chapter 29 ⚙️ Flashcards
James Watt (vocab)
An instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who created the most crucial invention of the early industrial era; the general purpose steam engine of 1765
George Stephenson (vocab)
A self-educated English man who in 1815 built the first steam-powered locomotive
Luddites (vocab)
Organized bands of English handicraft workers that were common between 1811 and 1816
Eli Whitney (vocab)
(1765-1825) An American inventor who, in 1793, invented the Cotton Gin
Henry Ford (vocab)
In 1913, he improved manufacturing techniques when he introduced the assembly line to automotive productions
Middle Class (vocab)
The class that was less powerful than the new elite class that consisted of small business owners, factory managers, engineers, accountants, skilled employees of large corporations, and professionals such as teachers, physicians, and attorneys
Working Class (vocab)
A new working class was constituted of laborers who toiled in factories and mines
Utopian Socialist (vocab)
Social critics and their followers that worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society
Karl Marx (vocab)
A German theorist (1818-1883), and very popular socialist during the 19th century, who scorned utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers whose ideal communities had no hope of resolving the problems of the early industrial era.
Friedrich Engels (vocab)
A German theorist (1820-1895) and, like Karl Marx, a very popular socialist during the 19th century who scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers
Crystal Palace (vocab)
Location where, in 1851, the bounty of industry went on display; it was located in London and was a structure made of iron and glass, and enclosed trees, gardens, fountains, and manufactured products from around the world.
Demographic Transition (vocab)
At the beginning of the 19th century, industrializing lands experienced a social change where there were shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
Calicos (vocab)
Inexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported from India that English consumers became fond of the 17th century
Flying Shuttle (vocab)
Invented in Manchester in 1733 by John Kay, it sped up the weaving process stimulated demand for thread
“The Mule” (vocab)
Invented in 1779 by Samuel Crompton and adapted for steam power in 1790, it became the device of choice for spinning cotton as it spun 100x more thread a manual spinning wheel spun
Power Loom (vocab)
a water driven power loom that brought upon an era of mechanical weaving, created in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright, a clergy man that had no experience in mechanics or textiles
The Factory System (vocab)
The characteristic method of production in industrial economies that began in the late 18th century; it replaced both the putting-out system and the protoindustrial factories
Corporations (vocab)
In the 19th century, corporations controlled most businesses requiring investments in land, labor, or machinery like railroads, shipping lines, and industrial concerns that produced iron, steel, and armaments
Trusts (vocab)
A large scale business organization that wanted to control the supply of a product, which would control its price in the marketplace
Cartels (vocab)
A large scale business organization with a similar goal as Trusts, the only difference between the two being technical differences
Child Labor (vocab)
When children were taken away from their homes and parents for long hours with few breaks to work in factories under very poor conditions
Socialism (vocab)
A term that appeared around 1830, referring to the thought of social critics like Charles Fourier and Robert Owen
Trade Unions (vocab)
Organizations that wanted to advance the quest for a just and equitable society
The most crucial part of industrialization was…
the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam
By the end of the nineteenth century, factories had become…
the predominant site of industrial productions in the US, Europe, and Japan
The main features of industrialization were technological and organization changes that…
transformed manufacturing and led to an increase in productivity
The Industrial Revolution began…
in Great Britain, 1730
The population growth from high agricultural productivity led to…
higher occupational specializations, allowing people to work in different fields other than agriculture
Rivers and networks of canals facilitated…
trade and transport, leading to sophisticated banking and financial institutions
Industrialization was only in Great Britain for half a century because…
the government viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade
Until the eighteenth century, what was the main source of energy and fuel?
wood
In 1800, the US had an abundance of land and natural resources, but…
was lacking laborers and money to invest in business enterprises
The Industrialization of the US began in…
1820
Labor and investment capital in America came from…
Europe, through migrants seeking opportunities
By the mid-nineteenth century, mills in America…
numbered well over 1000
New England of America, by 1850, had become…
the industrial production zone of shoes, tools, and handguns
In the 1870s, what two industries emerged in Pennsylvania and central Alabama?
iron and steel
By 1900, the US had become…
an economic powerhouse, its industrialization seeping into Canada
The most important spinning machine after the Flying Shuttle was…
the Mule, created by Samuel Crompton in 1779
What invention bought upon an era of mechanical weaving?
The Power Loom, invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785
By the 1830s, half a million people worked in which industry?
The cotton industry, which accounted for 40% of exports
The most important technological breakthrough of the early industrial revolution was…
the development of the general purpose steam engine, invented by James Watt in 1765
Steam engines drove mechanical devices to perform work by…
burning coal to boil water and create steam
By the 1800s, the number of Watt’s steam engines used in the British Isles was…
more than 1000
The steam engine was used most in which industry?
the textile industry, where it lead to an increase in productivity and decrease in prices
After 1709, British smelters used what to fuel the production of iron?
coke, a cheaper more purified form of coal
The nineteenth century was an age of steel rather than iron, because…
steel is much more resilient, harder, and stronger than iron
In 1856, Henry Bessemer built a refined blast furnace called…
the Bessemer converter
The Bessemer converter allowed for
the cheap production of steel in large quantities
In 1829, the invention that won a contest for reaching a speed of 29mph (46.67 km/h) was…
The Rocket, invented in 1815 by George Stephenson
Between 1830 and 1870, in order to link industrial centers and increase trade, British entrepreneurs laid…
13,000 miles of railroads
James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt very well to transportation uses because…
it used too much coal
The main cause of the majority of workers forming from the countryside to work under the factory system was…
rural overpopulation, declining job opportunities, and financial difficulties in the small farming communities
What was required for the factory system to run smoothly?
new organizational systems, like labor division
In the nineteenth century, Germany led the European countries in the movement to…
pass reforms such as minimum wage laws and unemployment insurance for workers
Under the factory system, managers could now…
impose strict work discipline and closely supervise workers
After the introduction of the Factory system, workers became…
wage earners who depended on their employers for their livelihood
The introduction of assembly lines to automotive productions was brought by which industrialist?
Henry Ford, in 1913
By the twentieth century, Ford had…
supplied half the worlds cars and lowered the prices of them
The hallmark of industrial societies in the middle of the nineteenth century was…
the mass production of standardized articles
Eli Whitney created…
the Cotton Gin in 1793
By the late nineteenth century, corporations controlled…
most businesses requiring large investments in land, labor, or machinery
Monopolies were created when…
big corporations or businesses wanted to not only outperform their competition, but control the market
During the Industrial Revolution, families saw large changes over time because…
it became less common for family members to work in groups
The business people of the Industrial Revolution became…
richer than the previous military aristocracy and other traditionally privileged classes
Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced…
a social change called ‘demographic transition’, when fertility began a marked decline
Marx and Engels claimed that capitalism…
divided people into two main groups; capitalists who owned factories, and proletariat who were the wage workers
Socialists worked to alleviate…
the social and economic problems generated by capitalism and industrialization
In 1848, Marx and Engels wrote…
the Communist Manifesto
The main idea of the Communist Manifesto was…
the abolishment of private property and the institution of a radically egalitarian society
Marx and Engels hoped that a socialist revolution would result in…
a dictatorship of the proletariat
The main three global effects of industrialization included…
an increase in trade, a decrease in agricultural workers, and a new age of social classes
