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chapter 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

(vocab) Osman

A

founding leader of the Ottoman state in 1299 after declaring independence from a Seljuq sultan

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2
Q

(vocab) Ilkhanate

A

established in Persia by the brother of Khubilai, this fourth of the regional empires came into existence by toppling the Abbasid caliphate

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3
Q

(vocab) Khwarazm shah

A

The successor to the Seljuq Turks, ruling what is Afghanistan and Persia, and devastated for refusing to trade with the Mongols

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4
Q

(vocab) Mongols

A

Nomadic people from the high steppe lands of eastern central Asia who came to rule much of Asia

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5
Q

(vocab) Shamans

A

religious individuals who “possessed” supernatural powers and communicated with the gods and spirits on behalf of their nomadic communities

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6
Q

(vocab) Pax mongolica

A

A period of peace in which interregional trade flourished within the four Mongol khanates resulting in tremendous transfer of technology and culture

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7
Q

(vocab) Seljuq Turks

A

group of people living on the borders of Abbasid caliphate who, in the 10th century overshadowed the Abbasid caliphs

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8
Q

(vocab) Temujin

A

the young boy who conquered poverty, displayed great courage in battle, and mastered steppe diplomacy to be proclaimed the great Chinggis Khan or “universal rule)

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9
Q

(vocab) Khans of the Golden Horn

A

another of the four regional empires, this one dominating Russia after the death of Chinggis Khan

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10
Q

(vocab) Tamerlane

A

a charismatic leader, courageous warrior and conqueror, he built an empire in Persia and Afghanistan after the collapse of Mongol power

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11
Q

(vocab) Yurts

A

large tents made of felt in which many nomadic peoples lived

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12
Q

(vocab) Sultanate of Delhi

A

Empire of Ghaznavid Turks that extended authority all over northern India by the 13th century

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13
Q

(vocab) Khanbaliq

A

former Jurchen capital (modern city Beijing) renamed by the Mongols after its capture to serve as the Mongol capital in China

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14
Q

(vocab) Uighurs

A

literate and highly educated Turkish allies of the Mongols, they provided administrators to help the Mongols rule their empire

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15
Q

(vocab) Safavid Empire

A

One of the Turkish-Muslim states that arose in Persia after the collapse of Tamerlane’s empire

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16
Q

(vocab) Khubilai

A

one of Chinggis Khan’s grandsons, he consolidated Mongol rule in China by taking an interest in cultural matters and working to improve the welfare of his subjects

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17
Q

(vocab) Abbasid Caliphate

A

An empire that captured and converted early nomads to Islam beginning around the early 9th century

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18
Q

(vocab) Kumiss

A

a potent alcoholic concoction fermented from mare’s milk

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19
Q

(vocab) Ottoman Empire

A

A turkic muslim state based in Anatolia that survived after Tamerlane’s empire flourished

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20
Q

(vocab) Yuan dynasty

A

The Mongol dynasty that ruled all of China until its collapse in 1368

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21
Q

(vocab) Khanate of Chaghatai

A

One of the four regional empires ruled by Asian of a Chinggis Khan, this one in central Asia, created by dividing Chinggis’ lands after his death

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22
Q

(vocab) Jurchens

A

Another nomadic people who dominated the northern part of the early 13th century China until conquered by the Mongols

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23
Q

(vocab) Chinggis Khan

A

A 13th century Mongol leader who forged the Mongols into a powerful alliance to build the largest empire the world has ever known

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24
Q

(vocab) Khan

A

Nomadic leaders who organized vast confederations of people and wielded enormous military power

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25
Q

(vocab) Sultans

A

Title for chieftain or ruler of the Seljuq Turks

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26
Q

The class structure of nomadic societies normally produced…

A

a fluid two-class system of nobles and commoners

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27
Q

The political power of the khans was based on…

A

Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes

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28
Q

In 1265, major divisions emerged between the Mongol khans because…

A

Many branches refused to accept Khubilai as Great Khan

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29
Q

During their time as rulers of China, the Mongols forbade the Chinese from…

A

Learning the Mongol language & intermarriage

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30
Q

The late-fourteenth-century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, Sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia was…

A

Tamerlane

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31
Q

How did the Mongols affect Russia’s Orthodox church?

