Chapter 7 Flashcards
How many skeletal muscles?
over 600
What are the functions of the muscular system?
- allowing us to move about freely through contracting and extending
- support and maintain body posture through a low level of continual contraction (gravity keeps the body in good alignment)
- have a great affect on body temperature because of the heat produced when contracting
What are the 3 types of muscles?
smooth, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle
What are skeletal muscles* called? Where are they found?
They are called voluntary (operate under conscious control) muscles and striated muscles
They attach to the bones
What are smooth muscles called?
Where are they found?
- visceral muscles and involuntary (not under conscious control)
- walls of hollow organs and tubes such as stomach, intestines, and respiratory passageways, and blood vessels
What controls smooth muscles?
hormones and the autonomic nervous system
What is cardiac muscle?
muscle of the heart
What is the thin sheets of fibrous connective tissue that holds muscle fibers together called?
fascia*
What is a tendon?
ATTACH MUSCLE TO BONE; The fascia* and the partitions within the muscle extend to form a strong fibrous band of tissue; they attach the muscle to the bone as it becomes continuous with the periosteum of the bone
What is an articulation*?
when muscles cross at least one joint, attaching to both of the bones; when movement occurs, one of the bones moves more freely than the other
What is the point of attachment of the muscle to the bone that is ‘less movable’?
the origin
What is the point of attachment of a muscle to the bone that ‘moves’?
insertion
Will the name of the particular bone name the point of insertion or origin?
insertion
What are the muscles listed that move the head and neck?
buccinator, temporal, masseter*, sternocleidomastoid
What is the cheek muscle?
buccinator*
What is the muscle on the temples above the ear?
temporal*
What is the jaw muscle?
masseter* (Raises the mandible and closes the jaw)
What muscle extends from the sternum upward along the side of the neck to the mastoid process?
sternocleidomastoid or sternomastoid*
What are the muscles listed for the upper extremities?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii*
What is the triangular shaped muscle on the shoulder, back of neck and inserts into the clavicle and scapula?
trapezius*
Where is the latissimus dorsi*?
in the lower thoracic region between the humerus and scapula, forms the posterior border of the axilla(armpit)
what is the large fan-shaped muscle that crosses the upper part of the front of the chest?
pectoralis major (originates from the sternum and crosses over to the humerus)
what muscle covers the shoulder joint?
Where does it originate and insert?
- the deltoid* muscle
- originates from the clavicle and inserts on the lateral side of the humerus
Name a muscle used for intramuscular injections.
deltoid *muscle
What is the muscle with two heads?
Where does it originate and insert?
the biceps brachii*
-originates from the scapula and inserts on the radius
What muscle has three heads?
Where does it originate and insert?
- triceps brachii*
- originates from the scapula and the humerus and insert onto the olecranon process of the ulna
What is another name for the trunk of the body?
torso*
What muscles are included in the trunk muscles?
the diaphragm*, abdomen, and perineum
What is the perineum?
The lower end of the trunk, between the thighs; male-between the scrotum and the anus; females-vaginal opening and the anus
What do perineal muscles control?
assisting in erections of the penis or the clitoris, emptying the urethral canal, constricting the urethra, and tightening the anal sphincter
What are the muscles of the lower extremities listed?
gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, quadriceps femoris, hamstring muscles, gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior
True or False: Of the 3 types of muscle, cardiac is the only one that is voluntary.
False. Skeletal is voluntary. Thankfully, we do not have to think about making our heart beat (cardiac) or moving food through our digestive tract (smooth).
If you have a tension headache and the back of your neck feels like it is in a vice grip, which muscle is most likely responsible?
a. trapezius
b. sternocleidomastoid
c. biceps brachii
d. latissimus dorsi
a. The trapezius muscle covers the back of the neck and shoulders, which is where most tension headaches occur
What muscle forms most of the fleshy part of the buttock
and originates from ilium and inserts in the femur?
gluteus maximus
What muscle is located above the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus muscle, originates from posterior part of ilium and inserts in greater trochanter of the femur?
gluteus medius
What muscle forms anterior part of the thigh and helps extend the thigh?
quadriceps femoris*
What muscles are located in posterior part of the thigh, help flex leg on the thigh, and helps extend the thigh?
hamstring muscles*
What muscle is the main muscle of the calf, attaches to heel bone by way of Achilles tendon and is used to plantar flex foot and flex toes?
grastrocnemius*
What muscle is positioned on the front of the leg and used to dorsiflex foot and turn foot inward?
tibialis anterior*
What is arthralgia?
pain in the joints; symptoms present in many joint diseases
arthr/o=joints -algia=pain
A runner suddenly grabs the back of his or her leg in pain. Which muscle group was injured?
a. quadriceps femoris
b. gastrocnemius
c. hamstring
d. tibialis anterior
c. The quadriceps muscle group is on the anterior surface of the upper leg, and the hamstring group is on the posterior surface
involuntary muscles
muscles that act without conscious control; controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones
muscle fiber
individual muscle cell
origin
the point of attachment that is less movable
pelvic girdle weakness
weakness of the muscles of the pelvic girdle; occurs in muscular dystrophy
smooth muscle
muscles in the walls of hollow organs and tubes such as stomach, intestines, respiratory passageways, and blood vessels; visceral muscles; act involuntarily
trunk
the main part of the body
muscular dystrophy* What is it? How is it diagnosed? What is the most common type? Treatment?
- Group of genetically transmitted disorders characterized by progressive weakness and muscle fiber degeneration; no evidence of nerve involvement or degeneration of nerve tissue
- onset early in life with elevated enzyme test (CPK), abnormal muscle biopsy* results, and an electromyogram*
- Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (appear by age 3)
- exercise programs, corrective surgery, breathing exercises
What are the specifics of Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy? What happens?
-the muscles atrophy* and contractures form; muscle tissue is replaced by fat as muscle fibers degenerate; may first appear as pelvic girdle but extend to the shoulders and eventually all muscles; scoliosis is common; death often occurs in late adolescence