Chapter 9 Spelling Words Flashcards
plasma
- the fluid portion of blood that is essential for transporting the cellular elements around the body
- 90% water; rest is electrolytes, proteins, fats, glucose, billirubin, and gases
albumin
- a plasma protein
- 60% of the plasma proteins
- helps maintain blood volume and blood pressure
- their abundance attracts water into vessels by osmosis
edema
the swelling of the tissues (because of fluid seeping out of the blood into the interstitial tissues)
globulin
- a plasma protein made by the liver and helps the synthesis of antibodies
- 36% of the plasma proteins
- three types=alpha, beta, gamma
- alpha and beta globulins=transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins in the blood
- gamma globulins=the antibodies that function in immunity
fibrinogen
- Factor I
- a plasma protein converted into fibrin in the presence of calcium ions
- 4% of all plasma proteins
- largest plasma protein
- essential in the process of blood clotting, coagulation
differentiation
- a cell becomes specialized in function, each having a different purpose
- 3 classifications-erythrocytes, leukocytes, & thrombocytes
erythrocyte
- tiny biconcave shaped disk that is thinner in the center (to allow for the bonding of oxygen) than around the edges
- mature red blood cells (RBCs)
- no nucleus
- 120 day lifespan
- hemoglobin is the main component
- the most numerous formed element in blood
hemoglobin
- the main component of a RBC
- consists of heme and globin
- carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
leukocytes
- larger than erythrocytes but fewer in number
- white blood cells (WBCs)
- does have a nucleus
- does not possess hemoglobin
- Their are five types in two categories (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes)
granulocytes
- a group of leukocytes —-neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
- they have granules in their cytoplasm that absorbs dies
neutrophils
- 60-70% of all WBCs
- multi-lobed nuclei
- phagocytic, they respond to infections and tissue damage by engulfing and destroying bacteria
- do not absorb acid or base dye well, remain neutral colored
eosinophils
- 2-4% of WBCs
- have a nucleus with 2 lobes
- increase in numbers in response to an allergic reaction
- stain a rosy red
basophils
- secrete histamine during allergic reactions
- secrete heparin
- have a nucleus with 2 lobes
- 1% of all WBCs
- stain a dark blue with base dye
monocytes
- 3-8% of all WBCs
- the largest WBC
- kidney bean shaped nucleus
- phagocytic
lymphocytes
- 20-25% of all WBCs
- large, spherical-shaped nucleus
- play an important role in the immune process; some are phagocytic and others produce antibodies to destroy bacteria
thrombocyte
- a platelet
- small disk shaped fragment of a megakaryocyte
- contain no hemoglobin
- essential for normal coagulation
- numbers average 200,000-500,000
antigens
- also called an agglutinogen
- a substance on a RBC that can stimulate the body to make antibodies
- usually a protein and reacts specifically with the antibody it caused formation of
antibodies
- produced by the body in response to bacteria, viruses, or other foreign substances
- a substance present in the plasma that reacts in some way with the antigen that stimulated its formation
- once established, they are programmed to recognize the antigen as “foreign to the body” and will “attack it” it they come in contact with it again
agglutination
clumping of the red blood cells as a result of interaction with specific antibodies
coagulation
- the clotting of blood
- the process of transforming a liquid into a solid, especially of blood
allergen
a substance that can produce a hypersensitive reaction in the body
allergy
a hypersensitive reaction to normally harmless antigens, most of which are environmental
anaphylaxis
an exaggerated, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction to a previously encountered antigen
anisocytosis
a condition of the blood where the RBCs are of variable and abnormal size
aniso=unequal cyt/o=cell -osis=condition
ascites
an abnormal intraperitoneal accumulation of fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes
bilrubin
orange-yellow pigment of bile formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span
corpuscle
any cell of the body, red or white
dyscrasia
an abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow, such as leukemia, aplastic anemia, or prenatal Rh incompatibility
electrophoresis
the movement of a charged particle through a liquid medium in response to changes in an electric field; the particles of certain substance will migrate in a predictable direction and speed
electr/o-electrical; electricity -phoresis=transmission
erythremia
an abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
erythr/o=red -emia=blood condition
erythroblast
immature RBC
erythr/o-=red -blast=immature cell
erythropoiesis
the process of RBC production
erythr/o=red -poiesis=formation
erythropoietin
a hormone, synthesized in the kidneys and released in the blood stream in response to anoxia (lack of oxygen)
-the hormone stimulates and activates the production of the erythrocytes thereby increasing the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen
fibrin
an insoluble protein that is the substance of a blood clot
globin
