacturing and trade.

A

True

69
Q

True or False: Chivalry was a formal and widely recognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles.

A

False. It was informal.

70
Q

True or False: The evolution of the university coincided with the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle.

A

True

71
Q

The term crusade refers to…

A

a holy war

72
Q

Which Crusades reached the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the Holy Land?

A

The first and Third Crusades only

73
Q

The Holy Roman Empire was a regional state that ruled Germany, though it also exerted influence occasionally in…

A

Eastern Europe and Italy. It in no sense restored imperial unity to western Europe.

ap world history 🌎 (8 decks)

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