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ap world history 🌎 > chapter 28 (feeling suspiciously patriotic) > Flashcards

chapter 28 (feeling suspiciously patriotic) Flashcards

1
Q

John Locke (vocab)

A

English philosopher (1634-1704) who discovered the natural laws of politics

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2
Q

Adam Smith

A

Scottish philosopher (1723-1790) and founder of modern political economy, best known for ‘An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations’ published in 1776

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3
Q

Baron de Montesquieu (vocab)

A

French nobleman (1689-1755) who sought to establish a science of politics and discover principles that would foster political liberty in a prosperous and stable state

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4
Q

Philosophes (vocab)

A

Public intellectuals who addressed their works to educate the public rather than to scholars

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5
Q

Voltaire (my goat) (vocab)

A

French philosopher (1694-1778) who epitomized the spirit of the Enlightenment, championed individual freedom, and attacked any institution sponsoring intolerant or oppressive policies

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6
Q

Deists (vocab)

A

those who believe in the existence of a god but deny the supernatural teachings of Christianity or any other monotheistic religion

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7
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (vocab)

A

French-Swiss thinker (1712-1778) who identified with simple working people and deeply resented the privileges enjoyed by the elites

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8
Q

George Washington 🦅 (vocab)

A

first U.S. president (1732-1799) who provided strong and imaginative military leadership for the colonial army

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9
Q

King Louis XVI (vocab)

A

Last King of France before the fall of the monarchy, reigning from 1774-1793

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10
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte (vocab)

A

A brilliant and ambitious military leader (1769-1821) born into a noble family of Corsica, who studied at French military schools and became an officer under the army of Louis XVI

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11
Q

François-Dominique Toussaint (vocab)

A

‘Son of Slaves’ who called himself Louverture (1744-1803) and was responsible for successes of the slaves against gens de couleur, white settlers, and foreign armies following the Boukman revolt

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12
Q

Peninsulares (vocab)

A

colonial officials from Spain or Portugal

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13
Q

Criollos (vocab)

A

Also known as creoles, these Iberian colonies were large, wealthy, and powerful

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14
Q

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (vocab)

A

A Parish priest (1753-1811) who rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule

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15
Q

Simon Bolivar (vocab)

A

A creole elite and leader of the independence movement in Latin America (1783-1830)

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16
Q

Caudillos (vocab)

A

Local charismatic strongmen that are allied with creole elites

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17
Q

Young Italy (vocab)

A

A movement that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state

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18
Q

Otto von Bismarck (vocab)

A

Prime minister of Prussia and master of Realpolitik

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19
Q

Waterloo (vocab)

A

where Napoleon was defeated in the battle of Waterloo

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20
Q

Enlightenment (vocab)

A

18th century philosophical movement that began in France; its emphasis was on the preeminence of reason rather than faith or tradition, spreading concepts from the Scientific Revolution

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21
Q

French Revolution (vocab)

A

A revolution (1789-1799) that overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges

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22
Q

Reign of Terror (vocab)

A

A period in the French Revolution (1793-1794) that took harsh measures against those suspected of being enemies of the Revolution (including nobles, priests, and hoarders)

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23
Q

Haitian Revolution (vocab)

A

A series of conflicts from 1791-1804, that was the overthrow of the French regime in Haiti and the establishment of an independent country, founded and governed by former slaves.

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24
Q

The Social Contract (vocab)

A

A book by Rousseau written in 1762, arguing that members of a society were collectively the sovereign

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25
Q

The Declaration of Independence (vocab)

A

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, this document expressed the ideas of John Locke and the Enlightenment, represented the idealism of the American rebels, and influenced other revolutions

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26
Q

Continental Congress (vocab) (heed not the rabble who scream “revolution”)

A

Coordinated the colonies’ resistance to British policies, established in 1774

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27
Q

Ancien Régime (vocab)

A

meaning “old order”, the existing society prior to the French Revolution

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28
Q

Estates General (vocab)

A

an assembly that represented the entire French population through groups known as estates

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29
Q

National Assembly (vocab)

A

representatives of the third estate that seceded from the Estates General

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30
Q

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (vocab)

A

Document from the French Revolution, written in 1789, that was influenced by the American Declaration of Independence and in turn influenced other revolutionary movements

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31
Q

Levée En Masse (vocab)

A

meaning “mass levy”, a universal conscription that drafted people and resources for use in the way against invading forces

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32
Q

Civil Code (vocab)

A

written in 1804, a revised body of civil law created by Napoleon which helped stabilize French society

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33
Q

Gran Colombia (vocab)

A

established in 1804, the result of independent Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador forming a republic

34
Q

Conservatism (vocab)

A

The ideology that admits the need for gradual change, but also condemning radical/revolutionary change

35
Q

Liberalism (vocab)

