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A&P I > Chapter 9 PPT > Flashcards

Chapter 9 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue in the muscular system?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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2
Q

Skeletal muscle attached to

A

bones of skeleton

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3
Q

skeletal muscle - control type?

A

voluntary

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4
Q

cardiac muscle makes up most of the

A

wall of the heart

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5
Q

cardiac muscle control type?

A

involuntary (non-consciously controlled)

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6
Q

cardiac muscle responsible for

A

pumping action of the heart

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7
Q

smooth muscle found in

A

walls of internal organs, such as those of digestive tract

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8
Q

smooth muscle control type

A

involuntary

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9
Q

skeletal muscle composed of

A

skeletal muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood
connective tissue

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10
Q

connective tissue covering over skeletal muscles

A

fascia
tendons
aponeuroses

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11
Q

muscle coverings examples

A

epimysium
perimysium
endomysium

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12
Q

what is the epimysium?

A

surrounds whole muscle

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13
Q

what is the perimysium?

A

surrounds fascicles within a muscle

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14
Q

what is the endomysium?

A

surrounds muscle fibers within a fasicle

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15
Q

skeletal muscle fibers have what type of nucleus?

A

multinucleated

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16
Q

skeletal muscle have many

A

myofibrils

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17
Q

skeletal muscle - what do myofibrils consist of?

A

thin actin filaments
thick myosin filaments

sacromeres that are connected end-to-end

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18
Q

skeletal muscle - striation pattern is made by

A

arrangement of myofilaments in myofibrils

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19
Q

What structures do sarcomeres contain?

A 
I Band 
A Band
H Zone
Z Line
M Line
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20
Q

what is in the I band?

A

thin filaments

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21
Q

what is in the A band

A

thick and thin filaments

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22
Q

what is in the H zone

A

thick filaments

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23
Q

what is the z line also known as?

A

Z disc

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24
Q

Striation pattern has what 2 main parts?

A

I Band and A Band

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25
Q

What is the I Band?

A

Light band, composed of thin actin filaments

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26
Q

what is the a band?

A

dark band, composed of thick myosin filaments with portions overlapped with thin actin filaments

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27
Q

What is the H zone?

A

Center of A band; composed of thick myosin filaments

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28
Q

What is the Z Line?

A

Anchors filaments in place; sarcomere boundary; center of I band

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29
Q

What is the M line?

A

Anchors thick filaments; center of A band

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30
Q

thick filaments are composed of

A

myosin proteins; heads form cross-bridges

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31
Q

thin filaments are composed of

A

actin protein; associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent cross-bridge formation when muscle is not contracting

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32
Q

Contraction of a muscle fiber requires

A

interaction from several chemical and cellular components

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33
Q

Contraction of a muscle fiber results from

A

a movement within the myofibrils, in which the actin and myosin filaments slide past one another, shortening the sarcomeres

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34
Q

Contraction of a muscle fiber - muscle fiber shortens and

A

pulls on attachment point

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35
Q

a neuromuscular junction is a type of

A

synpase

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36
Q

a neuromuscular junction is also called a

A

myoneural junction

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37
Q

a neuromuscular junction site where

A

an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact

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38
Q

a neuromuscular junction - skeletal fibers contract only when stimulated by a

A

motor neuron

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39
Q

parts of the NMJ?

A 
Motor Neuron
Motor End Plate
Synaptic Cleft
Synaptic Vesicles
Neurotransmitters
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40
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for contraction?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

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41
Q

Stimulus for contraction - nerve impulse causes release of

A

ACh from synaptic vesicles

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42
Q

Stimulus for contraction - Ach binds to

A

ACh receptors on motor end plate

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43
Q

Stimulus for contraction - ACh causes change in

A

membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ which generates a muscle impulse (action potential)

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44
Q

Stimulus for contraction - impulse causes

A

release of Ca2+ from SR, which leads to muscle contraction

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45
Q

What is MG?

A

Myoasthenia Gravis, an autoimmune disorder

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46
Q

What happens in Myoasthenia Gravis?

A

Antibodies attach ACh receptors on skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plates) in neuromuscular junctions)

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47
Q

In MG, person may only have

A

one-third normal number of ACh receptors

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48
Q

MG leads to widespread

A

muscle weakness and muscle fatigue

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49
Q

Treatments for MG?

A

Drugs that inhibit ACh
Immunosuppresant Drugs
Administering antibodies that inactivate harmful antibodies
Plasma exchange

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50
Q

What is excitation-contraction coupling

A

connection between muscle fiber stimulation and muscle contraction

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51
Q

what occurs during muscle relaxation?

A

Ca2+ ions are stored in SR

Troponin-Tropomyosin complexes cover binding sites on actin filaments

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52
Q

Upon muscle stimulation - muscle impulses cause

A

SRS to release Ca2+ ions into cytosol

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53
Q

Upon muscle stimulation - Ca2+ on binds to

A

troponin to change its shape

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54
Q

Upon muscle stimulation - each tropomyosin is

A

held in place by a troponin molecule. The change in shape of troponin alters the position of tropomyosin

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55
Q

Upon muscle stimulation - binding sites on actin are now

A

exposed

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56
Q

Upon muscle stimulation - myosin heads bind to

A

actin - forming cross-bridges

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57
Q

sliding filament model of muscle contraction - when sarcomeres shorten

A

thick and thin filaments slide past one another

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58
Q

sliding filament model of muscle contraction - H zone and I bands

A

narrow

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59
Q

sliding filament model of muscle contraction - z lines move

A

closer together

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60
Q

sliding filament model of muscle contraction - thick and thin filaments

A

do not change length

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61
Q

sliding filament model of muscle contraction - overlap between

A

filaments increases

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62
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (1) myosin head attaches to

