Chapter 15 Spelling Words Flashcards
dialysis
-artificial kidney
-filtering the impurities out of the blood by means of an artificial kidney
dia=through -lysis=breakdown or destruction
cortex
- the outer layer of a body organ or structure
- outer layer of the kidney
- contains the nephrons
glomerulus
- a ball-shaped collection of very tiny, coiled, and intertwined capillaries
- located in the cortex
renal
-pertaining to the kidney
Bowman’s capsule
- a renal capsule
- the cup-shaped end of the renal tubule containing a glomerulus
- also called glomerular capsule
- a double-walled cup surrounding the glomerulus
renal tubule
- the long twisting tube that leads away from the glomerulus to the collecting tubules
- in the renal tubule, water, sugar, and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream as the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubes
calyx
-cuplike urine collection cavity and division of the renal pelvis through which urine passes from the renal tubules
renal pelvis
- central collecting area of the kidney
- it narrows into the large upper end of the ureter
- it receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters
ureter
- one of a pair of tubes that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
- muscular tubes lines w/ mucous membrane through which urine is propelled by perstalsis
urethra
- where urine exists the bladder
- a mucous membrane-lined tube that leads from the bladder to the exterior of the body
meatus
- the external opening of the urethra
- also an opening or tunnel through any part of the body
hilum
- the depression, or pit, of the kidney where the vessels and nerves enter
- can be a depression, or pit, of any organ where the vessels and nerves enter
glomerular filtrate
-filtered waste products and toxins
-consists of water, sugar, salts, and nitrogenous waste products (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) and are filtered through the thin walls of the glomeruli
glomerul/o=glomerulus -ar=pertaining to
hemodialysis
- passing blood through an artificial kidney for filtering out impurities
- the blood is continuously shunting from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the bloodstream
peritoneal dialysis
- introducing fluid into the abdomen through a catheter. Through osmosis, this fluid draws waste products out of the capillaries into the abdominal cavity and then removed from the abdomen via a catheter.
- the peritoneum is used as the filter
- 2 types: continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) OR continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
antiseptic
-a substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of microorganisms
anti=against sept/o=infection -ic=pertaining to
arteriole
-the smallest branch of an artery
arteri/o=artery -ole=small or little
aseptic technique
-any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or are by microorganisms
a=without, not sept/o=infection -is=pertaining to
asymptomatic
without symptoms
azotemia
-excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by the failure of the kidneys
-it is characteristic of uremia
azot/o=nitrogen -emia=blood condition
catheter
-a hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel for the purpose of instilling or withdrawing fluid
cystometer
-an instrument the measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure
cyst/o=bladder, sac, or cyst -meter=an instrument used to measure
cystoscope
-an instrument used to view the interior of the bladder
-includes a lighting system
-also referred to as a ‘cysto’
cyst/o=bladder, sac, or cyst -scope=an instrument for viewing
dialysate
-a solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood
-also called “bath”
dia=through lys/o=breakdown or destruction -ate=something that
fossa
- a hollow or depression, usually on the end of a bone
- in kidney transplant, the donor kidney is placed in the iliac fossa of the recipient
nephrolithiasis
-a condition of kidney stones
-also known as renal calculi
nephr/o=kidney lith/o=stone, calculus -iasis=presence of an abnormal condition
palpable
-distinguishable by touch
peritonitis
-inflammation of the peritoneum
pyelitis
-inflammation of the renal pelvis
pyel/o=renal pelivis itis=inflammation
radiopaque
- -not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy
- it appears white on an exposed X-ray film
renal artery
-one pair of large arteries branching from the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters
ren/o=kidney -al=pertaining to arter/o=artery -y=noun
renal vein
-one of two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney ren/o=kidney -al=pertaining to
residual urine
-urine that remains int he bladder after urination
solute
-a substance dissolved in a solution, as in waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine
specific gravity
- sp.gr.