A

They granted it special privileges

32
Q

Mongol armies often consisted of…

A

A multinational force with Mongol leaders

33
Q

Which of the khanates undertook the invasion of the Muslim heartland?

A

Ilkhan khanate

34
Q

In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland?

A

The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of Islamic civilization

35
Q

The founder of the Ottoman Turk state was…

A

Osman

36
Q

What caused a decline in the military reputation of the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China?

A

The failure of expeditions against the Japanese

37
Q

One effect of the rise of cities in Yuan China was…

A

The increasing influence of mandarin

38
Q

Describe the Mongols’ conquest of Song China

A

Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue.

39
Q

The decisions of the Mongol leader, the khan, were…

A

ratified by a council

40
Q

What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan?

A

All religions were tolerated in his empire

41
Q

Karakorum was…

A

the central Asian capital of the Mongols

42
Q

The largest empire of all time was created by the…

A

Mongols

43
Q

The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the 11th and 15th centuries facilitated…

A

Greater cross-culture communication and integration

44
Q

In terms of society, the Turkish peoples…

A

never formed a single, homogeneous group

45
Q

In terms of agriculture, the environment of central Asia…

A

did not receive enough rain to support large-scale agriculture

46
Q

T or F: A lack of trading opportunities acted as a limitation on the development of central Asian societies

A

False; Central Asia held a crucial position on the Silk Road and other major trade routes

47
Q

The earliest religion of the Turkish peoples was…

A

shamanistic

48
Q

What religion did NOT become popular among the Turkish tribes?

A

Hinduism

49
Q

In the 10th century, the Turks living near the Abbasid empire began to convert to…

A

Islam

50
Q

Nomadic peoples’ military might was based on their…

A

cavalry forces

51
Q

The term “sultan” means…

A

chieftan

52
Q

In 1055, the Saljuq Turkish leader Tughril Beg was…

A

Recognized as the sultan by the Abbasid caliph

53
Q

At Manzikert in 1071, the Salijuq Turks won an important victory over the…

A

Byzantines

54
Q

The Delhi Sultans claimed authority over…

A

all of northern India

55
Q

In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan…

A

formed new military units with no tribal affiliations

56
Q

At its height, Chinggis Khan’s army was as large as…

A

125,000 troops

57
Q

After 1215, the Mongol capital in China was…

A

Khanbaliq

58
Q

What did Chinggis Khan not establish in the lands he conquered?

A

A centralized government

59
Q

The Chaghatai Khans ruled…

A

central Asia

60
Q

In 1279, Khubilai Khan proclaimed the…

A

Yuan Dynasty

61
Q

Who spent almost twenty years at the court of Khubilai Khan?

A

Marco Polo

62
Q

In terms of achievement, Khubilai Khan’s military and imperial pursuits…

A

had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan

63
Q

The Mongol naval campaign against Japan in 1281 was…

A

the largest seaborne expedition until WW2

64
Q

Russia was dominated from the 13th through the 15th centuries by the

A

Golden Horde

65
Q

In 1295, the Ilkhan Ghazan converted to which religion, causing it to become the favored religion in Persia?

A

Islam

66
Q

What became much less risky during the period of Mongol domination?

A

long-distance trade

67
Q

T or F: The Mongols did not bring about greater integration among Eurasian peoples through a common state religion

A

True. They brought it through their conquests and administrative policies. Many religions were practiced, not just one

68
Q

The ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1920s after…

A

the government issued paper money and the death of Ghazan

69
Q

The capital of Tamerlane’s empire was…

A

Samarkand

70
Q

Chinggis Khan reigned from…

A

1206 to 1227 CE

71
Q

In 1453, Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople and renamed it…

A

Istanbul

72
Q

The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries led to the rise of what?

A

A centralized imperial state that ran from China to Persia.

73
Q

The noble class, in nomadic society, was…

A

Fluid, with many opportunities for rising and falling.

74
Q

Chinggis Khan sent troops into Persia in 1219 in order to…

A

take revenge on Khwarazm shah for murdering his envoys

75
Q

Khubilai Khan’s religious policy featured…

A

a promotion of Buddhism and a support of Daoism, Christianity, and Islam

76
Q

Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the…

A

Yuan Dynasty

ap world history 🌎 (17 decks)

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