chapter 23 Flashcards
Martin Luther (vocab)
(1483-1546) German Monk and Catholic Priest who became a critical figure in
what became known as the Protestant reformation after challenging the corruption of his church
in Ninety Five Theses
Johannes Gutenberg (vocab)
(1395-1468) He introduced printing to Europe and his invention of mechanical movable type printing started a veritable printing revolution
Calvinists (vocab)
Followers of John Calvin, expected to dress simply, study the bible, and refrain from certain activities
St. Ignatius Loyola (vocab)
(1491-1556) A basque nobleman and soldier who later dedicated his life to religion and found the missionary Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
Habsburgs (vocab)
Family with extensive dynastic holdings in Austria who dominated the Holy Roman Empire after 1438
Cardinal Richelieu (vocab)
The architect of French absolutism, served as a chief minister to King Louis XIII
King Louis XIV (vocab)
The ruler reigning from 1643-1715, who best epitomized royal absolutism, once declared that he himself was the state and was known as the sun king
Peter the Great (vocab)
Reigning from 1682-1725, Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to remake Russia on the modern of the western European states
Catherine II (vocab)
Known as Catherine the Great, sought to make Russia a great power by promoting governmental efficiency and economic development
Yemelian Pugachev (vocab)
Disgruntled former soldier who mounted a rebellion of Catherine the Great in the steppe lands north of the Caspian Sea
Charles V (vocab)
Reigned from 1519-1556, Emperor who inherited the Hapsburg family’s Austrian territory as well as the kingdom of Spain, stretching from Austria to Peru
Nicolaus Copernicus (vocab)
Polish Astronomer who published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”
Johannes Kepler (vocab)
German scientist who demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical
Galileo Galilei (vocab)
Italian scientist who showed that the heavens were a world of change, flux and previously unsuspected sights
Isaac Newton (vocab)
English mathematician who in 1687 published his views in the mathematical principles of natural philosophy
Versailles (vocab)
King Louis XIV’s magnificent residence and was the largest building in Europe
Protestant Reformation (vocab)
Sixteenth century movement in which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic Church
Catholic Reformation (vocab)
Sixteenth century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism, inspired by the reforms of the council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits
Thirty Years War (vocab)
The culmination of religious wars lasting from 1618-1648
Glorious Revolution (vocab)
(1688-1689) The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by the protestant daughter Mary II, and her Dutch husband William of Orange
English Civil War (vocab)
(1642-1649) A series of armed conflicts between the English Crown and the English Parliament over political and religious differences
Spanish Inquisition (vocab)
Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam
Council of Trent (vocab)
(1545-1563) Assembly of High Roman Catholic Church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve the preparation of priests
Absolutism (vocab)
Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship (ex. the French King Louis XIV)
Peace of Westphalia (vocab)
Ending the Thirty Years War, it laid out of the foundations for a system of independent, competing states
Romanov (vocab)
A Russian Dynasty from 1610-1917 that started with Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II
Capitalism (vocab)
An economic system with origins in Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market
Joint-Stock Companies (vocab)
Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risks
Protoindustralization (vocab)
Also known as the putting out system, in which entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to families in the countryside who would then spin and weave them into garments.
Serfdom (vocab)
A labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving without their landlords permission
Witch-hunts (vocab)
Hunts for witches sparked by fear of people making alliances with the devil
Prior to the 16th and 17th centuries, the church of Rome provided…
a common religion and culture among Western Europe
In 1517, Martin Luther publicly denounced…
that the Roman Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences was greedy and sinful
Marin Luther advocated for…
the closure of monasteries and the end of priestly authority
Who argued that humans could only be saved through faith in the promises of God, and not prayers or good deeds?
Martin Luther
John Calvin was…
a French lawyer who crossed the border to practice Protestant Christianity
The primary difference between the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin was that Calvin believed…
that God had already decided who would be saved from damnation before they were born
King Henry VIII severed relations with the Roman Catholic church due to the fact that…
they did not allow him to divorce his wife
Due to the pressure of the Protestant reformers, King Henry VIII’s successors…
replaced the Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals
The Society of Jesus and the Council of Trent both…
existed to persuade Protestants to return to the Roman church
The most destructive European conflict is considered to be…
the Thirty Years War
The Thirty Years war was a direct consequence of…
The Holy Roman emperor forcing his Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church
In an attempt to develop new finance sources, the French ___________, while the English ___________.
levied heavy taxes on sales, raised fines and fees for royal services
In Spain, heretics were usually punished by…
burning at the stake or hanging
The English Civil War was primarily a conflict between…
Parliamentary forces and royalists
The beheading of King Charles I in 1649 by Parliament leader Oliver Cromwell was the aftermath of…
The English Civil War
The Glorious Revolution involved…
a bloodless change of power from King James II to his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange
The most prominent absolute state was…
France during the reign of King Louis XIV, “the Sun King”
In the 1670s, King Louis XIV…
built a magnificent residence at Versailles
The reforms Peter the Great made to Russia included the improvement of what three things?
The army, aristocratic education, and bureaucratic tax facilitation
In 1703, Peter the Great built the capital city of…
St. Petersburg
Catherine II divided her empire into…
50 administrative provinces
The absolute policies of Catherine the Great resulted in…
tight centralization, considerably strengthening the state
The work Almagest, composed by Claudius Ptolemy, theorized…
that the Earth was motionless in the center and 9 hollow spheres revolved around it
What work of literature suggested that the sun stood at the center of the universe, rather than the Earth?
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, by Nicolaus Copernicus
The Ptolemaic theory that heavenly bodies were perfect, was proven false by…
Galileo’s invention of the telescope
Which of Galileo’s discoveries changed astronomer’s views on orbitation forever?
the discovery that moons orbit planets
Isaac Newton’s laws of motions argued that…
gravitation regulates the motions of bodies in the universe
Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the study of women anatomy was guided by…
tradition, prejudice, and fanciful imagination rather than scientific observation
The English physician who concluded that women were inferior and subjects to men was…
William Harvey.
Émilie du Châtelet, the most exceptional female scientist of the 18th century, was most known for…
translating Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica into French
In 1740, Émilie du Châtelet published…
a 3-volume work on the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz
