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ap world history 🌎 > chapter 22 😶‍🌫️ > Flashcards

chapter 22 😶‍🌫️ Flashcards

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1
Q

Vasco da Gama

A

Portuguese mariner who led a fleet of armed merchant vessels to India to trade for exotic spices & established a sea route between Portugal and India

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2
Q

Henry the Navigator

A

5th century ruler of Portugal who promoted voyages of exploration in west Africa to discover profitable trade routes

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3
Q

Bartolomeu Dias

A

Portuguese explorer who becomes the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and enter the Indian Ocean

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4
Q

Cristoforo Columbo

A

Genoese mariner sailing for Spain who, in voyaging west across the Atlantic, believed he had reached islands just off the coast of Asia (the indies)

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5
Q

Taino

A

The native inhabitants discovered at an island in the Bahamas by Columbus

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6
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Sailing in the service of Spain with a crew of 280 on five ships, his expedition becomes the first to reach the Pacific and sail completely around the world

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7
Q

Vitus Bering

A

A Danish explorer and navigator who undertook two expeditions while commissioned by Russia to explore the possibilities of a NW passage to Asian ports

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8
Q

Captain James Cook

A

Important Pacific explorer of the 18th century who undertook three expeditions charting Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii, while studying the customs and language of the Polynesian people

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9
Q

Afonso d’Alboquerque

A

Commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early 1500s, he brutally sought to control all trade there for Portugal

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10
Q

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

A

Commander of Spanish forces who overcame local authorities to give control of the Philippines to Spain in 1565

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11
Q

Jan Pieterszoon Coen

A

Architect of the Dutch trading policy to control commercial access to spices on the islands of Indonesia but primarily for nutmeg and cloves

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12
Q

Ceuta

A

Moroccan port city conquered by Prince Henry the Navigator

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13
Q

Sao Jorge de Mina

A

Fortified and strategic trading post established by Portuguese merchants in what is now Ghana

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14
Q

Guanahani

A

An island rechristened as San Salvador by Columbus believing he had arrived in the spice islands of the Indies

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15
Q

Manila

A

Bustling port city in the Philippines that became the hub for all Spanish commercial activity in Asia but particularly for silk

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16
Q

Siberia

A

Extensive acquisition in the frozen tundra of northeastern Eurasia by the Russian, giving access to a lucrative fur trade

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17
Q

Seven Years’ War

A

Global conflict due to commercial rivalries and political differences or “the great war for empire”, it primarily pitted the English versus the French

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18
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

the biological exchange and global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human population, and diseases set off by Europeans voyages of discovery

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19
Q

Magnetic compass

A

Chinese invention of the Tang or Song that diffused to Europe by the 12th century as a navigational tool to determine heading at sea

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20
Q

Astrolabe

A

An instrument used by the Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon

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21
Q

Volta de Mar

A

Sailing strategy developed by Portuguese mariners allowing them to take advantage of prevailing winds and currents to have safer, faster, and more reliable ways to traverse the ocean

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22
Q

Circumnavigation

A

Accomplished by Magellan for the first time over a period of almost 3 years, it proved the earth was round

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23
Q

Scurvy

A

Disease caused by a dietary deficiency lacking fresh fruits and vegetables, it was a scourge of long distance sea travel, causing teeth to fall out and, in some cases, death

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24
Q

Joint-Stock Company

A

An efficient form of commercial organization employed by the English and the Dutch that permitted investors to make great profits while limiting their risks

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25
Q

East India Company

A

A powerful joint-stock company formed by the British merchants that contributed to the early formation of a global trade network

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26
Q

VOC

A

A powerful joint-stock company formed by Dutch merchants that contributed to the early formation of a global trade network

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27
Q

Smallpox

A

A highly contagious and infectious disease introduced to the New World by explorers that is considered responsible for decimating as many as 100 million native people

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28
Q

Galleons

A

Sleek, fast, and heavily armed ships capable of carrying large cargoes in the early workings of the global economy

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29
Q

The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was

A

Vasco da Gama

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30
Q

The main inspirations for European exploration did NOT include…

A

a desire to conquer China and India

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31
Q

The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was…

A

Portugal

32
Q

The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of…

A

sugarcane

33
Q

Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to…

A

increase in volume and become safer

34
Q

The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when…

A

the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish catholic forces

35
Q

Lateen sails had the advantage of…

A

working better in crosswinds

36
Q

The astrolabe was designed to measure…

A

latitude

37
Q

What were two notable Chinese inventions during the time of Portuguese/English exploration?

