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Medical Terminology > Chapter 15 Spelling Words > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Spelling Words Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

dialysis

A

-artificial kidney
-filtering the impurities out of the blood by means of an artificial kidney
dia=through -lysis=breakdown or destruction

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2
Q

cortex

A
  • the outer layer of a body organ or structure
  • outer layer of the kidney
  • contains the nephrons
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3
Q

glomerulus

A
  • a ball-shaped collection of very tiny, coiled, and intertwined capillaries
  • located in the cortex
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4
Q

renal

A

-pertaining to the kidney

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5
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A
  • a renal capsule
  • the cup-shaped end of the renal tubule containing a glomerulus
  • also called glomerular capsule
  • a double-walled cup surrounding the glomerulus
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6
Q

renal tubule

A
  • the long twisting tube that leads away from the glomerulus to the collecting tubules
  • in the renal tubule, water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream as the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubes
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7
Q

calyx

A

-cuplike urine collection cavity and division of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules

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8
Q

renal pelvis

A
  • central collecting area of the kidney
  • it narrows into the large upper end of the ureter
  • it receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters
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9
Q

ureter

A
  • one of a pair of tubes that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
  • muscular tubes lines w/ mucous membrane through which urine is propelled by perstalsis
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10
Q

urethra

A
  • where urine exists the bladder

- a mucous membrane-lined tube that leads from the bladder to the exterior of the body

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11
Q

meatus

A
  • the external opening of the urethra

- also an opening or tunnel through any part of the body

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12
Q

hilum

A
  • the depression, or pit, of the kidney where the vessels and nerves enter
  • can be a depression, or pit, of any organ where the vessels and nerves enter
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13
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

-filtered waste products and toxins
-consists of water, sugar, salts, and nitrogenous waste products (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) and are filtered through the thin walls of the glomeruli
glomerul/o=glomerulus -ar=pertaining to

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14
Q

hemodialysis

A
  • passing blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities
  • the blood is continuously shunting from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the bloodstream
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15
Q

peritoneal dialysis

A
  • introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. Through osmosis, this fluid draws waste products out of the capillaries into the abdominal cavity and then removed from the abdomen via a catheter.
  • the peritoneum is used as the filter
  • 2 types: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) OR continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
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16
Q

antiseptic

A

-a substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms
anti=against sept/o=infection -ic=pertaining to

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17
Q

arteriole

A

-the smallest branch of an artery

arteri/o=artery -ole=small or little

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18
Q

aseptic technique

A

-any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or are by microorganisms
a=without, not sept/o=infection -is=pertaining to

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19
Q

asymptomatic

A

without symptoms

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20
Q

azotemia

A

-excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by the failure of the kidneys
-it is characteristic of uremia
azot/o=nitrogen -emia=blood condition

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21
Q

catheter

A

-a hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel for the purpose of instilling or withdrawing fluid

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22
Q

cystometer

A

-an instrument the measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure
cyst/o=bladder, sac, or cyst -meter=an instrument used to measure

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23
Q

cystoscope

A

-an instrument used to view the interior of the bladder
-includes a lighting system
-also referred to as a ‘cysto’
cyst/o=bladder, sac, or cyst -scope=an instrument for viewing

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24
Q

dialysate

A

-a solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood
-also called “bath”
dia=through lys/o=breakdown or destruction -ate=something that

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25
Q

fossa

A
  • a hollow or depression, usually on the end of a bone

- in kidney transplant, the donor kidney is placed in the iliac fossa of the recipient

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26
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

-a condition of kidney stones
-also known as renal calculi
nephr/o=kidney lith/o=stone, calculus -iasis=presence of an abnormal condition

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27
Q

palpable

A

-distinguishable by touch

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28
Q

peritonitis

A

-inflammation of the peritoneum

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29
Q

pyelitis

A

-inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyel/o=renal pelivis itis=inflammation

