Chapter 9 PPT Flashcards
What are the three types of muscle tissue in the muscular system?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal muscle attached to
bones of skeleton
skeletal muscle - control type?
voluntary
cardiac muscle makes up most of the
wall of the heart
cardiac muscle control type?
involuntary (non-consciously controlled)
cardiac muscle responsible for
pumping action of the heart
smooth muscle found in
walls of internal organs, such as those of digestive tract
smooth muscle control type
involuntary
skeletal muscle composed of
skeletal muscle tissue
nervous tissue
blood
connective tissue
connective tissue covering over skeletal muscles
fascia
tendons
aponeuroses
muscle coverings examples
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
what is the epimysium?
surrounds whole muscle
what is the perimysium?
surrounds fascicles within a muscle
what is the endomysium?
surrounds muscle fibers within a fasicle
skeletal muscle fibers have what type of nucleus?
multinucleated
skeletal muscle have many
myofibrils
skeletal muscle - what do myofibrils consist of?
thin actin filaments
thick myosin filaments
sacromeres that are connected end-to-end
skeletal muscle - striation pattern is made by
arrangement of myofilaments in myofibrils
What structures do sarcomeres contain?
I Band A Band H Zone Z Line M Line
what is in the I band?
thin filaments
what is in the A band
thick and thin filaments
what is in the H zone
thick filaments
what is the z line also known as?
Z disc
Striation pattern has what 2 main parts?
I Band and A Band
What is the I Band?
Light band, composed of thin actin filaments
what is the a band?
dark band, composed of thick myosin filaments with portions overlapped with thin actin filaments
What is the H zone?
Center of A band; composed of thick myosin filaments
What is the Z Line?
Anchors filaments in place; sarcomere boundary; center of I band
What is the M line?
Anchors thick filaments; center of A band
thick filaments are composed of
myosin proteins; heads form cross-bridges
thin filaments are composed of
actin protein; associated with troponin and tropomyosin, which prevent cross-bridge formation when muscle is not contracting
Contraction of a muscle fiber requires
interaction from several chemical and cellular components
Contraction of a muscle fiber results from
a movement within the myofibrils, in which the actin and myosin filaments slide past one another, shortening the sarcomeres
Contraction of a muscle fiber - muscle fiber shortens and
pulls on attachment point
a neuromuscular junction is a type of
synpase
a neuromuscular junction is also called a
myoneural junction
a neuromuscular junction site where
an axon of motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber interact
a neuromuscular junction - skeletal fibers contract only when stimulated by a
motor neuron
parts of the NMJ?
Motor Neuron Motor End Plate Synaptic Cleft Synaptic Vesicles Neurotransmitters
What is the neurotransmitter for contraction?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Stimulus for contraction - nerve impulse causes release of
ACh from synaptic vesicles
Stimulus for contraction - Ach binds to
ACh receptors on motor end plate
Stimulus for contraction - ACh causes change in
membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ which generates a muscle impulse (action potential)
Stimulus for contraction - impulse causes
release of Ca2+ from SR, which leads to muscle contraction
What is MG?
Myoasthenia Gravis, an autoimmune disorder
What happens in Myoasthenia Gravis?
Antibodies attach ACh receptors on skeletal muscle fibers (motor end plates) in neuromuscular junctions)
In MG, person may only have
one-third normal number of ACh receptors
MG leads to widespread
muscle weakness and muscle fatigue
Treatments for MG?
Drugs that inhibit ACh
Immunosuppresant Drugs
Administering antibodies that inactivate harmful antibodies
Plasma exchange
What is excitation-contraction coupling
connection between muscle fiber stimulation and muscle contraction
what occurs during muscle relaxation?
Ca2+ ions are stored in SR
Troponin-Tropomyosin complexes cover binding sites on actin filaments
Upon muscle stimulation - muscle impulses cause
SRS to release Ca2+ ions into cytosol
Upon muscle stimulation - Ca2+ on binds to
troponin to change its shape
Upon muscle stimulation - each tropomyosin is
held in place by a troponin molecule. The change in shape of troponin alters the position of tropomyosin
Upon muscle stimulation - binding sites on actin are now
exposed
Upon muscle stimulation - myosin heads bind to
actin - forming cross-bridges
sliding filament model of muscle contraction - when sarcomeres shorten
thick and thin filaments slide past one another
sliding filament model of muscle contraction - H zone and I bands
narrow
sliding filament model of muscle contraction - z lines move
closer together
sliding filament model of muscle contraction - thick and thin filaments
do not change length
sliding filament model of muscle contraction - overlap between
filaments increases
cross-bridge cycling - (1) myosin head attaches to
actin binding site, forming cross-bridge
cross-bridge cycling - (2) myosin cross-bridge pulls
thin filament toward center of sacromere
cross-bridge cycling - (3) ADP and phosphate are
released from myosin
cross-bridge cycling - (4) new atp
binds to myosin
cross-bridge cycling - (5) linkage between actin and myosin
cross-bridge break
cross-bridge cycling - (6) atp
splits
cross-bridge cycling - (7) myosin cross-bridge goes back to
original position
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - Acetylcholinesterase rapidly
decomposes ACh remaining in the synapse
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - muscle impulse stops when
ACh is decomposed
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - stimulus to sarcolemma and muscle fiber membrane
ceases
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - calcium pump moves
Ca2+ back into sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - troponin-tropomyosin complex again
covers binding sites on actin.
