Chapter 12 Spelling words Flashcards
1
Q
gastrointestinal tract
A
another name for the digestive system or alimentary canal
2
Q
digestive tract
A
another name for the digestive system or alimentary canal
3
Q
alimentary canal
A
- another name for the digestive tract, digestive track , and gastrointestinal tract
- musculomembranous tube, about 30 feet, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane
4
Q
gastroenterologist
A
-a physician who specializes in the study of diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile duct)
gastr/o=stomach enter/o=small intestine -logist=one whoe specializes in the study of
5
Q
nutritionist
A
-an allied professional who studies and applies the principles and science of nutrition
6
Q
rugae
A
- irregular ridges or folds in mucous membrane lining of the hard palate
- they are also found in the stomach which allows the stomach to expand
7
Q
uvula
A
- a small, cone-shaped projection where the soft palate ends
- aids in the digestive track
- helps in producing sounds and speech
8
Q
mastication
A
-chewing, tearing or grinding food with the teeth while it becomes mixed with saliva
9
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
10
Q
papillae
A
- small, rough elevations on the tongue
- contain the taste buds that detect sweet, sour, salty, and bitter tastes of food or beverages
11
Q
amylase
A
-an enzyme that aids in the digestion of carbohydrates by breaking them down into smaller carb molecules
amyl/o=starch -ase=enzyme
12
Q
lipase
A
-an enzyme that aids in the digestion of fats
13
Q
salivary glands
A
- part of the accessory structures of the digestive tract
- 3 pairs=the parotids, the submandibulars, and the sublinguals
- secretes most of the saliva produced each day through ducts
14
Q
saliva
A
- water and mucous and digestive enzymes
- softens food and begins the digestion of food
15
Q
gingiva
A
- a gum
- gum tissue
- plural=gingivae
16
Q
pharynx
A
- the throat
- passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems
- 3 parts= the nasopharynx, the oropharynx, and the laryngopharynx
17
Q
oropharynx
A
-the portion of the pharynx leading away from the oral cavity
18
Q
esophagus
A
- receives food from the pharynx and propels it on to the stomach
- muscular tube, 10” long, passes through an opening in the diaphragm and connects to the stomach
19
Q
cardiac sphincter
A
-the muscular ring that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach
-also known as the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
-when it relaxes—it opens to allow food
-when it contracts—it closes and prevents stomach content from going back into the esophagus
cardi/o=heart -ac=pertaining to
20
Q
stomach
A
- in ULQ and have 3 major divisions=the fundus, the body, and the pylorus
- gastric juices found in the folds chemically break down foods
- muscular action causes churning which mixes the food with the secretions to create chyme
21
Q
duodenum
A
-the first part of the small intestines
-also referred to as the gastric antrum
-apppr. 12” long
-receives chyme from the pylorus, secretions from the liver and pancreas
-the shortest, widest and most fixed portion of the small intestine
duoden/o=duodenum -um=noun ending
22
Q
pyloric sphincter
A
- regulates the passage of the food from the stomach into the duodenum
- releases chyme in small amounts into the small intestine
23
Q
chyme
A
-a liquid-like mixture of partially digested food and digestive secretions in the stomach just before it is released into the duodenum
24
Q
jejunum
A
- connects the duodenum to the illeum
- appr. 8ft long
25
ileum
- continuous with the jejunum
- connects it to the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter
- distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum
26
villi
- tiny, fingerlike projections in the mucous membrane of the small intestine
- surrounded by capillaries and functions to absorb nutrients
27
cecum
- a blind pouch on right side 2-3 inches beyond the ileocecal junction to the beginning of the colon
- the vermiform appendix hangs from the lower portion
- contains the first part of the colon
- joins the last part of the small intestine, the illeum
28
colon
- the longest portion of the large intestine
- 4 sections=ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
- ascends from the cecum to the rectum
29
sigmoid colon
- the curved portion of the colon
| - connects the descending colon to the rectum
30
rectum
- last 7-8 inches of the large intestine
| - connects the sigmoid colon to the anus
31
anus
-the opening through which feces are eliminated from the body
an/o=anus -us=noun ending
32
feces
- the solid waste products of digestion
| - formed in the intestines and expelled through the rectum
33
defecation
-the act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus
34
bile
- a yellowish-greenish emulsifier of fats
- comes from the liver
- components are bile salts, bile pigments, and cholesterol
35
gallbladder
- pear-shaped sac on the undersurface of the right lobe of the liver and connected via the cystic duct
- stores and concentrates the bile produced by the liver
- bile is released when chyme enters the duodenum and the presence of fatty content is detected
36
bilirubin
- primary bile pigment
- orange-yellow pigment of bile
- formed by the breakdown of hemoglobin in RBCs at the end of their life span
37
glucose
- simple sugar
| - major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids
38
glycogenesis
-when the liver converts excess amounts of blood glucose into a complex form of sugar (starch) for storage in the liver cells
glyc/o=sugar; sweet -genesis=the production of; formation of
39
glycogen
- complex sugar (starch)
- the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells
- -preserved in the liver for use when the blood sugar is extremely low
- formed from glucose
40
glycogenolysis
-when blood sugars are dangerously low, the liver breaks down the stored glycogen into glucose and releases it into the blood
glyc/o=sugar; sweet gen/o=to produce -lysis=destruction or detachment
41
pancreas
- elongated organ of appr. 6-9 inches in ULQ of abdomen, behind the stomach
- functions both as a exocrine and endocrine gland
- exocrine=manufactures digestive juices containing trypsin, pancreatic lipase, pancreatic amylase, and sodium bicarbonate, which neutralizes acidic stomach content
- endocrine=manufactures insulin, which go right into the blood capillaries
- Cells=beta cells (insulin); alpha cells (glucagon)
42
glucagon
- a hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
- produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas
- stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar is dangerously low
43
deciduous teeth
- the first set of teeth
- the "baby teeth"
- set of 20, beginning at 6 months and gone by 17 yrs old
44
enamel
- the hardest substance in the body
| - covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth
45
dentin
- surrounds the pulp cavity
- forms the bulk of the tooth shell
- situated inside of the enamel and cementum
46
absorption
the passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or liquids into kidney tubules
47
amino acids
an organic chemical compound of one or more basic amino groups and one or more acidic carboxyl groups
48
ascitic fluid
- a watery fluid that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in assoc. w/ certain diseases (such as liver disease)
- consists of albumin, glucose, and electrolytes
49
bicuspid tooth
- one of two teeth between the molars and canines
- have flat surface for crushing and grinding food
- also known as premolar tooth
50
bolus
-ball-like mass of chewed food that is ready to be swallowed
51
bowel
-the portion of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus
52
canine tooth
- any one of the four teeth immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches
- also called cuspid tooth
53
cholelithiasis
-abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
| chol/o=bile lith/o=stone; calculus -iasis=presence of an abnormal condition
54
cuspid tooth
-canine tooth
55
emulsify
to disperse a liquids into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension
56
endocrine gland
-a gland that secretes its enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts
endo=within -crine=secrete
57
enzyme
- a protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
58
exocrine gland
-a gland that secretes its enzymes into a network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
59
gavage
-a procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube
60
gingivitis
-inflammation of the gums
| gingiv/o=gums -itis=inflammation
61
hematemesis
-vomiting of blood
| hemat/o=blood -emesis=to vomit
62
hepatocyte
-liver cell
| hepat/o=liver cyte=cell
63
hydrochloric acid
-a compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine
64
incisor
one of eight teeth the first appear as primary teeth during infancy are replaced by permanent incisors during childhood and last until old age
65
insulin
a naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
66
molar tooth
- any of the 12 teeth posterior to the premolar teeth
| - flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food
67
parotid gland
-one of the largest pairs of salivary glands that lie at the side of the face just below and in front of the external ear
68
paristalsis
-the coordinated, rhythmic, serial contraction of smooth muscle that forces food through the digestive tract, bile through the bile duct, and urine through the ureters
69
peritoneum
-the serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
70
sphincter
-a circular band of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening in the body, such as the hepatic sphincter in the muscular coat of the hepatic veins near the union with the superior vena cava (or anal sphincter)
71
triglycerides
-a compound consisting of fatty acid (oleic, palmitic, or stearic) and glycerol
72
uvula
-the small- coned-shaped process suspended in the mouth from the middle of the posterior border of the soft palate
73
achlorhydria
-an abnormal condition characterized by the absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice
a=without, not chlor/o=green hydr/o=water -ia=condition
74
anorexia
-lack of or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat
an=without -orexia=to eat
75
aphagia
-a condition characterized by the loss of the ability to swallow as a result of organic or psychologic causes
76
borborygmus
- an audible abdominal sound produced by hyperactive intestinal peristalsis
- rumbling, gurgling, and tinkling noises heard when listening with a stethosope
77
constipation
-difficulty in passing stools or an incomplete or infrequent passage of hard stools
78
diarrhea
-a frequent passage of loose, watery stools
79
dyspepsia
- a vague feeling of epigastric discomfort after eating
-feelings of fullness, heartburn, bloating, and nausea
dys=bad; difficult; painful; disordered -pepsia=digestion
80
dysphagia
-difficulty in swallowing, often associated with obstructive or motor disorders of the esophagus
dys=bad; difficult; painful; disordered -phagia=to eat
81
emaciation
-excessive leanness caused by disease or lack of nutrition
82
emesis
- material expelled from the stomach during vomiting
| - vomitus
83
eructation
- the act of bringing up air from the stomach with a characteristic sound through the mouth
- belching
84
flatus; flatulence
-air or gas in the intestine that is passed through the rectum
85
gastroesophageal reflux
-the backflow of the content of the stomach into the esophagus that is often the result of incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter
gastr/o=stomach esophag/o=esophagus -eal=pertaining to
86
icterus
- a yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera of the eyes caused by greater than normal amounts of bilirubin in the blood
- jaundice
87
jaundice
-icterus
88
melena
-abnormal, black, tarry stool containing digested blood
89
nausea
-an unpleasant sensation often leading to the urge to vomit
90
pruritus ani
common chronic condition of itching of the skin around the anus
91
steatorrhea
-greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces
-frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter that floats
steat/o=fat -rrhea=discharge; flow
92
vomit
-to expel the content of the stomach through the esophagus and out of the mouth
93
vomitus
-emesis
94
achalasia
- decreased mobility of the lower 2/3 of the esophagus and constriction of the lower esophageal sphincter
- usually from lack of nerve impulses and absence of sympathetic receptors
- relaxation of the sphincter fails to happen
- fluid and food accumulate in the lower esophagus
- diagnosed with barium swallow and endoscopy
95
anal fistula
- an abnormal passageway in the skin surface near the anus usually connecting with the rectum
- may occur as the result of a draining abscess
96
aphthous stomatitis
-small, inflammatory, noninfectious, ulcerated lesions occurring on the lips, tongue, and inside the cheeks
-canker sores
-no known cause but possibly emotional stress, food and drug allergies, endocrine imbalances, viral infections, and vitamin deficiency
-painful but heal in 7-14 days
stomat/o=mouth -itis=inflammation
97
appendicitis
- inflammation of the vermiform appendix
- usually acute and can lead to rupture with resulting inflammation of the peritoneum (peritonitis)
- caused by an obstruction of the appendix opening
- symptoms: anorexia, nausea, pain
- applying pressure over McBurney's point can indicate this condition
98
celiac disease
- nutrient malabsorption due to damaged small-bowel mucosa
- occurs because of ingesting gluten-containing foods such as barley, rye, oats, and wheat
- fat digestion is affected
- manifests as steatorrhea, abdominal distension, and malnourished appearance
- must not eat gluten foods to treat
99
cirrhosis
- a disease of the liver that chronic and degenerative
-causes damage to the hepatocytes
-fats infiltrate the lobules of the liver, the tissue covering the lobes becomes fibrous, and the functions of the liver eventually deteriorate
-happens as the result of common liver diseases, alcoholism, malnutrition, infection or poisons
-diagnosis: blood tests and liver biopsy
-treatment:eliminate the cause, sometimes liver transplant
cirrh/o=yellow/tawny -osis=condition
100
colorectal cancer
- the presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine
- most are adenocarcinomas
- 50% originate in the rectum
- cause is unknown but risk factors include high fat, low-residue diet, history of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or familial polyposis
- diagnosis: examination, barium enema, sigmoidoscopy, and/or colonoscopy, and stool examination
101
constipation
- patterns of bowel elimination is infrequent and stools are hard and dry making defecation difficult
- common complaint among older adults
- factors: decreased peristalsis, decreased appetite, inadequate fluid intake, and lack of exercise
- diet to prevent: small frequent meals, > fiber, and plenty of fluids
102
Crohn's disease
- chronic digestive tract inflammation causing fever, cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia
- inflammation of the bowel usually results in extreme swelling, obstruction, malnutrition
- also known as regional enteritis
103
dental caries
- tooth decay by acid-forming microorganisms
- the organisms live off of fermentable carbohydrates (sugars)
- creates decalcification of the tooth's enamel and dentin
- between the teeth and on the grooves of the chewing surfaces of the teeth
- prevention: fluoride, flossing, and brushing
104
diverticular disease
- used for both diverticulosis and diverticulitis
- diverticulosis: non-inflamed out-pouchings or herniations of the muscular layer of the intestine, typically the sigmoid colon
- diverticulitis: the inflammation of the pouches
- common after age 45, low fiber diets
- symptoms: cramping pain, fever increased flatus, and elevated WBC count
- diagnosis: proctoscopy and barium enemas
105
dysentery
- painful intestinal inflammation often caused by ingesting water or food containing bacteria, protozoa, parasites, or chemical irritants
- a person has frequent stools that often contain blood
- occurs as a result of unsanitary conditions
106
esophageal varices
-swollen, twisted (tortuous) veins located in the distal end of the esophagus
-usually caused by portal hypertension (causes pressure in the veins to increase and susceptible to hemorrhage) which occurs because of liver disease
esophag/o=esophagus -eal=pertaining to
107
hemorrhoids
- an unnaturally distended or swollen vein (called a varicosity) in the distal rectum or anus
- internal hemorrhoids=occurring above the internal sphincter; are very painful and may bleed
- external hemorrhoids=occurring outside the sphincter; do not typically bleed or cause pain
108
hepatitis
-acute or chronic inflammation of the liver due to a viral or bacterial infection, drugs, alcohol, toxins, or parasites
-presents as gastric discomfort; enlarged, tender liver; jaundice; anorexia, joint pain; elevated liver enzymes
-most common is viral hepatitis A, B, or C
-Hep A: transmitted by fecal-oral route b/c of poor hygiene, contaminated water, or shellfish
-Hep B: transmitted from blood or body fluid; potential to lead to excessive destruction of liver cells, cirrhosis, or death
Hep C: transmitted through blood transfusions, needle sharing; 1/2 case progress to a chronic state
109
hernia
- an irregular protrusion of tissue, organ, or a portion of an organ through an abnormal break in the surrounding cavity's muscular wall
- muscle weakness can be due to inheritance, aging, heavy lifting, obesity, coughing, or pregnancy
- hiatal hernia or diaphragmatic hernia: associated with the digestive system, occurs as a result of an upward protrusion of the stomach through the diaphragm due to an enlarged cardiac spincter
110
herpetic stomatitis
- inflammatory infectious lesions in or on the oral cavity occurring as a primary or a secondary viral infection caused by herpes simplex
- the primary infection usually occurs during early childhood and often asymptomatic or form of ulcerations in the mouth
- secondary is a recurrent viral infection lying dormant until reactivated by a fever, upper respiratory infection, or sunlight exposure; lesions appear on lips, palate, tongue and gingiva of mouth and called cold sores
111
Hirschsprung's disease
-absence at birth of the autonomic ganglia in a segment of the intestinal smooth muscle wall that normally stimulates peristalsis
112
ileus
- a term used to describe an obstruction of the intestine
| - may occur because of twisting of the bowel, absence of peristalsis, presence of adhesions or tumor
113
intestinal obstruction
- complete or partial alteration in the forward flow of the content in the small or large intestines
- constitutes a surgical emergency within 24 hours
- Causes: inflammation causing < diameter of lumen; adhesions forming after abdominal surgery; tumors; hernias becoming incarcerated; volvulus occurs when bowel becomes twisted; intussusception; neurogenic factors resulting in lack of peristalsis after surgery
- Treatment: often with a intestinal tube
114
intussusception
- telescoping of a portion of proximal intestine into distal intestine, usually ileocecal region
- usually occurs in infants and young children
- diagnosed and treated with a barium enema and surgery if that doesn't work.
115
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); spastic colon
- increased motility of the small or large intestinal wall, resulting in abdominal pain, flatulence, nausea, anorexia, and trapping of gas thought the intestines
- diarrhea may occur
- is distinctively in response to emotional stress
116
oral leukoplakia
-a precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth
-they have clearly defined borders
-occurs because of chronic mucosal irritation, which occurs with the use of tobacco and alcohol
or/o=mouth -al=pertaining to leuk/o=white -plakia=a plate; flat plate
117
pancreatitis
- an acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas
- acute: presents quickly; can be mild or severe
- chronic: permanent, progressive destruction of the pancreatic cells identified with fibrosis, atrophy, and fatty degeneration and calification
118
peptic ulcers (gastric, duodenal, perforated)
- a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal tract as a result of hyperacidity or the bacterium Helicobacter pylori
- they are acute or chronic, singular or clustered, and shallow or deep
- acute are often shallow and multiple w/ few symptoms and heal w/out scarring
- chronic is often singular, deep, symptomatic, and persistent
- if creates a hole through, it is a perforating ulcer needing surgery
119
periodontal disease
- used to describe a group of inflammatory gum disorders, which may lead to degeneration of teeth, gums, and sometimes surrounding bones
- occurs in 90% of the population
- early stages=gingivitis, discoloration, and bleeding
- late stages=purulent inflammation of the gums (pyorrhea)
120
thrush
- a fungal infection in the mouth and throat, producing sore, creamy white, slightly raised curdlike patches on the tongue and other oral mucosal surfaces
- caused by the fungus Candida albicans
- common in infants or people w/ immunosuppressed systems
121
ulcerative colitis
- a chronic inflammatory condition resulting in a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane lining of the colon in the form of ulcers
- characterized by large watery diarrheal stools containing mucus, pus, or blood; discomfort and intestinal spasms
- causes an increased risk of colon cancer
122
volvulus
- a rotation of loops of bowel, causing twisting on itself that results in an intestinal obstruction
123
abdominal ultrasound
- using very-high-frequency sound waves to provide visualization of the internal organs of the abdomen
- also known as an abdominal sonogram
124
abdominocentesis (paracentesis)
-insertion of a needle or trocar into the abdominal cavity to remove excess fluid, with the person in a sitting position
abdomin/o=abdomen -centesis=surgical puncture
para=near, beside, 2 like parts -centesis=surgical puncture
125
alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
- a hepatocellular enzyme released in elevated amounts due to liver dysfunction