A

actin binding site, forming cross-bridge

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63
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (2) myosin cross-bridge pulls

A

thin filament toward center of sacromere

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64
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (3) ADP and phosphate are

A

released from myosin

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65
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (4) new atp

A

binds to myosin

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66
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (5) linkage between actin and myosin

A

cross-bridge break

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67
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (6) atp

A

splits

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68
Q

cross-bridge cycling - (7) myosin cross-bridge goes back to

A

original position

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69
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - Acetylcholinesterase rapidly

A

decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse

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70
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - muscle impulse stops when

A

ACh is decomposed

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71
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane

A

ceases

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72
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - calcium pump moves

A

Ca2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

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73
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - troponin-tropomyosin complex again

A

covers binding sites on actin.

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74
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - myosin and actin binding sites are now

A

prevented

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75
Q

When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - at the end, muscle fiber

A

relaxes

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76
Q

Energy sources for contraction

A

ATP reserves : small amount
creatine phosphate: initial source of energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and P
Cellular respiration

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77
Q

What occurs in cellular respiration in anaerobic phase?

A

glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm
produces little atp

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78
Q

what occurs in aerobic phase?

A

citric acid and ETC.
occurs in mitochondria
produces most of ATP
myoglobin stores extra oxygen in molecules

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79
Q

What is the Anaerobic (Lactic Acid) Threshold

A

Shift in metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic, during strenuous muscle activity, when the above systems cannot supply the necessary O2. Lactic acid is provided

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80
Q

what happens in oxygen debt?

A

amount of oxygen needed by liver cells convert the accumulated lactic acid to glucose and to restore muscle ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations

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81
Q

what occurs in muscle fatigue?

A

inability to contract muslces

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82
Q

common causes of muscle fatigue?

A

decreases blood flow
ion imbalances across the sarcolemma
loss of desire to continue exercise accumulation of lactic acid

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83
Q

what occurs in a muscle cramp?

A

sustained, involuntary muscle contraction

may be caused by changes in electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluids in the area

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84
Q

heat is a by-product of

A

cellular respiration in active cells

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85
Q

muscle cells are major source of

A

body heat

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86
Q

more than half the energy release in cellular respiration becomes

A

heat; less than half is transferred to ATP

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87
Q

blood transports ..

A

heat throughout body core

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88
Q

muscle contraction can be observed by

A

removing a single skeletal muscle fiber and connecting it to a device that senses and records skeletal changes int he overall length of the muscle fiber

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89
Q

what is the threshold stimulus?

A

minimum strength of stimulation of a muscle fiber required to cause contraction?

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90
Q

when strength of stimulus reaches threshold,

A

an action potential is generated

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91
Q

impuslse spreads through

A

muscle fiber, releasing Ca2+ from SR and activating crossbridge formation

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92
Q

one action potential from a motor neuron releases enough ACh to produce

A

threshold stimulus in muscle fiber, causing a muscle impulse

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93
Q

a twitch is

A

a contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single impulse

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94
Q

what is in the twitch?

A

latent period
period of contration
period of relaxation

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95
Q

length of muscle fiber before sitmulation determines

A

amount of force it can develop

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96
Q

optimum starting length in length-tension relationship is

A

resting length of the muscle fiber; this allows the greatest force to develop

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97
Q

stretched muscle fibers develop less

A

force, since some myosin heads cannot reach binding sites of actin

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98
Q

shortened muscle fibers also develop

A

less force, since compressed

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99
Q

sacromeres cannot

A

shorten further

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100
Q

summation is a process by which

A

the force of individual muscle fiber twitches combine.

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101
Q

summation produces

A

sustained contractions

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102
Q

summation can lead to

A

partial or complete tetanic contractions

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103
Q

a motor unit consists of

A

a motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it controls

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104
Q

a whole muscle consists of many

A

motor units

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105
Q

corase movements are produced with

A

large numbers of fibers in a motor unit

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106
Q

precide movements are produced with

A

fewer muscle fibers in a motor unit

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107
Q

what is the recruitment of motor units?

A

Increase in the number of motor units activated, to produce more force

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108
Q

certain motor units are

A

activated first, and others are activated only when the intensity of stimulus increases

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109
Q

as intensity of stimulation increases,

A

recruitment of motor units continues until all motor units are activated

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110
Q

the smallest motor units (smaller diameter axons)

A

are recruited first

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111
Q

larger motor units (larger diameter axons) are

A

recruited later

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112
Q

summutation and recruitment can produce

A

sustained contractions of increasing strength

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113
Q

whole muscle contractions are

A

smooth movements

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114
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

continuous state of partial contraction in resting muscles.

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115
Q

what is isotonic?

A

muscle contracts and changes length in equal force

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116
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

muscle contracts with force greater than resistance and shorten

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117
Q

what is a eccentric contraction?

A

muscsle contracts with force less than resistance and length

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118
Q

what is isometric?

A

muscle contracts but does not change length

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119
Q

Type I fibers are

A

slow twitch fibers

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120
Q

type iia are

A

fast-twitch fatigue resistant fibers

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121
Q

type iib are

A

fast-twitch glycolytic fibers

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122
Q

type I fibers are always

A

oxidative

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123
Q

type I fibers are what to fatigue?

A

resistant to fatigue

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124
Q

type I fibers contain what type of fibers

A

red fibers

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125
Q

type I fibers feature an abundance of

A

myoglobin

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126
Q

type I fibers feature food

A

blood supply

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127
Q

type I fibers feature many

A

mitochondria

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128
Q

type I fibers have slow

A

atpase activity; slow to contract

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129
Q

type iib have what type of respiration

A

anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)

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130
Q

type iib have what type of fibers

A

white fibers (less myoglobin)

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131
Q

type iib have poor

A

blood supply

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132
Q

type iib mitochondria type

A

fewer mitochondria than fast-twitch

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133
Q

type iib - sr

A

more sr than fast twitch

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134
Q

type iib susceptible to

A

fatigue

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135
Q

type iib - atpase activity

A

fast atpase activity; contract rapidly

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136
Q

type iiA - twitch fiber type

A

intermediate twitch fibers

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137
Q

type iia - oxidative capacity

A

intermediate oxidative capacity

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138
Q

type iia - myoglobin

A

intermediate amount of myoglobin

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139
Q

type iia - fiber type

A

white fibers

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140
Q

type iia - fatigue

A

resistant to gatigue

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141
Q

type iia - atpase

A

rapid atpase activity

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142
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

enlargement of skeletal muscle that is exercises

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143
Q

what is atrophy?

A

decrease in size and strength of skeletal muscle that is unused

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144
Q

aerobic exercise stimulates

A

slow-twitch fibers. In response, fibers increase their capillaries and mitochondria

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145
Q

forceful exercise stimulates mainly

A

fast twitch fibers. Inr esponse, fibers produce new actin and myosin filaments and the muscle enlarges

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146
Q

compared to skeletal muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers are

A 
shorter
single nucleus
elongated with tapering ends
myofilaments randomly organized
lack striations
lack transverse tubules
sr not well developed
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147
Q

what are the two types of smooth muscle?

A

multi-unit smooth muscle

visceral smooth msucle

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148
Q

in multi-unit smooth muscle, cells are

A

less organized

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149
Q

in multi-unit smooth muscle, function as

A

separate units

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150
Q

in multi-unit smooth muscle, fibers function

A

independtely

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151
Q

in multi-unit smooth muscle, found in

A

iris of eye, walls of blood vessels

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152
Q

in multi-unit smooth muscle, stimulated by

A

neurons, hormones

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153
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, consists of

A

single-unit smooth muscle, and cells response as a unit

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154
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, sheets of

A

spindle-shaped muscle fibers

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155
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, fibers held together by

A

gap junctions

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156
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, exhibit

A

rhythmicity

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157
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, conduct

A

peristalsis

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158
Q

in visceral smooth muscle, found in

A

walls of hollow organs

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159
Q

what is the more common type of smooth muscle?

A

visceral smooth muscle

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160
Q

like skeletal muscle contraction, smooth contraction features

A

interaction between actin and myosin
both use calcium and atp
both triggered by membrane impulses

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161
Q

unlike skeletal muscle , smooth muscle lacks

A

troponin, uses calmodulin instead

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162
Q

what two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE)

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163
Q

smooth muscle slower to

A

contract and relax

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164
Q

smooth muscle more resistant to

A

fatigue

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165
Q

cardiac muscle only located in

A

the heart

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166
Q

cardiac muscle appearance

A

striated muscle cells

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167
Q

cardiac muscle, muscle fibers jointed together by

A

intercalated discs

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168
Q

cardiac muscle, fibers branch and contain

A

a single nucleus

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169
Q

cardiac muscle,network of

A

fibers contract as a unit

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170
Q

cardiac muscle, are self-

A

exciting and rhythmic

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171
Q

cardiac muscle, has a longer ___ than sksletal muscle

A

refractory period

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172
Q

cardiac muscle, has no

A

sustained or tetanic contractions

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173
Q

major location of skeletal muscle?

A

skeletal muscles

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174
Q

major location of smooth muscle?

A

walls of hollow organs

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175
Q

major location of cardiac muscle?

A

wall of heart

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176
Q

major function of skeletal muscle?

A

movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture

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177
Q

major function of smooth muscle?

A

movement of walls of hollow organs, peristalsis, vasoconstrction

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178
Q

major function of cardiac muscle

A

pumping action of the heart

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179
Q

are striations present in skeletal muscle?

A

yes

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180
Q

are striations present in smooth muscle

A

no

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181
Q

are striations present in cardiac muscle

A

yes

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182
Q

nucleus in skeletal muscle

A

multiple nuclei

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183
Q

nucleus in smooth muscle

A

single nucleus

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184
Q

nucleus in cardiac muscle

A

single nucleus

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185
Q

special features in skeletal muscle

A

transverse tubule system is well develooped

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186
Q

special features in smooth muscles

A

lacks transverse tubules

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187
Q

special features in cardiac muscles

A

transverse tubule system is well developed

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188
Q

4 basic components of levers?

A

Rigid bar or rod (bones)
Fulcrum or pivot on which bar moves (joint)
object moved against resistance (Weight)
force that supplies energy for movement (muscles)

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189
Q

what is the origin?

A

the less moveable end

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190
Q

what is the insertion

A

the more moveable end

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191
Q

When a muscle contracts, insertion is

A

pulled toward the origin

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192
Q

What is a agonist?

A

muscle that causes an action

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193
Q

what is a prime mover?

A

agonist primarily responsible for movement

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194
Q

what are syngerists?

A

muscles that assist agonst / prime movers

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195
Q

what are antagonists?

A

muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover

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196
Q

origin of epicranius?

A

occipital bone

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197
Q

epicranius - insertion?

A

skin around eye

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198
Q

epicranius - action?

A

elevates eyebrow as when surprised

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199
Q

epicranius - nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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200
Q

orbicularis oculi - origin

A

maxilla and frontal bone

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201
Q

orbicularis oculi - insertion

A

skin around eye

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202
Q

orbicularis oculi - action?