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30
Q

radiopaque

A
  • -not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy
  • it appears white on an exposed X-ray film
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31
Q

renal artery

A

-one pair of large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters
ren/o=kidney -al=pertaining to arter/o=artery -y=noun

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32
Q

renal vein

A

-one of two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney ren/o=kidney -al=pertaining to

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33
Q

residual urine

A

-urine that remains int he bladder after urination

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34
Q

solute

A

-a substance dissolved in a solution, as in waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine

35
Q

specific gravity

A
  • sp.gr.
  • the weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, considered the standard
  • H20 sp.gr. is 1.000 (one); therefore a substance with a specific gravity of 2.000 would be twice as dense as water
36
Q

toxic

A

-poison

tox/o=toxic -is=pertaining to poison

37
Q

turbid

A

-cloudy

38
Q

uremia

A
  • excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood
  • also called azotemia
39
Q

urethritis

A
  • inflammation of the urethra

- characterized by dysuria and as the result of an infection of the bladder

40
Q

urination

A
  • the act of eliminating urine from the body

- also called micturition or voiding

41
Q

vesicocele

A
  • herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
  • also called cystocele
42
Q

voiding

A
  • the act of eliminating urine from the body

- also called micturition or urination

43
Q

urinalysis

A
  • a test that involves the collection of random sample of urine
  • urine is examined for the presence of any abnormal elements that might indicate various pathological conditions
44
Q

hematuria

A

-blood in the urine

45
Q

pyuria

A

-pus in the urine

46
Q

bacteriuria

A

-the presence of bacteria in the urine

47
Q

albuminuria

A
  • abnormal amounts of protein usually albumin in the urine

- usually a sign of renal disease or complications from other diseases such as hypertension or heart failure

48
Q

anuria

A

-the stopping of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day
-can result from: kidney failure or dysfunction, < in blood pressure that affects filtration pressure, or obstruction in the urinary passageways
an=without, not -uria=urine condition

49
Q

dysuria

A
  • painful urination

- usually b/c of bacterial infection or obstruction

50
Q

fatigue

A

-a state of exhaustion or loss of strength or endurance such as following a strenuous physical activity

51
Q

glycosuria

A
  • abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine
  • associated with the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates, endocrine or renal disorder, and most definitely with diabetes mellitus
52
Q

kentonuria

A
  • excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
  • associated with diabetes mellitus, starvation or other metabolic condition
  • also called ketoaciduria
53
Q

lethargy

A

-the state or quality of being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish

54
Q

malaise

A

-a vague feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, often marking the onset of disease or infection

55
Q

nocturia

A
  • excessive urination at night
  • also called nycturia
  • associated with renal disease, drink a lot of liquids before bedtime, or people with prostatic disease
56
Q

oliguria

A
  • excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake
  • scanty urine output
  • < than 500 ml/ 24hrs
  • usually caused by imbalance of bodily fluids and electrolytes, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction
57
Q

polydipsia

A
  • excessive thirst

- may indicate renal problems, diabetes mellitus or insipidus

58
Q

polyuria

A
  • excreting abnormally large amounts of urine

- occurs with diabetes mellitus or insipidus and chronic kidney infections

59
Q

pyuria

A
  • excessive numbers of WBCs in the urine
  • usually a sign of infection of the urinary tract
  • pus in urine
60
Q

urgency

A
  • a feeling of the need to void urine immediately

- it may accompany a bladder infection

61
Q

cystitis

A
  • inflammation of the bladder
  • signs:urgency and frequency of urination, hematuria
  • causes: bacterial infection, kidney stone, or tumor
62
Q

glomerulonephritis

A
  • inflammation of the glomerulus
  • usually occurs in children
  • symptoms: proteinuria, hematuria (the color of cola), < urine output, > sp.gr.. headaches, hypertension, generalized edema (face and orbital)
  • cause: usually by beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection elsewhere in the body or another microorganism
  • can occur three weeks after strep infection
63
Q

