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chapter 15 Flashcards

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1
Q

In regard to political structure, post-classical India…

A

…developed no single centralized imperial authority

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2
Q

Why did the Gupta Dynasty collapse?

A

The White Huns invaded in 451 CE

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3
Q

Islam reached India by all of the following routes except
A) Conquest by Arabic invaders
B) Missionaries sent by emperor Harsha
C) Islamic merchants
D) Migrations from Turkish-speaking peoples from Central Asia

A

B) missionaries sent by emperor Harsha

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4
Q

The presence of the changing monsoon winds ensured what?

A

It ensured that irrigation was necessary in arid southern India.

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5
Q

India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of what?

A

Its central location in the Indian ocean basin

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6
Q

What do the designs of the Khmer temples at Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat show?

A

They show the influence of both Hindu and Buddhist traditions

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7
Q

During the Indian postclassical age, the caste system became what?

A

It became securely established in southern India for the first time

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8
Q

What role did Hindu temples play in southern India?

A

They played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of Southern India

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9
Q

The kingdoms of southern India were mainly…

A

Hindu

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10
Q

The first southeast Asian state to reflect Indian influence was centered on its capital port city of Oc Eo. What was its name?

A

Funan

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11
Q

The temples of Angkor Thom and Angkor Wat were built by the rulers of what kingdom?

A

Khmer Kingdom

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12
Q

In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to which dynasty?

A

Umayyad dynasty

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13
Q

Who were the brothers who founded Vijayanagar?

A

Harihara and Bukka

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14
Q

Funan dominated the lower reaches of which southeast Asian river?

A

Mekong

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15
Q

What were the Delhi sultans unable to do?

A

Expand their control beyond Northern India

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16
Q

“Vijayanagar” means…

A

“City of victory”

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17
Q

Which of the following states was most heavily influenced by Islam?
A) Vijayanagar
B) Melaka
C) Angkor
D) Funan

A

B) Melaka

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18
Q

What was Paramesvara known for?

A

He founded the kingdom of Melaka

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19
Q

After the collapse of the Gupta dynasty in the fifth/sixth century, India would not be completely reunited until the…

A

16th century

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20
Q

What Indian concept did NOT become popular in the southeast Asian states influenced by India?

A

Caste system

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21
Q

From 53 million in 600 C.E., the population of India rose by 1500 C.E. to…

A

105 million

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22
Q

The words “One should engage himself in singing of Me, praising Me . . .,” are drawn from what ninth-century Indian document?

A

Bhagavata Purana

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23
Q

By around 1500 what portion of the total Indian population was Muslim?

A

~1/4 (25/26 million)

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24
Q

The biggest difference between Melaka and the other states influenced by India was that Melaka…

A

…became predominantly Islamic.

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25
Q

Who were the two most important deities in the Hindu pantheon?

A

Vishnu and Shiva

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26
Q

In 802, what gift did Charlemagne receive from the Abbasid caliph, Harun al-Rashid?

A

an elephant named Abu al-Abbas

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27
Q

Besides restoring the centralized, imperial, unified rule in most of Northern India, what else did Harsha do? (3 things)

A

He built hospitals and provided free medical care, patronized the arts, & regularly shared wealth with the people

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28
Q

Besides the assassination leaving no heirs, why did Harsha’s kingdom collapse? (2 things)

A
  • Unable to restore permanent centralized rule
  • Local rules established authority too securely for Harsha to overcome them
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29
Q

How did Mahmud’s raids impact Buddhism?

A

They hastened the decline of the religion and replaced the sites with Islamic shrines (buddhism↓, islam↑)

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30
Q

What century was the high point for the Sultanate of Delhi?

