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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 Spelling Words > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Spelling Words Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acromegaly

A
  • a chronic metabolic condition
    -enlargement of face, jaw and extremities
    -due to hypersecretion of the human growth hormone from the pituitary gland after puberty
    acr/o=extremities -megaly=enlargement
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2
Q

Addison’s disease

A
  • life-threatening disease process due to failure of the adrenal cortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids
  • results from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland
  • diagnosis from an ACTH stimulation test
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3
Q

adenohypophysis

A

the anterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

adenoma

A

a glandular tumor

aden/o=gland -oma=tumor

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5
Q

adenopathy

A

-any disease of a gland (usually enlarged)

aden/o=gland -pathy=disease

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6
Q

adrenalectomy

A

-surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands

adren/o=adrenal gland -ectomy=surgical removal

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7
Q

adrenocortical

A

-pertaining to the cortex of the adrenal glands

adren/o=adrenal glands cortic/o=cortex -al=pertaining to

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8
Q

adrenomegaly

A

enlargement of the adrenal glands

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9
Q

aldosterone

A
  • a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex

- regulates sodium and potassium balance in the blood

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10
Q

androgen

A

-any steroid hormone (e.g. testosterone) that increases male characteristics

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11
Q

antidiuretic

A

-pertaining to the suppression of urine production
-an agent given to suppress the production of urine
anti=against di/a=through ur/o=urine -etic=pertaining to

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12
Q

Conn’s disease

A
  • condition where excessive amounts of aldosterone causes the body to retain extra sodium and excrete extra potassium leading to an increased volume of blood (hypervolemia) and hypertension
  • caused by an aldosteronoma, a benign aldosterone-secreting adenoma or adrenal hyperplasia
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13
Q

cortex

A

pertaining to the outer region of an organ or structure

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14
Q

cortisol

A
  • a steroid hormone occurring naturally in the body

- also called hydrocortisone

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15
Q

cretinism

A
  • a congenital condition caused by a lack of thyroid secretion
  • characterized by dwarfism, slowed mental development, puffy facial features, dry skin, and large tongue
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16
Q

corticosteroid

A
  • any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones) or any synthetic equivalents
  • divided into two major groups, the glucocorticoids (regulate metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins in body; necessary to maintain normal blood pressure; have anti-inflammatory affect and mineralocorticoids (regulates salts processed in body)
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17
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A
  • a condition of the adrenal gland with a cluster of symptoms because of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood
  • the excessive amounts have wither secreted from the adrenal cortex or are present because of large glucocorticoid doses
  • primary Cushing’s syndrome is b/c of a benign or malignant adrenal tumor causing the excessive production of cortisol
  • secondary Cushing’s syndrome is a result of Cushing’s disease, a disorder of the pituitary or hypothalamus
  • moon face is famous symptom
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18
Q

diabetes insipidus

A
  • a metabolic disorder with polydipsia and polyuria

- disorder of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency in secretion of the antidiuretic hormone

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19
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

-a disorder of the pancreas where the beta cells of the islet of Langerhans fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin or able to use insulin
-the body cannot metabolize carbs, fats, and proteins appropriately
-causes excessive ketones in the urine, glycosuria, polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, muscle weakness, pruritus, and fatigue
-Type1: autoimmune disorder; formally known as insulin-dependent diabetes; prone to diabetic ketoacidosis; injects insulin
Type2: occurs after age 30 in often overweight people; can be controlled with diet and exercise but sometimes needs insulin

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20
Q

diabetic retinopathy

A

-a disorder of the blood vessels of the retina of the eye where the capillaries of the retina experience localized area of bulging, hemorrhages, leakage, and scarring
retin/o=retina -pathy=disease

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21
Q

dipsosis

A

a condition of thirst

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22
Q

dwarfism

A
  • generalized growth retardation of the body due to the deficiency of the human growth hormone
  • also known as congenital hypopituitarism or hypopituitarism
  • very short with a small body, absence of secondary sex characteristics, may include some mental retardation
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23
Q

endocrine gland

A

-a ductless gland that produces a hormone which secretes directly into the bloodstream instead of exiting through ducts
endo=within crine=secrete

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24
Q

endocrinologist

A

-a physician who specializes in the medical practice of treating the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system

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25
Q

endocrinology

A

-the field of medicine that deals with the study of the endocrine system and of the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system