a group of 4 globulin protein molecules that become bound by the iron in heme molecules to form hemoglobin
hematologist
a medical specialist in the field of hematology
hematology
the study of blood and blood-forming tissues
heme
iron; binds with and carries oxygen in the RBCs, and releasing it to tissues that give off excess carbon dioxide
hemolysis
the breakdown of RBCs and the release of hemoglobin that occurs at the end of the life span of the red cell
hem/o=blood -lysis=destruction or detachment
hemorrhage
the loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, internally or externally; may be arterial, venous, or capillary
hem/o=blood -rrhage=excessive flow or discharge
hemostasis
the termination of bleeding by mechanical or chemical means or by coagulation in the body
hem/o=blood -stasis=stopping or controlling
heparin
a naturally occurring anti-clotting factor in the body
hyperalbumininemia
an increased level of albumin in the blood
hyper=excessive albumin/o=protein/albumin
-emia=blood condition
hyperbilirubinemia
higher than normal levels of bile pigment, bilirubin in the blood
hyperlipemia
excessive levels of blood fats, usual caused by a lipoprotein lipase deficiency or a defect in the conversion of low-density lipoproteins to high-density lipoproteins; also called hyperlipidemia
hyperlipidemia
same as hyperlipemia
leukocytopenia
abnormal decrease in the number of WBCs to lower than 5,000 per cubic millimeter
megakarocyte
an extremely large bone marrow cell
myeloid
of or pertaining to the bone marrow or the spinal cord
pancytopenia
a decrease in the number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
pan=all cyt/o=cell -penia=deficiency
platelet
a clotting cell; a thrombocyte
prothrombin
- Factor II
- a plasma protein precursor of thrombin
- synthesized in the liver if adequate vit. K is present
reticulocyte
an immature erythrocyte consisting of a meshlike pattern of threads and particles at the former site of the nucleus
septicemia
systemic infection where pathogens are present in the circulating bloodstream, they spread from an infection some where in the body
seroconversion
a change in serologic tests from negative to positive as antibodies develop in reaction to an infection or vaccine
serology
the branch of lab medicine that studies blood serum for evidence of infection by elvaluating antigen-antibody reactions
serum
clear, thin, and sticky fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation; contains NO blood cells, platelets, or fibrinogen
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
stem cell
a formative cell; whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types
thrombin
an enzyme formed from prothrombin, calcium, and thromboplastin in plasma during the clotting process; it causes fibrinogen to change to fibrin which is essential in the formation of a clott
thrombocytopenia
abnormal hematologic condition where the numbers of platelets is reduced
thromboplastin
a complex substance that initiates the clotting process by converting prothrombin into thrombin in the presence of calcium ion
thrombus
a clot
anemia
- a condition where there is a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood to levels below the normal range, resulting in a deficiency of oxygen being delivered to the cells
- there are various types named according to the cause
- symptoms of all types: fatigue, paleness of skin, headache, fainting, tingling sensations, numbness, loss of appetite, swelling of lower extremities, difficulty breathing
aplastic anemia
- bone marrow depression anemia
- an inadequacy of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
- due to an insult to the bone marrow’s stem cells
- can develop after an infection, injury to bone marrow, b/c of neoplastic disorder of bone marrow, chemotherapy drugs, certain antibiotics, medications, radiation or toxic chemical exposure
- treated with blood transfusion or bone marrow transplant
hemolytic anemia
-hemolytic=the rupture or destruction of RBCs
-this anemia type=extreme reduction in circulating RBCs due to their destruction; reasons for the destruction can vary
-an=without -emia=blood condition
hem/o=blood -lytic=destruction
granulocytosis
abnormally elevated number of granulocytes in the circulating blood as a reaction to any variety of inflammation or infection
eosinophilia
allergic conditions such as parasitic infection or asthma, there is a spiraling of eosinophilic granulocytes
hemochromatosis
- a rare iron metabolism disease with iron deposits throughout the body, usually a complication of one of the hemolytic anemias
- usually in men over 40
- have a enlarged liver and bronze skin
- secondary complications: congestive heart failure or diabetes mellitus
- treatment: blood transfusions
hemophilia
- involves different hereditary inadequacies of coagulation factors resulting in prolonged bleeding times
- Hemophilia A: called ‘classic hemophilia’ is the result of a deficiency or absence of antihemophilic factor VIII, which results in traumatic or spontaneous bleeding in the joints, gums, or mouth; most common characteristic is hematuria
- Hemophilia B: called ‘Christmas disease’ is the deficiency of a coagulation factor IX
- Hemophilia A and B are only distinguished through laboratory differentiation of factor deficiencies
- other less common forms of hemophilia are: Von Willebrand’s disease and Rosenthal’s disease