- the weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, considered the standard
- H20 sp.gr. is 1.000 (one); therefore a substance with a specific gravity of 2.000 would be twice as dense as water
toxic
-poison
tox/o=toxic -is=pertaining to poison
turbid
-cloudy
uremia
- excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood
- also called azotemia
urethritis
- inflammation of the urethra
- characterized by dysuria and as the result of an infection of the bladder
urination
- the act of eliminating urine from the body
- also called micturition or voiding
vesicocele
- herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
- also called cystocele
voiding
- the act of eliminating urine from the body
- also called micturition or urination
urinalysis
- a test that involves the collection of random sample of urine
- urine is examined for the presence of any abnormal elements that might indicate various pathological conditions
hematuria
-blood in the urine
pyuria
-pus in the urine
bacteriuria
-the presence of bacteria in the urine
albuminuria
- abnormal amounts of protein usually albumin in the urine
- usually a sign of renal disease or complications from other diseases such as hypertension or heart failure
anuria
-the stopping of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 mL per day
-can result from: kidney failure or dysfunction, < in blood pressure that affects filtration pressure, or obstruction in the urinary passageways
an=without, not -uria=urine condition
dysuria
- painful urination
- usually b/c of bacterial infection or obstruction
fatigue
-a state of exhaustion or loss of strength or endurance such as following a strenuous physical activity
glycosuria
- abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine
- associated with the ingestion of large amounts of carbohydrates, endocrine or renal disorder, and most definitely with diabetes mellitus
kentonuria
- excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
- associated with diabetes mellitus, starvation or other metabolic condition
- also called ketoaciduria
lethargy
-the state or quality of being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish
malaise
-a vague feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, often marking the onset of disease or infection
nocturia
- excessive urination at night
- also called nycturia
- associated with renal disease, drink a lot of liquids before bedtime, or people with prostatic disease
oliguria
- excretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake
- scanty urine output
- < than 500 ml/ 24hrs
- usually caused by imbalance of bodily fluids and electrolytes, renal lesions, or urinary tract obstruction
polydipsia
- excessive thirst
- may indicate renal problems, diabetes mellitus or insipidus
polyuria
- excreting abnormally large amounts of urine
- occurs with diabetes mellitus or insipidus and chronic kidney infections
pyuria
- excessive numbers of WBCs in the urine
- usually a sign of infection of the urinary tract
- pus in urine
urgency
- a feeling of the need to void urine immediately
- it may accompany a bladder infection
cystitis
- inflammation of the bladder
- signs:urgency and frequency of urination, hematuria
- causes: bacterial infection, kidney stone, or tumor
glomerulonephritis
- inflammation of the glomerulus
- usually occurs in children
- symptoms: proteinuria, hematuria (the color of cola), < urine output, > sp.gr.. headaches, hypertension, generalized edema (face and orbital)
- cause: usually by beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection elsewhere in the body or another microorganism
- can occur three weeks after strep infection
hydronephrosis
- distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in a ureter
- primary cause is kidney stones
- symptoms: pain, vomiting, oliguria, hematuria, and nausea
nephrotic syndrome
- a group of symptoms that occur when the glomerulus is damaged causing large quantities of protein to go through the glomerular membrane into the urine
- causes severe proteinuria
- also called nephrosis
- causes significant edema; usually result of glomerulonephritis, or diabetes mellitus
polycystic kidney disease
- a hereditary disorder of the kidneys
- grape-like, fluid-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissue and eventually destroys healthy kidney tissue
- hematuria is present in 1/2 of cases and hypertension is common
- ultimately leads to kidney failure slowly (15-20 yrs)
pyelonephritis
- acute bacterial infection of the renal pelvis
- most common disease of the kidneys
- usually occurs from a bladder infection that travels up to the renal pelvis
- commonly from a procedure such as a cystoscopy or catheterization
- symptoms: fever, chills, nausea, pain, headache , and muscular pain, cloudy urine w/ > WBCs and smell.
renal cell carcinoma
- a malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in adulthood
- asymptomatic until later stages of the disease
- symptoms: hematuria (most common), later pain, a palpable mass, and intermittent fever
uremia
- chronic renal failure
- the late stages of renal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
- irreversible deterioration in renal function
- most common causes are hypertension and diabetes
- once symptoms appear, 80-90% of renal function has been lost
- will eventually require a transplant
chronic renal failure
- a gradual progression towards uremia occurs
- the late stages of renal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
- irreversible deterioration in renal function
- most common causes are hypertension and diabetes
- once symptoms appear, 80-90% of renal function has been lost
- will eventually require a transplant
vesicoureteral reflux
- an abnormal back flow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter
- may be caused by a congenital defect, a urinary tract infection, or obstruction of the bladder outlet
- increased hydrostatic pressure may cause bacterial infection or damage to the ureters and kidney
blood urea nitrogen
- BUN
- a blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen present in the blood
- the level usually increases w/ impaired glomerular filtration
catheterization
- the introduction of a catheter into a body cavity or organ to instill a substance or to remove a fluid
- most common is inserted into the urinary bladder to remove urine
creatine clearance test
-a test for kidney function that measures filtration rate of creatinine (a waste product of muscle metabolism)
cystometrography
- an examination performed to evaluate tone
- measures bladder pressure during filling and voiding
- pressure is measured by a cystometer
cystoscopy
-the process of viewing the interior of the bladder using a cystoscope
extracorporeal lithotripsy
- also known as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
- using sound waves to break up renal calculi so they can pass through the ureters
intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
- also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram
- radiographic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
- uses a dye contrast intravenously and then X-rays as the contrast is cleared by the glomerular filtration
renal angiography
-A-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium (using the femoral artery, up the aorta to the renal arteries)
renal scan
-radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney
retrograde pyelogram
(RP) a radiographic procedure where small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis
-used when a IVP does not get accurate visualization or if someone is allergic to the IVP contrast medium
ultrasonography
- also called ultrasound
- procedure in which sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin
urinalysis
- physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine
- checks color, turbidity, sp.gr., pH; sugar , ketones, protein, or blood; pus, blood cells, casts, crystals, pus, and bacteria
voiding cystourethrography
-X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process after the bladder has been filled with contrast material
-use a radiopaque dye into the bladder using a catheter
cyst/o=bladder, cyst, or sac urethr/o=urethra -graphy=process of recording
catheterized specimen
-using aseptic techniques, a very small catheter is inserted into the bladder via the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen