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26
Q

epinephrine

A
  • a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla
  • plays an important role in the body’s response to stress by increasing the heart rate, dilating the bronchioles and releasing glucose into the bloodstream
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27
Q

estrogen

A
  • one of the female hormones

- promotes the development of sex characteristics

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28
Q

euthyroid

A

-pertaining to a normally functioning thyroid gland

eu=well, easily, good, normal thryroid/o=thyroid gland

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29
Q

exocrine gland

A

-a gland that opens onto the surface of the skin through ducts in the epithelium, such as an oil gland or a sweat gland
exo=outward -crine=secrete

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30
Q

exophthalmia

A

-an abnormal condition where a marked outward protrusion of the eyeballs
ex=outward ophthalm/o=eye -ia=condition

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31
Q

exophthalmos

A

same as exophthalmia

ex=outward ophthalm/o=eye -os=a suffix indicating a singular noun

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32
Q

gestational diabetes

A
  • occurs during pregnancy with signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus but disappears after the delivery of the baby
  • usually in the later part of the pregnancy
  • risks:obesity, over 30 yrs old, history of birthing large babies, family history of diabetes, previous stillborn, previous births with defects
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33
Q

gigantism

A
  • a proportional overgrowth of the body’s tissue due to the hypersecretion of the human growth hormone before puberty
  • especially in the long bones
  • often caused by an adenoma of the anterior pituitary
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34
Q

glucagon

A

-a hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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35
Q

glucogenesis

A

-the formation of glycogen from fatty acids and proteins instead of from carbohydrates
gluc/o=sugar, sweet -genesis=formation; production of

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36
Q

glycogenesis

A

-the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use
glyc/o=sugar, sweet

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37
Q

glucose

A

the simplest form of sugar in the body

-a simple sugar found in certain foods and major source of energy for the body

38
Q

glycosuria

A

the presence of sugar in the urine

39
Q

goiter

A
  • enlargement of the thyroid gland due to hyperplasia

- results from a deficient amount of iodine in the diet

40
Q

gonads

A

female sex glands (ovaries) and make sex glands (testes)

41
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

-the synthesis of glucose from molecules that are not carbohydrates, such as amino and fatty acids.

42
Q

glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

-a test that evaluates the person’s ability to tolerate a concentrated oral glucose load by measuring the glucose levels: prior to glucose; 30 min. after glucose; 1 hr after glucose; 2 hours after glucose; 3 hours after glucose
gluc/o=sugar, sweet -ose=carbohydrate

43
Q

glycogenolysis

A

-The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose.

44
Q

gonadotropic

A

stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary

45
Q

gonadotropin

A

-any hormone that stimulates the gonads, especially follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone.

46
Q

hirsutism

A

-excessive facial and/or body hair in women

47
Q

hypercalcemia

A

-elevated blood calcium level

hyper=excessive glyc/o=sugar, sweet -emia=blood condition

48
Q

hyperglycemia

A

-elevated blood sugar level

hyper=excessive glyc/o=sugar emia=blood condition

49
Q

hypergonadism

A

-excessive activity of the ovaries or testes

50
Q

hyperinsulinism

A

-excessive amount of insulin in the body

51
Q

hyperkalemia

A

-elevated potassium level

hyper=excessive kal/i=potassium -emia=blood condition

52
Q

hypernatremia

A

-elevated blood sodium level

hyper natr/i=sodium -emia

53
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

-hyperactivity of any of the four parathyroid glands
-results in oversecretion of parathyroid hormone which leads to excessive levels of calcium in the blood and low levels of calcium in the bones
-also called hypercalcemia
hyper parathyroid/o -ism

54
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

-overactivity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

55
Q

hyperthyroidism

A
  • hypertrophy and overactivity of the thyroid gland
  • increased thyroid excretion causing increased metabolism
  • -also called Grave’s disease; three significant complications: exophthalmia; thyroid storm (thyrotoxicosis); and heart disease
  • three distinguishing features: hyperthyroidism; thyroid gland enlargement (goiter); exophthalmia (unnatural protrusion of the eyes)
56
Q

hypocalcemia

A
  • less than normal blood calcium level

- hyper calc/o=calcium -ism

57
Q

hypoglycemia

A

-less than normal blood sugar level

hypo glyc/o -emia

58
Q

hypokalemia

A

-less than normal potassium level

hypo kal=potassium -emia

59
Q

hyponatremia

A

-less than normal sodium levels

hypo natr/i=sodium -emia

60
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A
  • less than normal activity of any of the four parathyroid glands resulting in decreased production of parathyroid hormone
  • results in hypocalcemia, nerve and muscle weakness with spasms or tetany
61
Q