hydronephrosis

A
  • distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in a ureter
  • primary cause is kidney stones
  • symptoms: pain, vomiting, oliguria, hematuria, and nausea
64
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A
  • a group of symptoms that occur when the glomerulus is damaged causing large quantities of protein to go through the glomerular membrane into the urine
  • causes severe proteinuria
  • also called nephrosis
  • causes significant edema; usually result of glomerulonephritis, or diabetes mellitus
65
Q

polycystic kidney disease

A
  • a hereditary disorder of the kidneys
  • grape-like, fluid-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissue and eventually destroys healthy kidney tissue
  • hematuria is present in 1/2 of cases and hypertension is common
  • ultimately leads to kidney failure slowly (15-20 yrs)
66
Q

pyelonephritis

A
  • acute bacterial infection of the renal pelvis
  • most common disease of the kidneys
  • usually occurs from a bladder infection that travels up to the renal pelvis
  • commonly from a procedure such as a cystoscopy or catheterization
  • symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, pain, headache , and muscular pain, cloudy urine w/ > WBCs and smell.
67
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A
  • a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in adulthood
  • asymptomatic until later stages of the disease
  • symptoms: hematuria (most common), later pain, a palpable mass, and intermittent fever
68
Q

uremia

A
  • chronic renal failure
  • the late stages of renal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
  • irreversible deterioration in renal function
  • most common causes are hypertension and diabetes
  • once symptoms appear, 80-90% of renal function has been lost
  • will eventually require a transplant
69
Q

chronic renal failure

A
  • a gradual progression towards uremia occurs
  • the late stages of renal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
  • irreversible deterioration in renal function
  • most common causes are hypertension and diabetes
  • once symptoms appear, 80-90% of renal function has been lost
  • will eventually require a transplant
70
Q

vesicoureteral reflux

A
  • an abnormal back flow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter
  • may be caused by a congenital defect, a urinary tract infection, or obstruction of the bladder outlet
  • increased hydrostatic pressure may cause bacterial infection or damage to the ureters and kidney
71
Q

blood urea nitrogen

A
  • BUN
  • a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen present in the blood
  • the level usually increases w/ impaired glomerular filtration
72
Q

catheterization

A
  • the introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or to remove a fluid
  • most common is inserted into the urinary bladder to remove urine
73
Q

creatine clearance test

A

-a test for kidney function that measures filtration rate of creatinine (a waste product of muscle metabolism)

74
Q

cystometrography

A
  • an examination performed to evaluate tone
  • measures bladder pressure during filling and voiding
  • pressure is measured by a cystometer
75
Q

cystoscopy

A

-the process of viewing the interior of the bladder using a cystoscope

76
Q

extracorporeal lithotripsy

A
  • also known as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

- using sound waves to break up renal calculi so they can pass through the ureters

77
Q

intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A
  • also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram
  • radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
  • uses a dye contrast intravenously and then X-rays as the contrast is cleared by the glomerular filtration
78
Q

renal angiography

A

-A-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium (using the femoral artery, up the aorta to the renal arteries)

79
Q

renal scan

A

-radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney

80
Q

retrograde pyelogram

A

(RP) a radiographic procedure where small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis
-used when a IVP does not get accurate visualization or if someone is allergic to the IVP contrast medium

81
Q

ultrasonography

A
  • also called ultrasound
  • procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin
82
Q

urinalysis

A
  • physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine
  • checks color, turbidity, sp.gr., pH; sugar , ketones, protein, or blood; pus, blood cells, casts, crystals, pus, and bacteria
83
Q

voiding cystourethrography

A

-X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process after the bladder has been filled with contrast material
-use a radiopaque dye into the bladder using a catheter
cyst/o=bladder, cyst, or sac urethr/o=urethra -graphy=process of recording

84
Q

catheterized specimen

A

-using aseptic techniques, a very small catheter is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen

Medical Terminology (65 decks)

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