A

closes eyes as in blinking

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203
Q

orbicularis oculi - nerve supply?

A

facial nerve

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204
Q

orbicularis oris - origin

A

muscles near the mouth

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205
Q

orbicularis oris - insertion

A

skin of central lip

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206
Q

orbicularis oris - action

A

closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing

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207
Q

orbicularis oris - nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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208
Q

buccinator - origin?

A

alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

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209
Q

buccinator - insertion

A

orbicularis oris

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210
Q

buccinator - action

A

compresses cheek

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211
Q

buccinator - nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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212
Q

zygomaticus major - origin

A

zygomatic bone

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213
Q

zygomaticus major - insertion

A

skin and muscle at corner of mouth

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214
Q

zygomaticus major - action

A

elevates corner of mouth as when smiling

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215
Q

zygomaticus major - nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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216
Q

zygomaticus minor - origin

A

zygomatic

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217
Q

zygomaticus minor - insertion

A

skin and muscle at corner of mouth

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218
Q

zygomaticus minor - action

A

elevates corner of mouth as when smiling

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219
Q

zygomaticus minor - nerve supplyl

A

facial nerve

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220
Q

platysma - origin

A

fascia in upper chest

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221
Q

platysma - insertion

A

skin and muscles below mouth; mandible

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222
Q

platysma - action

A

depresses lower lip and angle of mouth as when pouting

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223
Q

platysma - nerve supply

A

facial nerve

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224
Q

masseter - origin

A

zygomatic arch

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225
Q

masseter - insertion

A

lateral surface of ramus of mandible

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226
Q

masseter - action

A

elevates and protracts mandible

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227
Q

masseter - nerve supply

A

trigeminal nerve

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228
Q

temporalis - origin

A

temporal bone

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229
Q

temporalis - insertion

A

coronoid process and anterior ramus of mandible

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230
Q

temporalis - action

A

elevates and retracts mandible

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231
Q

temporalis - nerve supply

A

trigeminal nerve

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232
Q

medial pterygoid - origin

A

sphenoid, palantine, and maxillary bone

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233
Q

medial pterygoid - insertion

A

medial surface of ramus of mandible

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234
Q

medial pterygoid - action

A

elevates mandible and moves it from side to side

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235
Q

medial pterygoid - nerve supply

A

trigeminal nerve

236
Q

lateral pterygoid - origin

A

sphenoid bone

237
Q

lateral pterygoid - insertion

A

anterior surface of mandibular condyle

238
Q

lateral pterygoid - action

A

depresses and protracts mandible and moves it from side to side

239
Q

lateral pterygoid - nerve supply

A

trigeminal nerve

240
Q

What is TMJ Syndrome?

A

articulation problem between mandibular condyle of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone

241
Q

TMJ Syndrome affects

A

nerves passing thorugh new and jaw region

242
Q

TMJ Syndrome caused by

A

misaligned jaw, grinding/clenching teeth

243
Q

TMJ Syndrome causes

A

clicking jaw, facial pain, ringing in ears, insomnia, tooth sensitivity to heat/cold, backache, dizziness, ear pain

244
Q

TMJ Syndrome Treatments

A

physical therapy, oral appliances, arthocentesis, injections of botulism toxin or steroids

245
Q

Sternocleidomastoid - origin

A

anterior surface of sternum and upper surface of clavicle

246
Q

Sternocleidomastoid - insertion

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

247
Q

Sternocleidomastoid - action

A

each laterally flexes neck to the same side, roteates head to the opposite side, together they pull the head forward and down

248
Q

Sternocleidomastoid - nerve supply

A

accessory, C2 and C3 cervical nerves

249
Q

splenius capitis - origin

A

ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of seventh cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

250
Q

splenius capitis - insertion

A

occipital bone

251
Q

splenius capitis - action

A

individually rotates head to the same side. Together bring head into the upright position

252
Q

splenius capitis - nerve supply

A

cervical nerves

253
Q

semispinalis capitis - origin

A

processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae

254
Q

semispinalis capitis - insertion

A

occipital bone

255
Q

semispinalis capitis - action

A

individually: rotates head to the opposite head.
together: extend head and neck

256
Q

semispinalis capitis - nerve supply

A

cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

257
Q

scalenes - origin

A

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

258
Q

scalenes - insertion

A

superior and lateral surfaces of first rwo ribs

259
Q

scalenes - action

A

individually: laterally flexes head and neck to the same side
together: elevate first two ribs during forceful inhalation

260
Q

scalenes - nerve supply

A

cervical spinal nerves

261
Q

quadratus lumborum - origin

A

iliac crest

262
Q

quadratus lumborum - insertion

A

upper lumbar vertebrae and twelth rib

263
Q

quadratus lumborum - action

A

extends lumbar region of vertebral column

264
Q

quadratus lumborum - nerve supply

A

thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

265
Q

iliocostalis lumborum - origin

A

iliac crest

266
Q

iliocostalis lumborum - insertion

A

lower six ribs

267
Q

iliocostalis lumborum - action

A

extends lumbar region of vertebral column

268
Q

iliocostalis lumborum - nerve supply

A

Lumbar spinal nerves

269
Q

iliocostalis thoracis - origin

A

lower six ribs

270
Q

iliocostalis thoracis - insertion

A

upper six ribs

271
Q

iliocostalis thoracis - action

A

holds spine erect

272
Q

iliocostalis thoracis - nerve supply

A

thoracic spinal nerves

273
Q

iliocostalis cervices - origin

A

upper six ribs

274
Q

iliocostalis cervices - insertion

A

fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae

275
Q

iliocostalis cervices - action

A

extends cervical region of vertebral column

276
Q

iliocostalis cervices - nerve supply

A

cervical spinal nerves

277
Q

longissimus thoracis - origin

A

lumbar vertebrae

278
Q

longissimus thoracis - insertion

A

thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae and ribs 9 and 10

279
Q

longissimus thoracis - action

A

extends thoracic region of vertebral column

280
Q

longissimus thoracis - nerve supply

A

spinal nerves

281
Q

longissimus cervicis - origin

A

fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae

282
Q

longissimus cervicis - insertion

A

second through sixth cervical vertebrae

283
Q

longissimus cervicis - action

A

extends cervical region of vertebral column

284
Q

longissimus cervicis - nerve supply

A

spinal nerves

285
Q

longissimus capitis - origin

A

upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae

286
Q

longissimus capitis - insertion

A

mastoid process of temporal bone

287
Q

longissimus capitis - action

A

extends and rotates head

288
Q

longissimus capitis - nerve supply

A

cervical spinal nerves

289
Q

spinalis thoracis - origin

A

upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae

290
Q

spinalis thoracis - insertion

A

upper thoracic vertebrae

291
Q

spinalis thoracis - action

A

extends vertebral column

292
Q

spinalis thoracis - nerve supply

A

spinal nerves

293
Q

spinal cervicis - origin

A

ligamentum nuchae and seventh cervical vertebra

294
Q

spinal cervicis - insertion

A

axis

295
Q

spinal cervicis - action

A

extend vertebral column

296
Q

spinal cervicis - nerve supply

A

spinal nerves

297
Q

trapezius - origin

A

occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae

298
Q

trapezius - insertion

A

clavicle
spine
acromion process of scapula

299
Q

trapezius - action

A

rotates and retracts scapula

superior portion elevates scapula inferior portion depresses scapula

300
Q

trapezius - nerve supply

A

accessory nerve

301
Q

rhomboid major - origin

A

spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae

302
Q

rhomboid major - insertion

A

medial border of scapulaa

303
Q

rhomboid major - action

A

retracts, elevates, and rotates scapula

304
Q

rhomboid major - nerve supply

A

dorsal scapular nerve

305
Q

rhomboid minor - origin

A

spinous processes of lower cervical vertebrae

306
Q

rhomboid minor - insertion

A

medial border of scapula

307
Q

rhomboid minor - action

A

retracts and elevates scapula

308
Q

rhomboid minor - nerve supply

A

dorsal scapaular nerve

309
Q

levator scapular - origin

A

transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

310
Q

levator scapular - insertion

A

medial border of scapula

311
Q

levator scapular - action

A

elevates scapula

312
Q

levator scapular - nerve supply

A

dorsal scapular and cervical nerves

313
Q

serratus anterior - origin

A

anterior surfaces of upper ribs

314
Q

serratus anterior - insertion

A

medial border of scapula

315
Q

serratus anterior - action

A

protects and rotates scapula

316
Q

serratus anterior - nerve supply

A

long thoracic nerve

317
Q

pectoralis minor - origin

A

anterior surface of ribs 3-5

318
Q

pectoralis minor - insertion

A

coracoid process of scapula

319
Q

pectoralis minor - action

A

depresses and protracts scapula, elevates ribs during forceful inhalation

320
Q

pectoralis minor - nerve supply

A

pectoral nerve

321
Q

coracobrachialis - origin

A

coracoid process of scapula

322
Q

coracobrachialis - insertion

A

medial mid-shaft of humerus

323
Q

coracobrachialis - action

A

flexes shoulder and adducts arm

324
Q

coracobrachialis - nerve supply

A

musculocutaneus nerve

325
Q

pectoralis major - origin

A

clavicle , sternum, and costal cartilages of upper ribs

326
Q

pectoralis major - insertion

A

intertubecular sulcus of humerus

327
Q

pectoralis major - action

A

flexes shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially

328
Q

pectoralis major - nerve supply

A

pectoral nerve

329
Q

teres major - origin

A

lateral border of scapula

330
Q

teres major - insertion

A

intertubercular sulcus of humerus

331
Q

teres major - action

A

extends shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially

332
Q

teres major - nerve supply

A

lower subscapular nerve

333
Q

latissimus dorsi - origin

A

spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs

334
Q

latissimus dorsi - insertion

A

intertubecular sulcus of humerus

335
Q

latissimus dorsi - action

A

extends shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially, or depresses and retracts shoulder

336
Q

latissimus dorsi - nerve supply

A

thoracondorsal nerve

337
Q

supraspinatus - origin

A

supraspinous fossa of scapula

338
Q

supraspinatus - insertion

A

greater tubercle of humerus

339
Q

supraspinatus - action

A

abducts arm

340
Q

supraspinatus - nerve supply

A

suprascapular nerve

341
Q

deltoid - origin

A

acromion process, spine of the scapula, and the clavicle

342
Q

deltoid - insertion

A

deltoid tuberosity of humerus

343
Q

deltoid - action

A

lateral portion abducts arm.
anterior portion flexes shoulder
posterior portion extends shoulder

