chapter 28 (feeling suspiciously patriotic) Flashcards
John Locke (vocab)
English philosopher (1634-1704) who discovered the natural laws of politics
Adam Smith
Scottish philosopher (1723-1790) and founder of modern political economy, best known for ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ published in 1776
Baron de Montesquieu (vocab)
French nobleman (1689-1755) who sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state
Philosophes (vocab)
Public intellectuals who addressed their works to educate the public rather than to scholars
Voltaire (my goat) (vocab)
French philosopher (1694-1778) who epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment, championed individual freedom, and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies
Deists (vocab)
those who believe in the existence of a god but deny the supernatural teachings of Christianity or any other monotheistic religion
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (vocab)
French-Swiss thinker (1712-1778) who identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by the elites
George Washington 🦅 (vocab)
first U.S. president (1732-1799) who provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army
King Louis XVI (vocab)
Last King of France before the fall of the monarchy, reigning from 1774-1793
Napoleon Bonaparte (vocab)
A brilliant and ambitious military leader (1769-1821) born into a noble family of Corsica, who studied at French military schools and became an officer under the army of Louis XVI
François-Dominique Toussaint (vocab)
‘Son of Slaves’ who called himself Louverture (1744-1803) and was responsible for successes of the slaves against gens de couleur, white settlers, and foreign armies following the Boukman revolt
Peninsulares (vocab)
colonial officials from Spain or Portugal
Criollos (vocab)
Also known as creoles, these Iberian colonies were large, wealthy, and powerful
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (vocab)
A Parish priest (1753-1811) who rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule
Simon Bolivar (vocab)
A creole elite and leader of the independence movement in Latin America (1783-1830)
Caudillos (vocab)
Local charismatic strongmen that are allied with creole elites
Young Italy (vocab)
A movement that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state
Otto von Bismarck (vocab)
Prime minister of Prussia and master of Realpolitik
Waterloo (vocab)
where Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo
Enlightenment (vocab)
18th century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition, spreading concepts from the Scientific Revolution
French Revolution (vocab)
A revolution (1789-1799) that overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges
Reign of Terror (vocab)
A period in the French Revolution (1793-1794) that took harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (including nobles, priests, and hoarders)
Haitian Revolution (vocab)
A series of conflicts from 1791-1804, that was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti and the establishment of an independent country, founded and governed by former slaves.
The Social Contract (vocab)
A book by Rousseau written in 1762, arguing that members of a society were collectively the sovereign
The Declaration of Independence (vocab)
Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, this document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions
Continental Congress (vocab) (heed not the rabble who scream “revolution”)
Coordinated the colonies’ resistance to British policies, established in 1774
Ancien Régime (vocab)
meaning “old order”, the existing society prior to the French Revolution
Estates General (vocab)
an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates
National Assembly (vocab)
representatives of the third estate that seceded from the Estates General
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (vocab)
Document from the French Revolution, written in 1789, that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements
Levée En Masse (vocab)
meaning “mass levy”, a universal conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the way against invading forces
Civil Code (vocab)
written in 1804, a revised body of civil law created by Napoleon which helped stabilize French society
Gran Colombia (vocab)
established in 1804, the result of independent Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador forming a republic
Conservatism (vocab)
The ideology that admits the need for gradual change, but also condemning radical/revolutionary change
Liberalism (vocab)
The ideology that welcomes change
Zionism (vocab)
A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland
Anti-Semitism (vocab)
Prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews
Juudenstaat (vocab)
A written work which argued that the only defense against anti-Semitism lay in the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land that they could call their own
Congress of Vienna (vocab)
Representatives of the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) and attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order
Realpolitik (vocab)
German phrase meaning “the politics of reality”
THe revolutions of the late 18th and 19th century…
helped to spread ideals and encouraged consolidation of national states
The ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’ published in 1690 was…
the most influential theory of contractual government, formulated by John Locke
John Locke’s political thought relocated sovereignty and vested it into…
the people of society
What was a big topic for revolutionaries?
Popular sovereignty
Adam Smith turned his attention to economic affairs and held that…
the laws of supply determine what happens in a marketplace
Baron de Montesquieu was also known as…
Charles Louis de Secondat
The center of Enlightenment was…
France, where prominent intellectuals were known as philosophes
One issue the Enlightenment did not argue for was…
equality between men and women
Voltaire waged a long campaign against the Roman Catholic Church over…
fantaticism, intolerance, and incalculable human suffering
Voltaire, real name François-Marie Arouet, published his first book by age…
17 (seventeen)
Jean-Jacques Rousseau created the Social Contract, which argued that…
in an ideal society, the sovereign voice of the government would be the members of society acting collectively
The Declaration of Independence echoed…
John Locke’s theory of government and personal rights
The Britain interpreted the Declaration of Independence as…
a declaration of war
While Patriots were in the majority of the American Revolution, …
not every colonist favored fighting with Great Britain
The revolution that took place shortly after the American Revolution was…
the French Revolution
The main catalyst for the French Revolution was…
the increase of taxes in the French nobility due to a lack of revenue from the peasantry
In May 1789, King Louis XVI…
called the Estates General into recession at the Palace of Versailles, hoping it would authorize new taxes
The National assembly restructured French Society using what three keys as its goals?
Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
French leaders created the Convention because…
they feared military defeat after declaring war against Austria and Prussia
The French Convention rallied the French by…
creating the “levee en masse”, which drafted people and resources
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte…
passed the Civil Code which helped stabilize French Society
Napoleon’s Empire was unstoppable until…
1812, when he attempted to capture Russia
Napoleon Bonaparte spent his life…
growing up at French military schools
Napoleon was successful in leading his grand army to Moscow, but…
the Russian set Moscow on fire and left no resources to survive
In April 1814, Napoleon was forced to give up his throne, but…
he ended up ruling again for 100 days before the battle at Waterloo.
The Haitian Revolution is…
the first, and only, successful slave revolt in history
In 1803, Toussaint died in Jail after being arrested for…
a peaceful effort
In 1804, the independent Saint Domingue…
took the official name of Haiti
Simon Bolivar revolted against Spanish rule in 1811 in hopes of…
making South America into a great confederation like the United States, inspired by George Washington
Aside from the countries who fought for independence like Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru…
Brazil and Mexico also gained independence after Napoleon’s rule
What topics came into question only AFTER the Enlightenment?
slavery and women’s rights, both which people began to fight for
An example of where (place/time) the issue of women’s rights came to light was…
Versailles, 1789, where women marched in protest
The term ‘Nationalism’ was a community identity that developed…
after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era
Nationalism was fueled by…
very passionate feelings for one’s nation
Giuseppe Mazzini was…
an Italian nationalist activist who formed Young Italy
Nationalism opened the way for what other political movement?
Zionism
Because they were both heavily fractured, the unifications of Italy and Germany were….
big demonstrations of power
Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi unified the state of…
Italy
Germany was unified by
Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck, with “blood and iron”
Italy and Germany were perfect examples of..
the power and potential of nationalism