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - myosin and actin binding sites are now
prevented
When neural stimulation of muscle fiber stops - at the end, muscle fiber
relaxes
Energy sources for contraction
ATP reserves : small amount
creatine phosphate: initial source of energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and P
Cellular respiration
What occurs in cellular respiration in anaerobic phase?
glycolysis
occurs in cytoplasm
produces little atp
what occurs in aerobic phase?
citric acid and ETC.
occurs in mitochondria
produces most of ATP
myoglobin stores extra oxygen in molecules
What is the Anaerobic (Lactic Acid) Threshold
Shift in metabolism from aerobic to anaerobic, during strenuous muscle activity, when the above systems cannot supply the necessary O2. Lactic acid is provided
what happens in oxygen debt?
amount of oxygen needed by liver cells convert the accumulated lactic acid to glucose and to restore muscle ATP and creatine phosphate concentrations
what occurs in muscle fatigue?
inability to contract muslces
common causes of muscle fatigue?
decreases blood flow
ion imbalances across the sarcolemma
loss of desire to continue exercise accumulation of lactic acid
what occurs in a muscle cramp?
sustained, involuntary muscle contraction
may be caused by changes in electrolyte concentration in extracellular fluids in the area
heat is a by-product of
cellular respiration in active cells
muscle cells are major source of
body heat
more than half the energy release in cellular respiration becomes
heat; less than half is transferred to ATP
blood transports ..
heat throughout body core
muscle contraction can be observed by
removing a single skeletal muscle fiber and connecting it to a device that senses and records skeletal changes int he overall length of the muscle fiber
what is the threshold stimulus?
minimum strength of stimulation of a muscle fiber required to cause contraction?
when strength of stimulus reaches threshold,
an action potential is generated
impuslse spreads through
muscle fiber, releasing Ca2+ from SR and activating crossbridge formation
one action potential from a motor neuron releases enough ACh to produce
threshold stimulus in muscle fiber, causing a muscle impulse
a twitch is
a contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a single impulse
what is in the twitch?
latent period
period of contration
period of relaxation
length of muscle fiber before sitmulation determines
amount of force it can develop
optimum starting length in length-tension relationship is
resting length of the muscle fiber; this allows the greatest force to develop
stretched muscle fibers develop less
force, since some myosin heads cannot reach binding sites of actin
shortened muscle fibers also develop
less force, since compressed
sacromeres cannot
shorten further
summation is a process by which
the force of individual muscle fiber twitches combine.
summation produces
sustained contractions
summation can lead to
partial or complete tetanic contractions
a motor unit consists of
a motor neuron plus all of the muscle fibers it controls
a whole muscle consists of many
motor units
corase movements are produced with
large numbers of fibers in a motor unit
precide movements are produced with
fewer muscle fibers in a motor unit
what is the recruitment of motor units?
Increase in the number of motor units activated, to produce more force
certain motor units are
activated first, and others are activated only when the intensity of stimulus increases
as intensity of stimulation increases,
recruitment of motor units continues until all motor units are activated
the smallest motor units (smaller diameter axons)
are recruited first
larger motor units (larger diameter axons) are
recruited later
summutation and recruitment can produce
sustained contractions of increasing strength
whole muscle contractions are
smooth movements
what is muscle tone?
continuous state of partial contraction in resting muscles.
what is isotonic?
muscle contracts and changes length in equal force
What is a concentric contraction?
muscle contracts with force greater than resistance and shorten
what is a eccentric contraction?
muscsle contracts with force less than resistance and length
what is isometric?
muscle contracts but does not change length
Type I fibers are
slow twitch fibers
type iia are
fast-twitch fatigue resistant fibers
type iib are
fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
type I fibers are always
oxidative
type I fibers are what to fatigue?
resistant to fatigue
type I fibers contain what type of fibers
red fibers
type I fibers feature an abundance of
myoglobin
type I fibers feature food
blood supply
type I fibers feature many
mitochondria
type I fibers have slow
atpase activity; slow to contract
type iib have what type of respiration
anaerobic respiration (glycolysis)
type iib have what type of fibers
white fibers (less myoglobin)
type iib have poor
blood supply
type iib mitochondria type
fewer mitochondria than fast-twitch
type iib - sr
more sr than fast twitch
type iib susceptible to
fatigue
type iib - atpase activity
fast atpase activity; contract rapidly
type iiA - twitch fiber type
intermediate twitch fibers
type iia - oxidative capacity
intermediate oxidative capacity
type iia - myoglobin
intermediate amount of myoglobin
type iia - fiber type
white fibers
type iia - fatigue
resistant to gatigue
type iia - atpase
rapid atpase activity
what is hypertrophy?
enlargement of skeletal muscle that is exercises
what is atrophy?
decrease in size and strength of skeletal muscle that is unused
aerobic exercise stimulates
slow-twitch fibers. In response, fibers increase their capillaries and mitochondria
forceful exercise stimulates mainly
fast twitch fibers. Inr esponse, fibers produce new actin and myosin filaments and the muscle enlarges
compared to skeletal muscle fibers, smooth muscle fibers are
shorter single nucleus elongated with tapering ends myofilaments randomly organized lack striations lack transverse tubules sr not well developed
what are the two types of smooth muscle?
multi-unit smooth muscle
visceral smooth msucle
in multi-unit smooth muscle, cells are
less organized
in multi-unit smooth muscle, function as
separate units
in multi-unit smooth muscle, fibers function
independtely
in multi-unit smooth muscle, found in
iris of eye, walls of blood vessels
in multi-unit smooth muscle, stimulated by
neurons, hormones
in visceral smooth muscle, consists of
single-unit smooth muscle, and cells response as a unit
in visceral smooth muscle, sheets of
spindle-shaped muscle fibers
in visceral smooth muscle, fibers held together by
gap junctions
in visceral smooth muscle, exhibit
rhythmicity
in visceral smooth muscle, conduct
peristalsis
in visceral smooth muscle, found in
walls of hollow organs
what is the more common type of smooth muscle?
visceral smooth muscle
like skeletal muscle contraction, smooth contraction features
interaction between actin and myosin
both use calcium and atp
both triggered by membrane impulses
unlike skeletal muscle , smooth muscle lacks
troponin, uses calmodulin instead
what two neurotransmitters affect smooth muscle?
Acetylcholine (ACh) and Norepinephrine (NE)
smooth muscle slower to
contract and relax
smooth muscle more resistant to
fatigue
cardiac muscle only located in
the heart
cardiac muscle appearance
striated muscle cells
cardiac muscle, muscle fibers jointed together by
intercalated discs
cardiac muscle, fibers branch and contain
a single nucleus
cardiac muscle,network of
fibers contract as a unit
cardiac muscle, are self-
exciting and rhythmic
cardiac muscle, has a longer ___ than sksletal muscle
refractory period
cardiac muscle, has no
sustained or tetanic contractions
major location of skeletal muscle?
skeletal muscles
major location of smooth muscle?
walls of hollow organs
major location of cardiac muscle?
wall of heart
major function of skeletal muscle?
movement of bones at joints, maintenance of posture
major function of smooth muscle?
movement of walls of hollow organs, peristalsis, vasoconstrction
major function of cardiac muscle
pumping action of the heart
are striations present in skeletal muscle?
yes
are striations present in smooth muscle
no
are striations present in cardiac muscle
yes
nucleus in skeletal muscle
multiple nuclei
nucleus in smooth muscle
single nucleus
nucleus in cardiac muscle
single nucleus
special features in skeletal muscle
transverse tubule system is well develooped
special features in smooth muscles
lacks transverse tubules
special features in cardiac muscles
transverse tubule system is well developed
4 basic components of levers?
