chapter 22 😶🌫️ Flashcards
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese mariner who led a fleet of armed merchant vessels to India to trade for exotic spices & established a sea route between Portugal and India
Henry the Navigator
5th century ruler of Portugal who promoted voyages of exploration in west Africa to discover profitable trade routes
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer who becomes the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and enter the Indian Ocean
Cristoforo Columbo
Genoese mariner sailing for Spain who, in voyaging west across the Atlantic, believed he had reached islands just off the coast of Asia (the indies)
Taino
The native inhabitants discovered at an island in the Bahamas by Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
Sailing in the service of Spain with a crew of 280 on five ships, his expedition becomes the first to reach the Pacific and sail completely around the world
Vitus Bering
A Danish explorer and navigator who undertook two expeditions while commissioned by Russia to explore the possibilities of a NW passage to Asian ports
Captain James Cook
Important Pacific explorer of the 18th century who undertook three expeditions charting Australia, New Zealand, and Hawaii, while studying the customs and language of the Polynesian people
Afonso d’Alboquerque
Commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean during the early 1500s, he brutally sought to control all trade there for Portugal
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Commander of Spanish forces who overcame local authorities to give control of the Philippines to Spain in 1565
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Architect of the Dutch trading policy to control commercial access to spices on the islands of Indonesia but primarily for nutmeg and cloves
Ceuta
Moroccan port city conquered by Prince Henry the Navigator
Sao Jorge de Mina
Fortified and strategic trading post established by Portuguese merchants in what is now Ghana
Guanahani
An island rechristened as San Salvador by Columbus believing he had arrived in the spice islands of the Indies
Manila
Bustling port city in the Philippines that became the hub for all Spanish commercial activity in Asia but particularly for silk
Siberia
Extensive acquisition in the frozen tundra of northeastern Eurasia by the Russian, giving access to a lucrative fur trade
Seven Years’ War
Global conflict due to commercial rivalries and political differences or “the great war for empire”, it primarily pitted the English versus the French
Columbian Exchange
the biological exchange and global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human population, and diseases set off by Europeans voyages of discovery
Magnetic compass
Chinese invention of the Tang or Song that diffused to Europe by the 12th century as a navigational tool to determine heading at sea
Astrolabe
An instrument used by the Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun above the horizon
Volta de Mar
Sailing strategy developed by Portuguese mariners allowing them to take advantage of prevailing winds and currents to have safer, faster, and more reliable ways to traverse the ocean
Circumnavigation
Accomplished by Magellan for the first time over a period of almost 3 years, it proved the earth was round
Scurvy
Disease caused by a dietary deficiency lacking fresh fruits and vegetables, it was a scourge of long distance sea travel, causing teeth to fall out and, in some cases, death
Joint-Stock Company
An efficient form of commercial organization employed by the English and the Dutch that permitted investors to make great profits while limiting their risks
East India Company
A powerful joint-stock company formed by the British merchants that contributed to the early formation of a global trade network
VOC
A powerful joint-stock company formed by Dutch merchants that contributed to the early formation of a global trade network
Smallpox
A highly contagious and infectious disease introduced to the New World by explorers that is considered responsible for decimating as many as 100 million native people
Galleons
Sleek, fast, and heavily armed ships capable of carrying large cargoes in the early workings of the global economy
The Portuguese mariner who sailed to Calicut in 1498 was
Vasco da Gama
The main inspirations for European exploration did NOT include…
a desire to conquer China and India
The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was…
Portugal
The Portuguese viewed the Atlantic Ocean islands as the perfect location for the cultivation of…
sugarcane
Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to…
increase in volume and become safer
The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when…
the Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish catholic forces
Lateen sails had the advantage of…
working better in crosswinds
The astrolabe was designed to measure…
latitude
What were two notable Chinese inventions during the time of Portuguese/English exploration?
The sternpost rudder and magnetic compass
Who conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuta and sponsored a series of voyages down the west African coast?
Henry of Portugal
The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope was
Bartolomeu Dias
The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of
Pepper and cinnamon
Christopher Columbus’s decision to sail west to reach Asia was based on…
His miscalculation of the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan
Columbus sent delegates to seek the court of the emperor of China when he reached…
Cuba
On October 12, 1492, Columbus made landfall on an island that the native Taino called…
Guanahani
The first circumnavigation of the world was completed in 1522 by…
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan established a trade route between Mexico and…
the Philippines
Most of the actual exploration of the Pacific Ocean was carried out by the…
English
The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century was…
James Cook
The english explorer James Cook died during a fight in
Hawaii
In their attempt to control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean, the Europeans during the period between the 16th and 18th centuries…
were met with limited success because of a lack of personnel
The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to…
force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties
Hormuz, Goa, and Melaka were all seized in the early 1500s by…
Afonso d’Alboquerque
The cities of Goa, Hurmuz, Melaka, Bombay, and Sao Jorge da Mina all acted as Portuguese trading posts except for…
Bombay
In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because…
It was a small country with a small population
What was NOT an advantage the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese?
having much better captains (they did not)
The VOC was the…
United East India Company
The Philippines fell to…
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
The center of the Spanish commercial activity in Asia was…
Manila
Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population…
was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism
Jan Pieterszoon Coen was responsible for…
founding the city of Batavia on the island of Java
The Dutch policy in Indonesia was to…
control the production of spices
The most prosperous country in Europe in the seventeenth century was…
The Netherlands
Russian territorial expansion into northern Eurasia began in the
sixteenth century
Russian merchants and explorers began the expansion into Siberia in the quest for…
furs
In the long term, the Columbian exchange…
increased world population because of the spread of new food crops
From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of…
enslaved Africans
By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European played dominate roles EXCEPT…
Australia
T or F: The Portuguese ventured into the open Atlantic Ocean seeking fish, seals, whales, timber, and lands where they could grow wheat
True
T or F: Alongside material incentives, the goal of expanding the boundaries of Christianity also drove Europeans into the larger world
True
T or F: The astrolabe was simplified of an instrument used by Roman astronomers to determine latitude
False. It was used by the Greeks and the Persians
T of F: Spanish mariners developed a strategy called the volta do mar that enabled them to sail from the Canaries to Spain
False. It was the Portuguese who created it
T or F: When Christopher Columbus returned to Spain, he reported to his royal sponsors that he had reached the islands just off the coast of Asia
True
T or F: Ferdinand Magellan was killed in a political dispute in the Philippines, and of his 5 ships and 280 men only one ship with 18 men returned to Spain
True
T or F: The goal of the Portuguese in establishing a trading post empire was to conquer new territories
False. The Portuguese primarily wanted to control trade routes
T or F: The english merchants formed an especially powerful joint-stock company, the East India Company
True
T or F: The settlers who established a Russian presence in Siberia included social misfits, convicted criminals, and even prisoners of war
True
T or F: The Seven Years’ War laid the foundation for 150 years of Spanish imperial hegemony in the world.
False. The Seven Years’ War actually laid the foundation for British imperial hegemony, not Spanish
