chapter 22 😶🌫️ Flashcards
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese mariner who led a fleet of armed merchant vessels to India to trade for exotic spices & established a sea route between Portugal and India
Henry the Navigator
5th century ruler of Portugal who promoted voyages of exploration in west Africa to discover profitable trade routes
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who becomes the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and enter the Indian Ocean
Cristoforo Columbo
Genoese mariner sailing for Spain who, in voyaging west across the Atlantic, believed he had reached islands just off the coast of Asia (the indies)
Taino
The native inhabitants discovered at an island in the Bahamas by Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Sailing in the service of Spain with a crew of 280 on five ships, his expedition becomes the first to reach the Pacific and sail completely around the world
Vitus Bering
A Danish explorer and navigator who undertook two expeditions while commissioned by Russia to explore the possibilities of a NW passage to Asian ports
Captain James Cook
Important Pacific explorer of the 18th century who undertook three expeditions charting Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii, while studying the customs and language of the Polynesian people
Afonso d’Alboquerque
Commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early 1500s, he brutally sought to control all trade there for Portugal
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Commander of Spanish forces who overcame local authorities to give control of the Philippines to Spain in 1565
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Architect of the Dutch trading policy to control commercial access to spices on the islands of Indonesia but primarily for nutmeg and cloves
Ceuta
Moroccan port city conquered by Prince Henry the Navigator
Sao Jorge de Mina
Fortified and strategic trading post established by Portuguese merchants in what is now Ghana
Guanahani
An island rechristened as San Salvador by Columbus believing he had arrived in the spice islands of the Indies
Manila
Bustling port city in the Philippines that became the hub for all Spanish commercial activity in Asia but particularly for silk
Siberia
Extensive acquisition in the frozen tundra of northeastern Eurasia by the Russian, giving access to a lucrative fur trade
Seven Years’ War
Global conflict due to commercial rivalries and political differences or “the great war for empire”, it primarily pitted the English versus the French
Columbian Exchange
the biological exchange and global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human population, and diseases set off by Europeans voyages of discovery
Magnetic compass
Chinese invention of the Tang or Song that diffused to Europe by the 12th century as a navigational tool to determine heading at sea
Astrolabe
An instrument used by the Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon
Volta de Mar
Sailing strategy developed by Portuguese mariners allowing them to take advantage of prevailing winds and currents to have safer, faster, and more reliable ways to traverse the ocean
Circumnavigation
Accomplished by Magellan for the first time over a period of almost 3 years, it proved the earth was round
Scurvy
Disease caused by a dietary deficiency lacking fresh fruits and vegetables, it was a scourge of long distance sea travel, causing teeth to fall out and, in some cases, death
Joint-Stock Company
An efficient form of commercial organization employed by the English and the Dutch that permitted investors to make great profits while limiting their risks