A

The ideology that welcomes change

36
Q

Zionism (vocab)

A

A political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland

37
Q

Anti-Semitism (vocab)

A

Prejudice, hatred of, or discrimination against Jews

38
Q

Juudenstaat (vocab)

A

A written work which argued that the only defense against anti-Semitism lay in the mass migration of Jews from all over the world to a land that they could call their own

39
Q

Congress of Vienna (vocab)

A

Representatives of the “great powers” that defeated Napoleon (Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia) and attempted to restore the prerevolutionary order

40
Q

Realpolitik (vocab)

A

German phrase meaning “the politics of reality”

41
Q

THe revolutions of the late 18th and 19th century…

A

helped to spread ideals and encouraged consolidation of national states

42
Q

The ‘Second Treatise of Civil Government’ published in 1690 was…

A

the most influential theory of contractual government, formulated by John Locke

43
Q

John Locke’s political thought relocated sovereignty and vested it into…

A

the people of society

44
Q

What was a big topic for revolutionaries?

A

Popular sovereignty

45
Q

Adam Smith turned his attention to economic affairs and held that…

A

the laws of supply determine what happens in a marketplace

46
Q

Baron de Montesquieu was also known as…

A

Charles Louis de Secondat

47
Q

The center of Enlightenment was…

A

France, where prominent intellectuals were known as philosophes

48
Q

One issue the Enlightenment did not argue for was…

A

equality between men and women

49
Q

Voltaire waged a long campaign against the Roman Catholic Church over…

A

fantaticism, intolerance, and incalculable human suffering

50
Q

Voltaire, real name François-Marie Arouet, published his first book by age…

A

17 (seventeen)

51
Q

Jean-Jacques Rousseau created the Social Contract, which argued that…

A

in an ideal society, the sovereign voice of the government would be the members of society acting collectively

52
Q

The Declaration of Independence echoed…

A

John Locke’s theory of government and personal rights

53
Q

The Britain interpreted the Declaration of Independence as…

A

a declaration of war

54
Q

While Patriots were in the majority of the American Revolution, …

A

not every colonist favored fighting with Great Britain

55
Q

The revolution that took place shortly after the American Revolution was…

A

the French Revolution

56
Q

The main catalyst for the French Revolution was…

A

the increase of taxes in the French nobility due to a lack of revenue from the peasantry

57
Q

In May 1789, King Louis XVI…

A

called the Estates General into recession at the Palace of Versailles, hoping it would authorize new taxes

58
Q

The National assembly restructured French Society using what three keys as its goals?

A

Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity

59
Q

French leaders created the Convention because…

A

they feared military defeat after declaring war against Austria and Prussia

60
Q

The French Convention rallied the French by…

A

creating the “levee en masse”, which drafted people and resources

61
Q

In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte…

A

passed the Civil Code which helped stabilize French Society

62
Q

Napoleon’s Empire was unstoppable until…

A

1812, when he attempted to capture Russia

63
Q

Napoleon Bonaparte spent his life…

A

growing up at French military schools

64
Q

Napoleon was successful in leading his grand army to Moscow, but…

A

the Russian set Moscow on fire and left no resources to survive

65
Q

In April 1814, Napoleon was forced to give up his throne, but…

A

he ended up ruling again for 100 days before the battle at Waterloo.

66
Q

The Haitian Revolution is…

A

the first, and only, successful slave revolt in history

67
Q

In 1803, Toussaint died in Jail after being arrested for…

A

a peaceful effort

68
Q

In 1804, the independent Saint Domingue…

A

took the official name of Haiti

69
Q

Simon Bolivar revolted against Spanish rule in 1811 in hopes of…

A

making South America into a great confederation like the United States, inspired by George Washington

70
Q

Aside from the countries who fought for independence like Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Peru…

A

Brazil and Mexico also gained independence after Napoleon’s rule

71
Q

What topics came into question only AFTER the Enlightenment?

A

slavery and women’s rights, both which people began to fight for

72
Q

An example of where (place/time) the issue of women’s rights came to light was…

A

Versailles, 1789, where women marched in protest

73
Q

The term ‘Nationalism’ was a community identity that developed…

A

after the French Revolution and Napoleonic Era

74
Q

Nationalism was fueled by…

A

very passionate feelings for one’s nation

75
Q

Giuseppe Mazzini was…

A

an Italian nationalist activist who formed Young Italy

76
Q

Nationalism opened the way for what other political movement?

A

Zionism

77
Q

Because they were both heavily fractured, the unifications of Italy and Germany were….

A

big demonstrations of power

78
Q

Camillo di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi unified the state of…

A

Italy

79
Q

Germany was unified by

A

Prime Minister Otto Von Bismarck, with “blood and iron”

80
Q

Italy and Germany were perfect examples of..

A

the power and potential of nationalism

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