344
Q

deltoid - nerve supply

A

axillary nerve

345
Q

subscapularis - origin

A

anterior surface of scapula

346
Q

subscapularis - insertion

A

lesser tubercle of humerus

347
Q

subscapularis - action

A

rotates arm medially

348
Q

subscapularis - nerve supply

A

subscapular nerve

349
Q

infraspinatus - origin

A

infraspinous fossa of scapula

350
Q

infraspinatus - insertion

A

greater tubercle of humerus

351
Q

infraspinatus - action

A

rotates arm lateally

352
Q

infraspinatus - nerve supply

A

upper and lower suprascapular nerves

353
Q

teres minor - origin

A

lateral border of scapula

354
Q

teres minor - insertion

A

greater tubercle of humerus

355
Q

teres minor - action

A

rotates arm laterally

356
Q

teres minor - nerve supply

A

axillary nerve

357
Q

biceps brachii - origin

A

coracod process and tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula

358
Q

biceps brachii - insertion

A

radial tuberosity

359
Q

biceps brachii - action

A

flexes elbow and supinates forearm and hand

360
Q

biceps brachii - nerve supply

A

musculotaneous nerve

361
Q

brachialis - origin

A

anterior surface of humerus

362
Q

brachialis - insertion

A

coronoid process of ulna

363
Q

brachialis - action

A

flexes elbow

364
Q

brachialis - nerve supply

A

musculocutaneous, median, and radial nerves

365
Q

brachioradialis - origin

A

distal lateral end of humerus

366
Q

brachioradialis - action

A

flexes elbow

367
Q

brachioradialis - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

368
Q

triceps brachii - origin

A

tubercle below glenoid cavity and lateral and posterior surfaces of humerus

369
Q

triceps brachii - insertion

A

lateral surface of radius above styloid process

370
Q

triceps brachii - action

A

extends elbow

371
Q

triceps brachii - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

372
Q

supinator - origin

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna, just distal to radial notch

373
Q

supinator - insertion

A

anterior and lateral surface of radius

374
Q

supinator - action

A

rotates forearm laterally; supinates forearm and hand

375
Q

supinator - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

376
Q

pronator teres - origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna

377
Q

pronator teres - insertion

A

lateral surface of proximal 1/3 of radius

378
Q

pronator teres - action

A

rotates forearm medially, pronates forearm and hand

379
Q

pronator teres - nerve supply

A

medial nerve

380
Q

pronator quadratus - origin

A

anterior distal end of ulna

381
Q

pronator quadratus - insertion

A

anterior distal end of radius

382
Q

pronator quadratus - action

A

rotates forearm medially; pronates forearm and hand

383
Q

pronator quadratus - nerve supply

A

median nerve

384
Q

flexor carpi radialis - origin

A

medial epicondyole of humerus

385
Q

flexor carpi radialis - insertion

A

base of second and third metacarpals

386
Q

flexor carpi radialis - action

A

flexes wrist and abducts hand

387
Q

flexor carpi radialis - nerve supply

A

median nerve

388
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris - origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon process of ulna

389
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris - insertion

A

carpal and meteacarpal bones

390
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris - action

A

flexes wrist and adducts hand

391
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris - nerve supply

A

ulnar nerve

392
Q

palmaris longus - origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus

393
Q

palmaris longus - insertion

A

fascia of palm

394
Q

palmaris longus - action

A

flexes wrist

395
Q

palmaris longus - nerve suply

A

median nerve

396
Q

flexor digitorum profundus - origin

A

anterior and medial surface of ulna

397
Q

flexor digitorum profundus - insertion

A

distal palanges of fingers 2-5

398
Q

flexor digitorum profundus - action

A

flexes wrist and joints of fingers

399
Q

flexor digitorum profundus - nerve supply

A

median and ulnar nerves

400
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis - origin

A

medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna and radius

401
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis- insertion

A

tendons of figners

402
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis- action

A

flexes wrist and joint of fingers

403
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis-nerve supply

A

median nerve

404
Q

extensor carpi radalis longus - origin

A

lateral end of humerus

405
Q

extensor carpi radalis longus - insertion

A

base of second metacarpal

406
Q

extensor carpi radalis longus - action

A

extends wrist and abducts hand

407
Q

extensor carpi radalis longus - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

408
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis - origin

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus

409
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis - insertion

A

base of thord metacarpal

410
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis - action

A

extends wrist and abducts hand

411
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

412
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris - origin

A

lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal, posterior ulna

413
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris - insertion

A

base of fifth metacarpal

414
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris - action

A

extends wrist and adducts hand

415
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

416
Q

extensor digitorum - origin

A

lateal epicondyle of humerus

417
Q

extensor digitorum - insertion

A

posterior surface of phalanges in fingers 2-5

418
Q

extensor digitorum - action

A

extends joints of fingers

419
Q

extensor digitorum - nerve supply

A

radial nerve

420
Q

external oblique - origin

A

outer surfaces of lower 8 ribs

421
Q

external oblique - insertion

A

outer lip of iliac crest and linea alba

422
Q

external oblique - action

A

compresses abdomen, flesxes and rotates vertebral column

423
Q

external oblique - nerve supply

A

intercostal nerves 7-12

424
Q

internal oblique - origin

A

iliac crest and inguinal ligament

425
Q

internal oblique - insertion

A

lower 3-4 ribs, linea alba, and crest of pubis

426
Q

internal oblique - action

A

compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates vertebral column

427
Q

internal oblique - nerve supply

A

intercostal nerves 7-12

428
Q

transversus abdominis - origin

A

costal cartilages of lower 6 ribs, processes of lumbar vertebrae, lip of iliac crest, and inguinal liament