- also known as serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT)
- high levels can indicate hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic necrosis, hepatic ischemia, hepatic tumor, hepatotoxic drugs, obstructive jaundice, myositis, and pancreatitis
126
alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
- enzyme is found in the highest concentrations in the liver, biliary tract, and bone
- increased levels found in cirrhosis, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary obstruction, liver tumors, and intestinal ischemia or infarction
- decreased levels seen in malnutrition, celiac disease, and excess vit B ingestion
127
amylase
- enzyme secreted from the pancreatic cells that travels to the duodenum by way of the pancreatic duct and aids in digestion
- when the pancreatic duct is blocked or there is damage to the cells that secrete amylase, the enzyme pours into the free peritoneum and intrapancreatic lymph system
- abnormal levels can indicate acute pancreatitis, penetrating or perforated peptic ulcers, perforated bowel, necrotic bowel, duodenal obstruction and acute cholecystitis
128
appendectomy
- surgical removal of the appendix
| - if no rupture has occurred, a laparoscopic appendectomy may be performed by removing appendix through a scope
129
barium enima (BE)
- infusion of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, into the rectum and held in the lower intestinal tract while X-ray films are obtained of the lower GI tract
- can help find malignant tumors, colonic stenosis, colonic fistula, perforated colon, diverticula, and polyps
- lower GI series
130
barium swallow (UGI)
- oral administration of a radiopaque contrast medium, barium sulfate, which flows into the esophagus as the person swallows
- X-rays are taken of esophagus, borders of the heart, lower esophagus, stomach, and duodenum
- lower GI series
131
cheiloplasty
-surgically correcting a defect of the lip
| cheil/o=lip -plasty=surgical repair
132
cholecystectomy
-surgical removal of the gallbladder
| cholecyst/o=gallbladder -ectomy=removal of
133
cholecystography
-visualization of the gallbladder through X-ray following the oral ingestion of pills containing a radiopaque iodinated dye
chol/e=bile cyst/o=bladder, sac, or csyt -graphy=process of recording
134
colonoscopy
-direct visualization of the lining of the large intestine using a fiberoptic colonoscope
colon/o=colon -scopy=the process of viewing
135
colostomy
-surgical creation of a new opening on the abdominal wall through which the feces will be expelled by bringing the incised colon out to the abdominal surface
col/o=colon -stomy=the surgical creation of a new opening
136
CT of the abdomen
- a painless, noninvasive X-ray procedure that produces an image created by the computer representing a detailed cross section of the tissue structure within the abdomen
- e.g. computerized tomography (CT) of the abdomen
137
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
-ERCP
-a procedure that examines the size of and filling of the pancreatic and biliary ducts through direct radiographic visualization with a fiberoptic endoscope
endo=within scop/o=to view -ic=pertaining to
chol/e=bile angi/o=vessel pancreat/o=pancreas -graphy=process of recording
138
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
-ESWL
-an alternative treatment for gallstones by using ultrasound to align the computerized lithotripter and source of shock waves with the stones to crush the gallstones and thus enable the contraction of the gallbladder to remove stone fragments
extra=outside, beyond corpor/o=body -eal=pertaining to lith/o=stone -tripsy=intentional crushing
139
fluoroscopy
-radiological technique used to examine the function of an organ or a body part by using a fluoroscope
flour/o=luminous -scopy=the process of viewing
140
herniorrhaphy
- the surgical repair of a hernia by closing the defect, using sutures , mesh, or wire
- rrhaphy=suturing
141
liver biopsy
-a piece of liver tissue is obtained for examination by inserting a specially designed needle into the liver through the abdominal wall
142
liver scan
- a noninvasive scanning technique, that enables the visualization of the shape, size, and consistency of the liver ofter the IV injection of a radioactive compound
- the compound is taken up by the Kupffer cells
143
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- noninvasive procedure that provides visualization of fluid soft tissue, and bony structures without the use of radiation