A

14th century

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31
Q

10th century shipmaster, Author of Book of the Wonders of India, tempting readers with visions of vast wealth that could be made through maritime trade

A

Burzurg Ibn Shahriyar

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32
Q

A scholarly Buddhist emperor who temporarily restored imperial authority to northern India before falling victim to an assassin

A

King Harsha

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33
Q

Turkish leader in Afghanistan, he was a ruthless warrior who mounted many raids into India killing thousands while plundering for wealth

A

Mahmud of Ghazni

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34
Q

An Islamic state that dominated northern India from the 13th to the early 16th century

A

Sultanate of Dheli

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35
Q

A wealthy state that dominated trade and controlled deep southern India from 850 CE to 1267 CE

A

Chola Kingdom

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36
Q

The southern coast of Eastern India

A

Coromandel

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37
Q

The dominant independent kingdom in southern India from 1336 to 1565, founded by brothers who renounced Islam and returned Hinduism

A

Vijayanagar

38
Q

Time during the spring and summer where warm, moisture-laden air from the SW brings most of India’s rainfall

A

Monsoon

39
Q

Large merchant ships favored by Indian, Persian, and Arab sailors

A

Dhows

40
Q

Chinese merchant ships that could carry as much as 1000 tons of cargo

A

Junks

41
Q

Business establishments that specialize in products or services on a large scale

A

Emporia

42
Q

Located in the northern highlands of Ethiopia in the 1st century CE, it traded gold, ivory, and slaves to the eastern Mediterranean and Indian Ocean basin

A

Axum

43
Q

Rigid classes within Indian society that established individual’s roles and relationships to others

A

Caste System

44
Q

Preserver god of the Hindu pantheon who would observe the universe from the heavens

A

Vishnu

45
Q

Destroyer god in the Hindu pantheon but also the god of fertility

A

Shiva

46
Q

Brahmin philosopher in the 9th century devoted to Shiva whose belief was that the physical world was an illusion

A

Shankara

47
Q

Brahmin philosopher during the 11th and early 12th century devoted to Vishnu whose belief pointed to a Hindu theology of salvation and personal union with Vishnu

A

Ramanuja

48
Q

Emerging in southern India in the 12th century, it became a cult of love and devotion that sought to erase the distinction between Hinduism and Islam

A

Bhatki Movement

49
Q

Famous bhakti teacher who claimed Shiva, Vishnu, and Allah were all manifestations of a single, universal deity

A

Guru Kabir

50
Q

A ruling state between the 1st & 6th centuries that became enormously wealthy by controlling trade between China and India

A

Funan

51
Q

Kingdom based on the island of Sumatra from 670-1025 CE, controlling all trade in southeast Asian waters

A

Srivijaya

52
Q

A kingdom built by the Khmers in Cambodia lasting from 889-1431 CE founded to reflect the Hindu world order but later turned to Buddhism

A

Angkor

53
Q

Buddhist kingdom arising on the island of Java from 1222-1292 CE that prospered from maritime trade

A

Singosari

54
Q

Kingdom dominating maritime trade in southeast Asia from 1293-1520 CE based on the island of Java

A

Majapahit

55
Q

When was the Sind passed to the Abbasid dynasty?

A

750 CE. It was held until 1258.

56
Q

Which temple was Mahmud of Ghazni notable for destroying in 1025 CE?

A

Somnath, the Hindu Temple of Gujarat

57
Q

How many sultans out of 35 were assassinated during The Sultanate of Delhi’s reign?

A

19

58
Q

What are some characteristics of the Chola Kingdom? (Territory, econ/trading, political system, religion)

A
  • Controlled southern India
  • Wealthy trading state, maritime power
  • Not highly centralized
  • Hindu religion
59
Q

During the dry season caused by monsoons, what were constructed to preserve water? (4 things)

A

Reservoirs, canals, dams, tunnels

60
Q

What products were traded throughout India?

A

iron, copper, salt, pepper, saffron, and sugar

61
Q

what products were indian regional economies self-sufficient in?

A

rice, wheat, barley, & millet

62
Q

What type of products did Emporia encourage/develop?

A

Specialized products (cotton, high-carbon steel, etc)

63
Q

What kingdom did Axum replace as an Egyptian link to the south? What did they destroy?

A

Kush Kingdom, they destroyed the capital of Meroë around 360 CE

64
Q

What was the original purpose of the Caste system?

A

To keep Dravidian people enslaved and Aryan people in power

65
Q

What were the five major Castes developed in India?