429
Q

transversus abdominis - insertion

A

linea alba and crest of pubis

430
Q

transversus abdominis - action

A

compresses, abdomen, flexes and rotates vertebral colbumn

431
Q

transversus abdominis - nerve supply

A

intercostal nerves 7-12

432
Q

rectus abdominis - origin

A

crest of pubis and pubic symphysis

433
Q

rectus abdominis - insertion

A

xiphoid process of sternum and ribs 5-7

434
Q

rectus abdominis - action

A

compresses, abdomen, flexes vertebral column

435
Q

rectus abdominis - nerve supply

A

intercostal nerves 7-12

436
Q

levator ani - origin

A

pubis and ischial spine

437
Q

levator ani - insertion

A

coccyx

438
Q

levator ani - action

A

supports pelvic , viscera and compresses anal canal

439
Q

levator ani - nerve supply

A

pudendal nerve

440
Q

coccygeus - origin

A

ischial spine

441
Q

coccygeus - insertion

A

sacrum and coccyx

442
Q

coccygeus - action

A

supports pelvic visceraa and provides sphincter-like action in anal canal and vagina

443
Q

coccygeus - nerve supply

A

S4 and S5 nerves

444
Q

superficial transverus perinei - origin

A

ischial tuberosity

445
Q

superficial transverus perinei - insertion

A

central tendon

446
Q

superficial transverus perinei - action

A

support pelvic viscera

447
Q

superficial transverus perinei - nerve supply

A

pudendal nerve

448
Q

bulbospongiosus - origin

A

central tendon

449
Q

bulbospongiosus - insertion

A

males: corpus cavernosa of penis
females: carpus cavernosa of clitoris

450
Q

bulbospongiosus - action

A

males: assist emptying of urethra and assists in erection of penis
females: constricts vagina and assists in errection of clitoris

451
Q

bulbospongiosus - nerve supply

A

pudendal nerve

452
Q

ischiocavernosus - origin

A

ischial tuberosity

453
Q

ischiocavernosus - insertion

A

males: corpus cavernosa of penis
females: corpus cavernosa of clitoris

454
Q

ischiocavernosus - ACTION

A

males: contributes to erection of the penis
females: contributes to erection of the clitoris

455
Q

ischiocavernosus - nerve supply

A

pudendal nerve

456
Q

external urethral sphincter - - origin

A

margins of publs and ischum

457
Q

external urethral sphincter - - insertion

A

fibers of each side unite with those from other side and encircle urethra

458
Q

external urethral sphincter - - action

A

closes urethra

459
Q

external urethral sphincter - - nerve supply

A

pudendal nerve

460
Q

external anal sphincter - origin

A

coccyx and central tendon

461
Q

external anal sphincter - insertion

A

some circular fibers as well as some fibers from each side with those from the other side and encircle anal canal

462
Q

external anal sphincter - aaction

A

closes anal canal

463
Q

external anal sphincter - nerve supply

A

pudenal nerve

464
Q

psoas major - origin

A

bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae

465
Q

psoas major - insertion

A

less trochanter of femur

466
Q

psoas major - action

A

flexes hip

467
Q

psoas major - nerve supply

A

braches of l1-3 nerves

468
Q

iliacus - origin

A

iliac fossa of ilium

469
Q

iliacus - insertion

A

lesser trochanter of femur

470
Q

iliacus - action

A

flexes hip

471
Q

iliacus - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

472
Q

gluteus maximus - ORIGIN

A

SACRUM, COCCyx, and posteiror surface of illium

473
Q

gluteus maximus - insertion

A

posterior surface of femur and fascia of thigh

474
Q

gluteus maximus - action

A

extends hip

475
Q

gluteus maximus - nerve supply

A

inferior gluteal nerve

476
Q

gluteus medius - origin

A

lateral surface of ilium

477
Q

gluteus medius - insertion

A

greater trochanter of femur

478
Q

gluteus medius - action

A

abducts and rotates thigh medially

479
Q

gluteus medius - nerve supply

A

superior gluteal nerve

480
Q

gluteus minimus - origin

A

lateral surface of ilium

481
Q

gluteus minimus - insertion

A

greater trocanter of femur

482
Q

gluteus minimus - action

A

abducts and rotates thigh medially

483
Q

gluteus minimus - nerve supply

A

superior gluteal nerve

484
Q

piriformis - origin

A

anterior surface of sacrum

485
Q

piriformis - insertion

A

greater trochanter of femur

486
Q

piriformis - action

A

abducts and rotates thigh laterally

487
Q

piriformis - nerve supply

A

L5, S1, and S2 nerves

488
Q

tensor fasciae latae - origin

A

anterior iliac crest

489
Q

tensor fasciae latae - insertion

A

iliotibial tract (fascia on thigh)