A

The sternpost rudder and magnetic compass

38
Q

Who conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast?

A

Henry of Portugal

39
Q

The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was

A

Bartolomeu Dias

40
Q

The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of

A

Pepper and cinnamon

41
Q

Christopher Columbus’s decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on…

A

His miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan

42
Q

Columbus sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China when he reached…

A

Cuba

43
Q

On October 12, 1492, Columbus made landfall on an island that the native Taino called…

A

Guanahani

44
Q

The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by…

A

Ferdinand Magellan

45
Q

Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and…

A

the Philippines

46
Q

Most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean was carried out by the…

A

English

47
Q

The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was…

A

James Cook

48
Q

The english explorer James Cook died during a fight in

A

Hawaii

49
Q

In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period between the 16th and 18th centuries…

A

were met with limited success because of a lack of personnel

50
Q

The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to…

A

force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties

51
Q

Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all seized in the early 1500s by…

A

Afonso d’Alboquerque

52
Q

The cities of Goa, Hurmuz, Melaka, Bombay, and Sao Jorge da Mina all acted as Portuguese trading posts except for…

A

Bombay

53
Q

In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because…

A

It was a small country with a small population

54
Q

What was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese?

A

having much better captains (they did not)

55
Q

The VOC was the…

A

United East India Company

56
Q

The Philippines fell to…

A

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

57
Q

The center of the Spanish commercial activity in Asia was…

A

Manila

58
Q

Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population…

A

was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism

59
Q

Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for…

A

founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java

60
Q

The Dutch policy in Indonesia was to…

A

control the production of spices

61
Q

The most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century was…

A

The Netherlands

62
Q

Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in the

A

sixteenth century

63
Q

Russian merchants and explorers began the expansion into Siberia in the quest for…

A

furs

64
Q

In the long term, the Columbian exchange…

A

increased world population because of the spread of new food crops

65
Q

From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of…

A

enslaved Africans

66
Q

By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European played dominate roles EXCEPT…

A

Australia

67
Q

T or F: The Portuguese ventured into the open Atlantic Ocean seeking fish, seals, whales, timber, and lands where they could grow wheat

A

True

68
Q

T or F: Alongside material incentives, the goal of expanding the boundaries of Christianity also drove Europeans into the larger world

A

True

69
Q

T or F: The astrolabe was simplified of an instrument used by Roman astronomers to determine latitude

A

False. It was used by the Greeks and the Persians

70
Q

T of F: Spanish mariners developed a strategy called the volta do mar that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Spain

A

False. It was the Portuguese who created it

71
Q

T or F: When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, he reported to his royal sponsors that he had reached the islands just off the coast of Asia

A

True

72
Q

T or F: Ferdinand Magellan was killed in a political dispute in the Philippines, and of his 5 ships and 280 men only one ship with 18 men returned to Spain

A

True

73
Q

T or F: The goal of the Portuguese in establishing a trading post empire was to conquer new territories

A

False. The Portuguese primarily wanted to control trade routes

74
Q

T or F: The english merchants formed an especially powerful joint-stock company, the East India Company

A

True

75
Q

T or F: The settlers who established a Russian presence in Siberia included social misfits, convicted criminals, and even prisoners of war

A

True

76
Q

T or F: The Seven Years’ War laid the foundation for 150 years of Spanish imperial hegemony in the world.

A

False. The Seven Years’ War actually laid the foundation for British imperial hegemony, not Spanish

ap world history 🌎 (17 decks)

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