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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cell

A

the smallest and most numerous structural unit of living matter

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

a semipermeable barrier that allows certain substance to pass through while blocking others

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3
Q

tissue

A

sells grouped together to perform specialized functions

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4
Q

organs

A

tissues arranged together to perform a special function

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5
Q

system

A

organs that work together to perform the many functions of the body as a whole

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6
Q

the terms relating to cells (from PP)

A 
Anaplasia
Aplasia
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Hypoplasia
Neoplasia
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7
Q

the types of tissues

A 
Connective
Epithelial
Muscle
Skeletal
Smooth or Visceral
Cardiac
Nervous
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8
Q

The _______ are the smallest structural units, leading up to ______________, which perform important bodily functions.

A

cells….body systems

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9
Q

Of the 4 types of tissue, how many do you think are involved in a body system such as the digestive system?

a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. None

A

a. 4 . Epithelial tissue is required for creation of the organ structures themselves; muscle tissue is required to move food through the organs and out of the body; nervous tissue is required to stimulate the muscle activity; connective tissue is required to hold the structures in the body cavities. In fact, these 4 tissues are involved in each of the 13 body systems.

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10
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

Divides body into equal right and left portions, Midline of the body; Medial-toward the midline; Lateral-away from the midline

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11
Q

What are frontal or coronal planes?

A

any vertical plane passing through the body from the head to the feet, perpendicular to the sagittal planes and dividing the body into front and back portions; Divides body into front and back portions

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12
Q

What is a transverse plane?

A

Any plane cut across the body, perpendicular to the sagittal and the frontal planes and dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions; Cuts across body into Superior (cranial, cephalic) and Inferior (caudal)

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13
Q

True or False: A frontal view is when you divide the body into equal left and right portions.

A

False. Frontal is looking at the front of something, so it divides the body in front and back portions.

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14
Q

True or False: A radiologist dictates a craniocaudal view was performed. This means the film was shot from the top of the head downward toward the tail.

A

True. Cranial means skull, and caudal means tail.

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15
Q

How many abdominal regions are there?

A

Nine

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16
Q

How are they listed?

A

Move from top to bottom, one row at a time

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17
Q

What are the abdominal regions?

A 
Right hypochondriac region
Epigastric region
Left hypochondriac region
Right Lumbar region
Umbilical region
Left lumbar region
Right Inguinal region
Hypogastric region
Left Inguinal region
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18
Q

What are the superficial organs in the right hypochondriac region?

A

the right lobe of the liver and the gallbladder

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19
Q

What are the superficial organs in the epigrastric region?

A

parts of the right and left lobes of the liver and a major portion of the stomach

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20
Q

What are the superficial organs in the Left hypochondriac region?

A

a small portion of the stomach and a portion of the large intestine.

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21
Q

What are the superficial organs in the Right Lumbar Region?

A

portions of the large and small intestines

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22
Q

What are the superficial organs in the umbilical region?

A

a portion of the transverse colon and portions of the small intestine

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23
Q

What are the superficial organs in the left lumbar region?

A

portions of the small intestine and part of the colon

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24
Q

What are the superficial organs in the right inguinal (iliac) region?

A

portions of the small intestine and the appendix

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25
Q

What are the superficial organs in the hypogastric region?

A

urinary bladder, portions of the small intestine, and the appendix

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26
Q

What are the superficial organs in the left inguinal region?

A

portions of the colon and the small intestine

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27
Q

What are the four quadrants?

A

1- RUQ (right upper quadrant)
2-LUQ (left upper quadrant
3-RLQ (Right lower quadrant)
4-LLQ (Left lower quadrant)

28
Q

What is the landmark of the quadrants?

A

the umbilicus or navel

29
Q

What are the other two reference points that use the umbilicus as a landmark?

A

Munro’s Point and McBurney’s Point

30
Q

Where is Munro’s Point and what is it used for?

A

located on the left side of the abdomen, halfway between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip, used as a point of entry for abdominal puncture when performing laparoscopic surgery.

31
Q

Where is McBurney’s Point and what is it used for?

A

located on the right side of the abdomen, about two-thirds of the distance between the with side of the abdomen, about two-thirds of the distance between the umbilicus and the anterior bony prominence of the hip, when tenderness exists, appendicitis may be suspected.