490
Q

tensor fasciae latae - action

A

abducts thihg, fexes hip, and rotates thigh medially

491
Q

tensor fasciae latae - nerve supply

A

super gluteal nerve

492
Q

pectineus - origin

A

spine of pubis

493
Q

pectineus - insertion

A

femur distal to lesser trochanter

494
Q

pectineus - action

A

flexes hip and adducts thigh

495
Q

pectineus - nerve supply

A

obturator and femoral nerves

496
Q

adductor brevis - origin

A

pubic bone

497
Q

adductor brevis - insertion

A

posterior surface of femur

498
Q

adductor brevis - action

A

adducts thigh and flexes hip

499
Q

adductor brevis - nerve supply

A

obturator nerve

500
Q

adductor longus - origin

A

pubic bone near pubic symphysis

501
Q

adductor longus - insertion

A

posterior surface of femur

502
Q

adductor longus - action

A

adducts thigh and flexes hip

503
Q

adductor longus - nerve supply

A

obturator nerve

504
Q

adductor magnus - origin

A

ischial tuberosity

505
Q

adductor longus - insertion

A

posterior surface of femur

506
Q

adductor longus - action

A

adducts thigh, posterior portion extends and anterior portion flexes hip

507
Q

adductor longus - nerve supply

A

obturator and branch of sciatic nerves

508
Q

gracilis - origin

A

lower edge of pubic symphysis

509
Q

gracilis - insertion

A

proximal , medial surface of tibia

510
Q

gracilis - action

A

adducts thigh and flexes knee

511
Q

gracilis - nerve supply

A

obturator nerve

512
Q

biceps femoris - origin

A

ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur

513
Q

biceps femoris - insertion

A

head of fibular

514
Q

biceps femoris - action

A

flexes knee, rotates leg laterally, and extends hip

515
Q

biceps femoris - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

516
Q

semitendinosus - origin

A

ischial tuberosity

517
Q

semitendinosus - insertion

A

proximal, medial surface of tibia

518
Q

semitendinosus - action

A

flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip

519
Q

semitendinosus - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

520
Q

semimembranosus - origin

A

ischial tuberosity

521
Q

semimembranosus - insertion

A

medial condyle of tibia

522
Q

semimembranosus - action

A

flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip

523
Q

semimembranosus - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

524
Q

sartorius - origin

A

anterior superior iliac spine

525
Q

sartorius - insertion

A

medial surface of tibia

526
Q

sartorius - action

A

flexes knee and hip, abducts and rotates thigh laterally, and rotates leg medially

527
Q

sartorius - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

528
Q

rectus femoris - origin

A

anterior superior iliac spine and margin of acetabulum

529
Q

rectus femoris - insertion

A

patella by tendon, which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

530
Q

rectus femoris - action

A

extends knee, flexes hip

531
Q

rectus femoris - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

532
Q

vastuc lateralis - origin

A

greater trochanter and posterior surface of femur

533
Q

vastuc lateralis - insertion

A

patella by tendon, which contineues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

534
Q

vastuc lateralis - action

A

extends knee

535
Q

vastuc lateralis - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

536
Q

vastus medialis - origin

A

medial surface of femur

537
Q

vastus medialis - insertion

A

patella by tendon, which continues as paterllar ligament to tibial tuberosity

538
Q

vastus medialis - action

A

extends knee

539
Q

vastus medialis - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

540
Q

vastus intermedius - origin

A

anterior and lateral surfaces of femur

541
Q

vastus intermedius - insertion

A

patella by tendon, which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity

542
Q

vastus intermedius - action

A

extends knee

543
Q

vastus intermedius - nerve supply

A

femoral nerve

544
Q

tibialis anterior - origin

A

lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia

545
Q

tibialis anterior - insertion

A

tarsal bone and first metatarsal

546
Q

tibialis anterior - action

A

dorsiflexion and inversion of foot

547
Q

tibialis anterior - nerve supply

A

deep fibular nerve

548
Q

fibularis tertius - origin

A

anterior surface of fibula

549
Q

fibularis tertius - insertion

A

sorsal surface ofifth metatarsal

550
Q

fibularis tertius - action

A

dorsiflecion and eversion of foot

551
Q

fibularis tertius - nerve supply

A

deep fibular nerve

552
Q

extensor ditorum longus - origin

A

lateral condyle of tibia and anterior surface of fibula

553
Q

extensor ditorum longus - insertion

A

dorsal surface sof middle and distal phalanges of four lateral toes

554
Q

extensor ditorum longus - action

A

dorsiflexion of foot, extends toes

555
Q

extensor ditorum longus - nerve s upply

A

deep fibular nerve

556
Q

extensor halluces longus - origin

A

anterior surface of fibula

557
Q

extensor halluces longus - insertion

A

distal phalanx of the great toe

558
Q

extensor halluces longus - action

A

extends great toe, dorsiflexio and inerstion of foot

559
Q

extensor halluces longus - nerve supply

A

deep fibular nerve

560
Q

gastrocnemius - origin

A

lateral and medial condyles of femur

561
Q

gastrocnemius - insertion

A

posteior surface of calcaneus

562
Q

gastrocnemius - action

A

plantar flexion of foot , flexes knee

563
Q

gastrocnemius - nerve supply

A

tibial nerv

564
Q

soleus - origin

A

head and shaft of fibula nad posterior surface of tibia

565
Q

soleus - insertion

A

posterior surface of calcaneus

566
Q

soleus - action

A

platar flexion of foot

567
Q

soleus - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

568
Q

plantaris - origin

A

femur

569
Q

plantaris - insertion

A

calcaneus

570
Q

plantaris - action

A

platar flexion of foot, flexes knee

571
Q

plantaris - nerve suply

A

tibial nerve

572
Q

flexor digorum longus - origin

A

posterior surface of tibia

573
Q

flexor digorum longus - insertion

A

distal phalanges of four lateral toes

574
Q

flexor digorum longus - action

A

platar flexion and inversion of food, flexes four lateral toes

575
Q

flexor digorum longus - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

576
Q

tibialis posterior - origin

A

lateral condyle and posterior surface of tibia and posterior surface of fibula

577
Q

tibialis posterior - insertion

A

tarsal and first metatarsal

578
Q

tibialis posterior - action

A

plantar flexiona nd inversion fo foot

579
Q

tibialis posterior - nerve supply

A

tibial nerve

580
Q

fibularis longs - origin

A

lateral condyle of tibia and head an dshift of fibula

581
Q

fibularis longs - insertion

A

tarsal bone and first metatarsal

582
Q

fibularis longs - action

A

platar flexion and eversion of foot, also supports arch

583
Q

fibularis longs - nerve supply

A

superficial fibular nerve

584
Q

what starts to decline starting in the 40s

A

myoglobin, atp and creatine phosphate

585
Q

by age 80, almost half of muscle mass has

A

atrophied

A&P I (33 decks)

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