A
  • Brahmans (priestly & learned)
  • Kshatriyas (warriors & rulers)
  • Vaisyas (farmers & merchants)
  • Sudras (peasants & laborers)
  • Panchamas (untouchables)
66
Q

How did the caste system work? (movement, marriage, religious/spiritual)

A
  • No movement between castes
  • Intermarriage between different castes was forbidden
  • Only reincarnation and death can move a soul up or down
  • Karma determined a person’s position in the next life
67
Q

Describe karma & it’s role in reincarnation/caste system

A
  • Influences reincarnation (good karma –> “higher” being)
  • Good behavior moves you up, bad behavior vice versa
  • Karma motivated people to obey by the laws of society
68
Q

Describe Moksha in the Hindu religion

A
  • The equivalent of “Heaven”
  • Reincarnation ends here, spiritual perfection
69
Q

Along with Buddhism, what other religion lost much of their following?

A

Jainism

70
Q

What notable building did Muslim forces destroy in 1196, that hastened the “collapse” of Buddhism?

A

Library of Nalanda.

71
Q

What did the brahmin philosopher Shankara believe? (3 things + who he was inspired by)

A
  • Believed knowledge led to salvation
  • The physical world is an illusion
  • Rigorous logical analysis over emotional devotion
  • inspired by Plato
72
Q

What did the brahmin philosopher Ramanuja believe? (1 thing + what he challenged)

A
  • Moksha can be reached through personal union with Vishnu (Hindu theology of salvation)
  • Challenged Shankara’s emphasis on logic
    (Laid philosophical foundations of contemporary Hinduism)
73
Q

Was the bhakti movement successful or unsuccessful in uniting Hinduism and Islam?

A

Unsuccessful

74
Q

What are examples of Indian Influence in SE Asia? (faith, politics, economy [business], arts)

A
  • Spread of Indian faith (hinduism)
  • Spread of indian politics (Kingship, positions of bureaucrats & administrators)
  • Sanskrit used for official business
  • Indian literary classics (Ramayana and Mahabharata)
75
Q

What pass did Nomadic Turkish-speaking people use to take advantage of the chaos in the north and become absorbed into society?

A

Khyber pass

76
Q

True or false: The Book of Wonders of India was written by an Indian trader. It was an accurate source on Indian history and provided details for overland trade routes to India

A

False: Buzurg ibn Shahriyar came from Persia, and it included many tall tales about India (not accurate).

77
Q

Besides differing in religion, compared to the south, northern India was more…

A

turbulent and chaotic

78
Q

True or false: Islam spread in India through both Turkish migrations and Arab expeditions.

A

True

79
Q

True or false: The Chola kingdom and the Vijayanagar kingdom both imposed centralized, imperial rule in southern India

A

False. Both kingdoms followed decentralization of power.

80
Q

Agriculture of the Indian subcontinent relied on what (5 things)?

A
  • Monsoon rains
  • Irrigation systems
  • Reservoirs
  • Dams
  • Canals
81
Q

According to the account of Cosmas Indicopleustes, southern India and Ceylon were what, during the sixth century

A

They were great markets for imports and exports.

82
Q

Besides religious purpose, what else did Hindu temples serve as? (3 things)

A
  • Large land owners and banks
  • Educational institutions (schools)
  • Irrigation organizers
    (Economic & social centers)
83
Q

True or false: Slaves from central Asia were common trade commodities

A

False: slaves did not come from central Asia.

84
Q

The kingdom of Axum prospered from trade coming through where?

A

Its port city of Adulis

85
Q

What did merchants and manufacturers integrate into the caste system to become more powerful?

A

Guilds

86
Q

True or false: Invasions of India by Turkish Muslims hastened the decline of Buddhism because Muslim rulers banned Buddhism.

A

False. The invaders looted and destroyed Buddhist stupas and shrines to hasten the decline, and nobody specifically placed a ban on the religion

87
Q

True or false: Shankara and Ramanuja were two brahmin philosophers who worshipped different Hindu gods but generally had similar ideas of personal salvation.

A

False: their ideas were vastly different. Shankara believed that knowledge is the only way to achieve salvation, while Ramanuja believed in personal union with Vishnu

88
Q

Islam in India had a strong appeal to members of lower castes because of what?

A

Islam promised the spiritual equality of all believers.

89
Q

Was the bhakti movement launched in south or north India?

A

The south

90
Q

The capital of Angkor state collapsed after who invaded? When was it rediscovered and by who?

A

The Thais invaded. It was rediscovered in the mid-nineteenth century by Europeans.

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