32
Q

Looking at the diagram of the 9 body regions, what number would be the right lumbar region?

a. 3
b. 6
c. 8
d. 7

A

b. . Remember, you are looking at a mirror image; direction is the opposite of what you see on the page

33
Q

True or False: McBurney’s point is the landmark for the 4 abdominal quadrants.

A

False. The umbilicus is the center of the outer square of all 4 quadrants

34
Q

What are the two main body cavities?

A

Dorsal and Ventral

35
Q

What cavities are in the Dorsal Cavity?

A

Spinal ( nerves of the spinal cord) and Cranial Cavity (the brain)

36
Q

What cavities are in the Ventral Cavity?

A

Thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

37
Q

What is contained in the Thoracic Cavity?

A

heart, lungs, aorta, esophagus, and trachea

38
Q

What is in the abdominal cavity?

A

(separated by from the thoracic by the diaphragm) liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, pancreas, intestines, and kidneys

39
Q

What is in the pelvic cavity?

A

urinary bladder and reproductive organs

40
Q

True or False: Basically, anything in front of the spine is considered a ventral cavity.

A

true. . Only the brain and spine are in the dorsal cavity

41
Q

The ___________ cavity is separated by the diaphragm from the ___________ cavity.

a. pelvic, abdominal
b. abdominal, thoracic
c. thoracic, pelvic
d. thoracic, abdominopelvic

A

d. The abdominal cavity is closer, but the thoracic cavity is physically separated from both.

42
Q

What are the divisions of the back?

A 
Cervical vertebrae (C1 – C7)
Thoracic vertebrae (T1 – T12)
Lumbar vertebrae (L1 – L5)
Sacrum
Coccyx
43
Q

What was the coccyx?

A

a single bone that is the result of the fusion of the four individual coccygeal bones in the child

44
Q 
When describing a vertebral body’s location, you will use the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ letter of each division.
second
last
first
next to last
A

c. Cervical is C, thoracic is T, lumbar is L, and sacrum is S. There is no letter used for the coccygeal bones

45
Q

True or False: As long as you know where the divisions are in the spine, you can count from either the top or the bottom to correctly identify each vertebra.

A

True. For instance, T12 could be found by counting from the cervical vertebrae, but it is much closer to start with the lumbar (L5) and work your way up.

46
Q

What are the directional terms?

A 
Superficial	vs.	Deep
Anterior		vs.	Posterior
Ventral		vs.	Dorsal
Superior		vs.	Inferior
Cranial		vs.	Caudal
47
Q

Superficial

A

pertaining to the surface of the body or near the surface

48
Q

deep

A

away from the surface and toward the inside of the body

49
Q

anterior

A

pertaining to the front of the body or toward the belly of the body

50
Q

posterior

A

pertaining to the back of the body

51
Q

ventral

A

of or pertaining to a position toward the belly of the body; frontward; anterior

52
Q

dorsal

A

pertaining to the back or posterior

53
Q

medial

A

toward the midline of the body

54
Q

lateral

A

toward the side of the body, away from the midline of the body

55
Q

superior

A

above or upward toward the head

56
Q

inferior

A

below or downward toward the tail or feet

57
Q

cranial

A

pertaining to the head

58
Q

caudal

A

pertaining to the tail

59
Q

distal

A

away from or farthest from the trunk of the body or farthest from the point of origin of the body part

60
Q

proximal

A

toward or nearest to the trunk of the body or nearest to the point of origin of a body part

61
Q

supine

A

lying horizontally on the back, face-up

62
Q

prone

A

lying face-down on the abdomen

63
Q

supination

A

a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn upward or forward

64
Q

pronation

A

a movement that allows the palms of the hands to turn downward and backward

65
Q

plantar

A

pertaining to the sole or the bottom of the foot

66
Q

dorsum

A

the back or posterior surface of a part; in the foot, the top of the foot

67
Q

Common nouns can help in keeping directional terms straight. For instance, something in close proximity is __________ and something that is in the distance is __________.

a. medial, lateral
b. distal, proximal
c. superior, inferior
d. proximal, distal

A

d. . Word associations make it easier for terms to “stick”, i.e. close proximity = proximal, distance = distal

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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