leukemia
- excessive uncontrolled increase of immature WBCs in the blood eventually leading to infection, anemia, and thrombocytopenia
- classified as acute or chronic
- Acute:rapid onset and swiftly progresses to thrombocytopenia, progressive anemia, infective lesions in throat and mouth, high fever, and severe infection; affects adults and elderly
- Chronic: gradual progression
multiple myeloma
- a malignant plasma cell neoplasm that causes an increase in the number of both mature and immature plasma cells, which often entirely replace the bone marrow and destroy the skeletal structure
- bones become so fragile that movement can result in a fracture
- almost everyone has the Bence Jone’s protein in their urine
- symptoms: susceptibility to infections, anemia, hypercalcemia and renal damage
- poor survival rate
polycythemia vera
- abnormal increase in the number of RBCs, granulocytes, and thrombocytes leading to an increase in blood volume and viscosity (thickness)
- exact cause is unknown
- increased blood volume congests the spleen and liver with RBCs as well as stasis and thrombosis in other areas
- clinical manifestations include light-headedness, headaches, visual disturbances, vertigo, ruddy cynosis, of the face, and eventually congestive heart failure
- blood must be removed
purpura
- a collection of blood beneath the skin in the form of pinpoint hemorrhages appearing as red-purple skin discolorations
- caused from a decreased number of circulation platelets (thrombocytopenia)
- may produce a factor that will damage its own platelets
- idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
thalassemia
- a hereditary form of hemolytic anemia where the alpha or beta hemoglobin chains are defective and the production of hemoglobin is deficient creating hypochromic microcytic RBCs
- most frequently seen in Mediterranean descent people
- blood transfusions to save life is necessary and will eventually lead to accumulation of iron in the liver, heart and pancreas which leads to failure of the organs
direct antiglobulin test
- also called Combe’s test
- used to discover the presence of antierythrocyte antibodies present in the blood of an Rh-negative woman
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- ESR
- a test performed on the blood to measure the rate at which red blood cells settle out in a tube of unclotted blood
- with an inflammation, the protein content of plasma is increased, so RBCs tend to clump on top of one another, raising their weight and increasing the ESR
- ERS increase occurs in: pneumonia, acute myocardial infarction, severe anemia, and cancer
- ERS decrease occurs in:congestive heart failure, sickle cell anemia, polycythemia vera, and angina pectoris
hematocrit
an assessment of the RBC % in total blood volume
lipid profile
measures the lipids in the blood
prothrombin time
PT; a blood test used to evaluate the common pathway and extrinsic system of clot formation; assess clotting proficiency of factors I, II, V, VII and X; a PT higher than 30 is at risk of hemorrhage
red blood cell morphology
an examination of the RBC on a stained blood smear to identify the form and shape of the RBCs
-can see poikilocytosis and anisocytosis
reticulocyte count
a measurement of the number of circulating reticulocytes in the blood specimen
rouleaux
an aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact or may occur with persons with multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins
white blood cell differential
a measurement of the percentage of each specific type of circulating WBCs present in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood
-measured include neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
lymph
- moving fluid that comes from the blood and returns to the blood via lymphatic vessels
- once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatic vessels, it is known as lymph
immunity
the state of being protected from a disease
immunization
the process of creating immunity to a specific disease
immunology
the study of reaction of tissues of the immune system to antigenic stimulation
immunologist
the health specialist whose training and experience is concentrated in immunology
phagocytosis
the process of engulfing and destroying bacteria
tonsils
- masses of lymphatic tissue in a protective ring under the mucous membrane
- 3 groups: pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) near nasal cavity and throat; palatine tonsils we can easily see; lingual tonsils near the tongue base
- help protect against bacteria
- serve as the fist line of defense from the external environment
acquired immunity
immunity that is the result of the body developing the ability to defend itself against a specific agent as a result of having the disease or receiving an immunization
adenoids
the pharyngeal tonsils near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx
hypersensitivity
- abnormal condition characterized by an excessive reaction to a particular stimulus
- tissue damage resulting from exaggerated immune responses
- caused by 4 different mechanisms: IgE-mediated type I hypersensitivity response-acute systemic response; cytoxic type II hypersensitivity reaction-antibodies and antigens bond on body cells; immune complex-mediated type III sensitivity response-huge antibody, antigen and complement proteins interact to form massive complexes; delayed type IV hypersensitivity responses-involve T cells