hypophysectomy

A

-surgical removal of the pituitary gland

62
Q

hypothyroidism

A
  • less than normal activity of the thyroid gland
  • there is a shortage of the thyroid hormone causing an extremely low metabolism due to a reduced usage of oxygen
  • also called myxedema
  • can be the result of: congenital thyroid defects; faulty hormone synthesis; thyroiditis or iodine deficiency
63
Q

medulla

A

-the internal part of the a structure or organ

64
Q

hypopituitarism

A
  • complex syndrome resulting from the absence or deficiency of the pituitary hormone
  • symptoms: metabolic dysfunction, growth retardation, and sexual immaturity
  • leads to hypothyroidism
65
Q

insulin

A
  • produced by the beta cells
  • makes it possible for glucose to pass from the blood through the cell membranes to be used for energy
  • promotes the conversion of excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use as needed (glycogenesis)
66
Q

lactogen

A

-any substance that enhances lactation

67
Q

metabolism

A
  • a sum of all physical and chemical processes that take place within the body
68
Q

myxedema

A
  • the most severe form of hypothyroidism in the adult
  • hands and face get puffy, thickened edematous skin, an enlarged tongue, slow speech, loss of and dryness of hair, sensitivity to cold, drowsiness, and mental apathy
69
Q

norepinephrine

A
  • a hormone produced by the adrenal medulla

- plays an important role in the body’s response to stress by raising the blood pressure

70
Q

oxytocin

A

-hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
-stimulates contractions during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk from breasts in response to the suckling reflex of the infant
oxy=rapid, sharp toc/o=childbirth -in=enzyme

71
Q

polydipsia

A

excessive thirst

poly -dipsia=thirst

72
Q

pancreatic cancer

A
  • a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas
  • 95% of people die 1-3yrs after diagnosis
73
Q

pancreatitis

A

-acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas

74
Q

parathyroidectomy

A

-surgical removal of the parathyroid gland

75
Q

pheochromocytoma

A

-a vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces extra epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to persistent or intermittent hypertension and heart palpitations
phe/o=dusky chrom/o=color cyt/o=cell -oma=tumor

76
Q

polyuria

A

excessive urine

77
Q

primary aldosteronism

A

-due to oversecretion of aldosterone by an adrenal adenoma, marked by hypokalemia, alkalosis, muscular weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, and hypertension

78
Q

progesterone

A
  • female hormone secreted by the ovaries
  • primarily responsible for the changes that occur in the endometrium in anticipation of a fertilized ovum and for development of the maternal placenta ofter implantation of a fertilized ovum
79
Q

somatotropic hormone

A
  • hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the cellular processes necessary for normal body growth
  • also called growth hormone
80
Q

syndrome

A

-a group of symptoms occurring together indicative of a particular disease or abnormality

81
Q

tetany

A
  • severe cramping and twitching of the muscles and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints
  • a complication of hypocalcemia
82
Q

thymopoietin

A
  • a hormone secreted by the thymus

- thought to stimulate the production of T-cells

83
Q

thymosin

A
  • a hormone secreted by the thymus

- thought to stimulate the production of T-cells

84
Q

thyroiditis

A

inflammation of the thyroid gland

85
Q

thyroxine

A
  • a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

- helps maintain normal body metabolism

86
Q

triiodothyronine

A
  • a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

- helps regulate growth and development of the body and control metabolism and body temperature

87
Q

virilism

A
  • the development of masculine physical traits in the female
  • also called masculinization
  • may be due to dysfunction of the adrenal gland
  • due to the excessive secretion of adrenocoritcal androgens from the adrenal cortex
88
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A
  • an acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone
  • also known as thyroid storm or thyroid crisis
89
Q

radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test

A

-a thyroid function test that evaluates the function of the thyroid gland by administering a known amount of radioactive iodine and later placing a gamma ray detector over the thyroid gland to determine the percentage or quantity of radioactive iodine absorbed by the gland over specific time periods

90
Q

serum glucose test

A

measures the amount of glucose in the blood at the time the sample was taken

91
Q

thyroid echogram

A

and ultrasound examination important in distinguishing solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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