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ap world history 🌎 > chapter 23 > Flashcards

chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Martin Luther (vocab)

A

(1483-1546) German Monk and Catholic Priest who became a critical figure in
what became known as the Protestant reformation after challenging the corruption of his church
in Ninety Five Theses

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2
Q

Johannes Gutenberg (vocab)

A

(1395-1468) He introduced printing to Europe and his invention of mechanical movable type printing started a veritable printing revolution

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3
Q

Calvinists (vocab)

A

Followers of John Calvin, expected to dress simply, study the bible, and refrain from certain activities

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4
Q

St. Ignatius Loyola (vocab)

A

(1491-1556) A basque nobleman and soldier who later dedicated his life to religion and found the missionary Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

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5
Q

Habsburgs (vocab)

A

Family with extensive dynastic holdings in Austria who dominated the Holy Roman Empire after 1438

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6
Q

Cardinal Richelieu (vocab)

A

The architect of French absolutism, served as a chief minister to King Louis XIII

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7
Q

King Louis XIV (vocab)

A

The ruler reigning from 1643-1715, who best epitomized royal absolutism, once declared that he himself was the state and was known as the sun king

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8
Q

Peter the Great (vocab)

A

Reigning from 1682-1725, Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to remake Russia on the modern of the western European states

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9
Q

Catherine II (vocab)

A

Known as Catherine the Great, sought to make Russia a great power by promoting governmental efficiency and economic development

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10
Q

Yemelian Pugachev (vocab)

A

Disgruntled former soldier who mounted a rebellion of Catherine the Great in the steppe lands north of the Caspian Sea

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11
Q

Charles V (vocab)

A

Reigned from 1519-1556, Emperor who inherited the Hapsburg family’s Austrian territory as well as the kingdom of Spain, stretching from Austria to Peru

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12
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus (vocab)

A

Polish Astronomer who published “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres”

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13
Q

Johannes Kepler (vocab)

A

German scientist who demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical

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14
Q

Galileo Galilei (vocab)

A

Italian scientist who showed that the heavens were a world of change, flux and previously unsuspected sights

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15
Q

Isaac Newton (vocab)

A

English mathematician who in 1687 published his views in the mathematical principles of natural philosophy

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16
Q

Versailles (vocab)

A

King Louis XIV’s magnificent residence and was the largest building in Europe

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17
Q

Protestant Reformation (vocab)

A

Sixteenth century movement in which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic Church

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18
Q

Catholic Reformation (vocab)

A

Sixteenth century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism, inspired by the reforms of the council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits

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19
Q

Thirty Years War (vocab)

A

The culmination of religious wars lasting from 1618-1648

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20
Q

Glorious Revolution (vocab)

A

(1688-1689) The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by the protestant daughter Mary II, and her Dutch husband William of Orange

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21
Q

English Civil War (vocab)

A

(1642-1649) A series of armed conflicts between the English Crown and the English Parliament over political and religious differences

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22
Q

Spanish Inquisition (vocab)

A

Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam

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23
Q

Council of Trent (vocab)

A

(1545-1563) Assembly of High Roman Catholic Church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve the preparation of priests

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24
Q

Absolutism (vocab)

A

Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship (ex. the French King Louis XIV)

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25
Q

Peace of Westphalia (vocab)

A

Ending the Thirty Years War, it laid out of the foundations for a system of independent, competing states

26
Q

Romanov (vocab)

A

A Russian Dynasty from 1610-1917 that started with Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II

27
Q

Capitalism (vocab)

A

An economic system with origins in Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market

28
Q

Joint-Stock Companies (vocab)

A

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risks

29
Q

Protoindustralization (vocab)

A

Also known as the putting out system, in which entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to families in the countryside who would then spin and weave them into garments.

30
Q

Serfdom (vocab)

A

A labor system that required peasants to provide labor services for landowners and prevented them from marrying or moving without their landlords permission

31
Q

Witch-hunts (vocab)

A

Hunts for witches sparked by fear of people making alliances with the devil

32
Q

Prior to the 16th and 17th centuries, the church of Rome provided…

A

a common religion and culture among Western Europe

33
Q

In 1517, Martin Luther publicly denounced…

A

that the Roman Catholic Church’s sale of indulgences was greedy and sinful

34
Q

Marin Luther advocated for…

A

the closure of monasteries and the end of priestly authority

35
Q

Who argued that humans could only be saved through faith in the promises of God, and not prayers or good deeds?

A

Martin Luther

36
Q

John Calvin was…

A

a French lawyer who crossed the border to practice Protestant Christianity

37
Q

The primary difference between the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin was that Calvin believed…

A

that God had already decided who would be saved from damnation before they were born

38
Q

King Henry VIII severed relations with the Roman Catholic church due to the fact that…

A

they did not allow him to divorce his wife

39
Q

Due to the pressure of the Protestant reformers, King Henry VIII’s successors…

A

replaced the Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals

40
Q

The Society of Jesus and the Council of Trent both…

A

existed to persuade Protestants to return to the Roman church

41
Q

The most destructive European conflict is considered to be…

A

the Thirty Years War

42
Q

The Thirty Years war was a direct consequence of…

A

The Holy Roman emperor forcing his Bohemian subjects to return to the Catholic Church

43
Q

In an attempt to develop new finance sources, the French ___________, while the English ___________.

A

levied heavy taxes on sales, raised fines and fees for royal services

44
Q

In Spain, heretics were usually punished by…

A

burning at the stake or hanging

45
Q

The English Civil War was primarily a conflict between…

A

Parliamentary forces and royalists

46
Q

The beheading of King Charles I in 1649 by Parliament leader Oliver Cromwell was the aftermath of…

A

The English Civil War

47
Q

The Glorious Revolution involved…

A

a bloodless change of power from King James II to his daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange

48
Q

The most prominent absolute state was…

A

France during the reign of King Louis XIV, “the Sun King”

49
Q

In the 1670s, King Louis XIV…

A

built a magnificent residence at Versailles

50
Q

The reforms Peter the Great made to Russia included the improvement of what three things?

A

The army, aristocratic education, and bureaucratic tax facilitation

51
Q

In 1703, Peter the Great built the capital city of…

A

St. Petersburg

52
Q

Catherine II divided her empire into…

A

50 administrative provinces

53
Q

The absolute policies of Catherine the Great resulted in…

A

tight centralization, considerably strengthening the state

54
Q

The work Almagest, composed by Claudius Ptolemy, theorized…

A

that the Earth was motionless in the center and 9 hollow spheres revolved around it

55
Q

What work of literature suggested that the sun stood at the center of the universe, rather than the Earth?

A

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, by Nicolaus Copernicus

56
Q

The Ptolemaic theory that heavenly bodies were perfect, was proven false by…

A

Galileo’s invention of the telescope

57
Q

Which of Galileo’s discoveries changed astronomer’s views on orbitation forever?

A

the discovery that moons orbit planets

58
Q

Isaac Newton’s laws of motions argued that…

A

gravitation regulates the motions of bodies in the universe

59
Q

Throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, the study of women anatomy was guided by…

A

tradition, prejudice, and fanciful imagination rather than scientific observation

60
Q

The English physician who concluded that women were inferior and subjects to men was…

A

William Harvey.

61
Q

Émilie du Châtelet, the most exceptional female scientist of the 18th century, was most known for…

A

translating Isaac Newton’s Principia Mathematica into French

62
Q

In 1740, Émilie du Châtelet published…

A

a 3-volume work on the German mathematician Gottfried Leibniz

ap world history 🌎 (19 decks)

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