- changes the alignment of hydrogen atoms
144
nasogastric intubation
- tube placement through the nose into the stomach for the purpose of relieving gastric distension by removing gastric secretions, gas, or food
- nas/o=nose gastr/o=stomach -ic=pertaining to
145
percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
-examination of the bile duct structure by using a needle to pass directly into an intrahepatic bile duct to inject a contrast medium
per=through cutane/o=skin -ous=pertaining to
trans=across hepat/o=liver -ic=pertaining to
chol/e=bile angi/o=vessel -graphy=process of recording
146
serum bilirubin
- a measurement of the bilirubin level in the serum
- serum bilirubin is the result of the breakdown of RBCs
- jaundice caused by abnormally high levels of bilirubin
147
serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT)
- an enzyme that has very high concentrations in liver cells
- also known as aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
- testing levels indicates extent of disease on the liver cells
148
stool culture
-the collection of a stool specimen placed on one or more culture mediums and allowed to grow colonies of microorganisms to identify specific pathogen(s)
149
stool guaiac
-test on a stool specimen using guaiac as a reagent, which identifies the presence of blood in the stool
150
urinary bilirubin
- a test performed on urine to check for conjugated or direct bilirubin in a urine specimen
- bilirubin should not normally be in urine
151
biliary
-of or relating to the bile or bile duct
152
atresia
-absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage in the body.
153
buccal
cheek
154
cecostomy
a surgical procedure that is used to clear the bowels of fecal matter
155
celiac rickets
arrested growth and osseous deformities associated with defective absorption of fat and calcium in celiac disease.
156
cheilosis
condition of the lips
157
cholecystitis
-inflammation of the gallbladder
158
cholecytogram
-picture of the gallbladder
159
colorectal
pertaining to colon and rectum
160
duodenal
pertaining to the duodenum
161
duodenstomy
surgical opening in the duodenum
162
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestines
163
esophagitis
inflammation of the esophagus
164
gastrectasia
dilation or expansion of the stomach
165
gastric
pertaining to the stomach
166
gastrointestinal endoscopy
internal visual examination pertaining to the stomach and intestines
167
gastrorrhagia
hemorrhage from the stomach
168
gastrospasm
spasm of the stomach
169
gastrostomy
surgical opening in the stomach
170
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
171
glucogenesis
The formation of glucose through the breakdown of glycogen.
172
glycolysis
conversion of glucose to the simpler compounds
173
hepatomegaly
enlargement of the liver
174
hepatorrhaphy
suture of the liver
175
ileocecal
pertaining to the ileum and cecum
176
insulin
a protein hormone formed in the beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The major fuel-regulating hormone, it is secreted into the blood in response to a rise in concentration of blood glucose or amino acids. Insulin promotes the storage of glucose and the uptake of amino acids, increases protein and lipid synthesis, and inhibits lipolysis and gluconeogenesis
177
jejunostomy
surgical opening in the jejunem
178
laparoscopy
surgical procedure in which a small incision is made, usually in the navel, through which a viewing tube (laparoscope) is inserted
179
lingual
relating to, near, or on the side toward the tongue.
180
lipolysis
the breakdown of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids.
181
lipoma
a benign tumor of fatty tissue.
182
lithogenesis
the formation of stones
183
lithotripsy
to crush or break stones
184
mandibular
the jaw or a jawbone
185
oral
mouth
186
orthodontist
one who treats the teeth
187
paracentesis
a procedure during which fluid from the abdomen is removed through a needle
188
pharyngoscope
an instrument used to examine the pharynx
189
proctoscopy
visual examination of the rectum and anus
190
polyphagia
excessive eating
191
rectocele
swelling or hernia of the rectum
192
sialogram
an instrument to record saliva
193
sigmoidoscopy
visual examination of the sigmoid colon
194
spastic colon
irritable bowel syndrome
195
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
196
stomatoplasty
surgical repair of the mouth