immunotherapy
a treatment of allergic responses that administers increasingly large doses of the offending allergens to gradually develop immunity
lymphadenopathy
any disorder of the lymph nodes or vessels, characterized by enlargement
lymphocyte
small, agranulocytic leukocytes originating from fetal stem cells and developing in the bone marrow
macrophage
any phagocytic cell that helps fight infection and dispose of waste; found in the lymph nodes, liver, spleen, lungs, brain, and spinal cord
natural immunity
immunity in which we are born; also called genetic immunity
pathogens
disease-producing microorganisms
susceptible
a state of having a lack of resistance to pathogens and other harmful agents
T cells
- cells important to the immune response
- they mature in the thymus
- after maturation, they enter the blood stream and circulate the body providing defense against disease
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
- AIDS
- conditions that destroy the body’s immune system in the final phase of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
- primarily destroys helper T cells with CD4 receptors
cytomegalvirus
- a large species-specific herpes-type virus with a wide variety of disease effects
- serious for people with AIDS, newborns, and those treated with immunosuppressive drugs
- results in retinal or gastrointestinal infection
hypersplenism
a syndrome involving a deficiency of one or more types of blood cells and an enlarged spleen; many causes
Kaposi’s sarcoma
locally destructive malignant neoplasm of the blood vessels forming lesions on the skin, visceral organs or mucous membranes; associated with AIDS; occurs due to an overgrowth of cells that narrow the vessel diameter
lymphoma
- a lymphoid tissue neoplasm typically malignant, beginning with enlarge lymph nodes and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss
- Types of lymphoma: Burkitt’s lymphoma-on jaw or abdomen seen mostly in Central Africa; Hodgkin’s disease-progressive painless enlargement of malignant tumor of the nodes and spleen seen first in the cervical region in mostly males; Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma-any type of lymphoma other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma
mononucleosis
usually caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), typically benign, acute infection of the B lymphocytes
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease where antibodies block or destroy some acetylcholine receptor sites reducing neuromuscular transmissions with facial muscle weakness symptom or even paralysis
my/o=muscle -asthenia=loss of strength
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
caused by a worldwide parasite, Pneumocystis carinii for which most people have immunity to unless immune system is compromised
pneum/o=lungs; air cyst/o=sac -is=noun ending
pneumon/o=lungs; air -ia=condition
sarcoidosis
systemic inflammatory disease resulting in the formation of multiple small rounded lesions in the lungs, lymph nodes, eyes, liver, and other organs seen mostly in African American females between 20-40; can cause disability
carc/o=flesh -oid=resembling -osis=condition
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ELISA
- a blood test used for screening for an antibody to the AIDS virus
western blot
test that detects the presence of the antibodies to HIV and confirms the ELISA test
lymphangiogram
an X-ray assessment of the lymphatic system following injection of a contrast medium into the lymph vessels in the hand or foot
lymph/o-lymph angi/o-vessel -gram-record or picture
bilrubin
the pigment of bile from the break down of RBCs at the end of their life
immune
protects the body; the system consists of bone marrow, thymus, lymphoid tissues & vessels, nodes, and spleen
immunideficiency
the failure of the immune system
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease, antibodies block or destroy the acetylcholine receptor sites
pernicious anemia
mature RBC deficiency; consists of circulating megaloblast, poikilocytosis, and anisocytosis
poikliocytosis
RBC shape variation
polycythemia
condition of excessive cells in the blood
sickle cell anemia
hereditary, crescent-shaped RBCs cause low oxygen; RBCs clot causing infarction and pain
blastocyte
immature cell
chromophilic
pertaining to the tendancy to color—-e.g. basophils and eosinophils are chromophilic
cytogenesis
the formation and development of cells
erythrocytopenia
RBC deficiency
erythrocytosis
RBC condition
hemogram
blood record
monocytopenia
monocyte deficieny
morphology
the study of the forms of things
karyocyte
a cell with a nucleus
isotonic
same osmotic pressure as those around them
myeloblast
immature bone marrow or spinal cord cell
nucleus
the central control center of a cell
phagocyte
a cell that engulfs and/or destroys things
prothrombin time (PT)
test for the clotting formation time. time it takes to convert prothrombin into thrombin
rouleaux
an aggregation of RBCs viewed through the microscope that may be an artifact or may occur with persons with multiple myeloma as a result of abnormal proteins
sideroblast
immature iron-rich RBC in the bone marrow
spheroid
resembling a sphere
spherocytosis
condition of a sphere shaped cell
