chapter 29 ⚙️ Flashcards
James Watt (vocab)
An instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland who created the most crucial invention of the early industrial era; the general purpose steam engine of 1765
George Stephenson (vocab)
A self-educated English man who in 1815 built the first steam-powered locomotive
Luddites (vocab)
Organized bands of English handicraft workers that were common between 1811 and 1816
Eli Whitney (vocab)
(1765-1825) An American inventor who, in 1793, invented the Cotton Gin
Henry Ford (vocab)
In 1913, he improved manufacturing techniques when he introduced the assembly line to automotive productions
Middle Class (vocab)
The class that was less powerful than the new elite class that consisted of small business owners, factory managers, engineers, accountants, skilled employees of large corporations, and professionals such as teachers, physicians, and attorneys
Working Class (vocab)
A new working class was constituted of laborers who toiled in factories and mines
Utopian Socialist (vocab)
Social critics and their followers that worked to establish ideal communities that would point the way to an equitable society
Karl Marx (vocab)
A German theorist (1818-1883), and very popular socialist during the 19th century, who scorned utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers whose ideal communities had no hope of resolving the problems of the early industrial era.
Friedrich Engels (vocab)
A German theorist (1820-1895) and, like Karl Marx, a very popular socialist during the 19th century who scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic dabblers
Crystal Palace (vocab)
Location where, in 1851, the bounty of industry went on display; it was located in London and was a structure made of iron and glass, and enclosed trees, gardens, fountains, and manufactured products from around the world.
Demographic Transition (vocab)
At the beginning of the 19th century, industrializing lands experienced a social change where there were shifting patterns of fertility and mortality
Calicos (vocab)
Inexpensive, brightly printed textiles imported from India that English consumers became fond of the 17th century
Flying Shuttle (vocab)
Invented in Manchester in 1733 by John Kay, it sped up the weaving process stimulated demand for thread
“The Mule” (vocab)
Invented in 1779 by Samuel Crompton and adapted for steam power in 1790, it became the device of choice for spinning cotton as it spun 100x more thread a manual spinning wheel spun
Power Loom (vocab)
a water driven power loom that brought upon an era of mechanical weaving, created in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright, a clergy man that had no experience in mechanics or textiles
The Factory System (vocab)
The characteristic method of production in industrial economies that began in the late 18th century; it replaced both the putting-out system and the protoindustrial factories
Corporations (vocab)
In the 19th century, corporations controlled most businesses requiring investments in land, labor, or machinery like railroads, shipping lines, and industrial concerns that produced iron, steel, and armaments
Trusts (vocab)
A large scale business organization that wanted to control the supply of a product, which would control its price in the marketplace
Cartels (vocab)
A large scale business organization with a similar goal as Trusts, the only difference between the two being technical differences