Rigid bar or rod (bones)
Fulcrum or pivot on which bar moves (joint)
object moved against resistance (Weight)
force that supplies energy for movement (muscles)
what is the origin?
the less moveable end
what is the insertion
the more moveable end
When a muscle contracts, insertion is
pulled toward the origin
What is a agonist?
muscle that causes an action
what is a prime mover?
agonist primarily responsible for movement
what are syngerists?
muscles that assist agonst / prime movers
what are antagonists?
muscles whose contraction causes movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover
origin of epicranius?
occipital bone
epicranius - insertion?
skin around eye
epicranius - action?
elevates eyebrow as when surprised
epicranius - nerve supply
facial nerve
orbicularis oculi - origin
maxilla and frontal bone
orbicularis oculi - insertion
skin around eye
orbicularis oculi - action?
closes eyes as in blinking
orbicularis oculi - nerve supply?
facial nerve
orbicularis oris - origin
muscles near the mouth
orbicularis oris - insertion
skin of central lip
orbicularis oris - action
closes lips, protrudes lips as for kissing
orbicularis oris - nerve supply
facial nerve
buccinator - origin?
alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible
buccinator - insertion
orbicularis oris
buccinator - action
compresses cheek
buccinator - nerve supply
facial nerve
zygomaticus major - origin
zygomatic bone
zygomaticus major - insertion
skin and muscle at corner of mouth
zygomaticus major - action
elevates corner of mouth as when smiling
zygomaticus major - nerve supply
facial nerve
zygomaticus minor - origin
zygomatic
zygomaticus minor - insertion
skin and muscle at corner of mouth
zygomaticus minor - action
elevates corner of mouth as when smiling
zygomaticus minor - nerve supplyl
facial nerve
platysma - origin
fascia in upper chest
platysma - insertion
skin and muscles below mouth; mandible
platysma - action
depresses lower lip and angle of mouth as when pouting
platysma - nerve supply
facial nerve
masseter - origin
zygomatic arch
masseter - insertion
lateral surface of ramus of mandible
masseter - action
elevates and protracts mandible
masseter - nerve supply
trigeminal nerve
temporalis - origin
temporal bone
temporalis - insertion
coronoid process and anterior ramus of mandible
temporalis - action
elevates and retracts mandible
temporalis - nerve supply
trigeminal nerve
medial pterygoid - origin
sphenoid, palantine, and maxillary bone
medial pterygoid - insertion
medial surface of ramus of mandible
medial pterygoid - action
elevates mandible and moves it from side to side
medial pterygoid - nerve supply
trigeminal nerve
lateral pterygoid - origin
sphenoid bone
lateral pterygoid - insertion
anterior surface of mandibular condyle
lateral pterygoid - action
depresses and protracts mandible and moves it from side to side
lateral pterygoid - nerve supply
trigeminal nerve
What is TMJ Syndrome?
articulation problem between mandibular condyle of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
TMJ Syndrome affects
nerves passing thorugh new and jaw region
TMJ Syndrome caused by
misaligned jaw, grinding/clenching teeth
TMJ Syndrome causes
clicking jaw, facial pain, ringing in ears, insomnia, tooth sensitivity to heat/cold, backache, dizziness, ear pain
TMJ Syndrome Treatments
physical therapy, oral appliances, arthocentesis, injections of botulism toxin or steroids
Sternocleidomastoid - origin
anterior surface of sternum and upper surface of clavicle
Sternocleidomastoid - insertion
mastoid process of temporal bone
Sternocleidomastoid - action
each laterally flexes neck to the same side, roteates head to the opposite side, together they pull the head forward and down
Sternocleidomastoid - nerve supply
accessory, C2 and C3 cervical nerves
splenius capitis - origin
ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of seventh cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
splenius capitis - insertion
occipital bone
splenius capitis - action
individually rotates head to the same side. Together bring head into the upright position
splenius capitis - nerve supply
cervical nerves
semispinalis capitis - origin
processes of lower cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae
semispinalis capitis - insertion
occipital bone
semispinalis capitis - action
individually: rotates head to the opposite head.
together: extend head and neck
semispinalis capitis - nerve supply
cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
scalenes - origin
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
scalenes - insertion
superior and lateral surfaces of first rwo ribs
scalenes - action
individually: laterally flexes head and neck to the same side
together: elevate first two ribs during forceful inhalation
scalenes - nerve supply
cervical spinal nerves
quadratus lumborum - origin
iliac crest
quadratus lumborum - insertion
upper lumbar vertebrae and twelth rib
quadratus lumborum - action
extends lumbar region of vertebral column
quadratus lumborum - nerve supply
thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
iliocostalis lumborum - origin
iliac crest
iliocostalis lumborum - insertion
lower six ribs
iliocostalis lumborum - action
extends lumbar region of vertebral column
iliocostalis lumborum - nerve supply
Lumbar spinal nerves
iliocostalis thoracis - origin
lower six ribs
iliocostalis thoracis - insertion
upper six ribs
iliocostalis thoracis - action
holds spine erect
iliocostalis thoracis - nerve supply
thoracic spinal nerves
iliocostalis cervices - origin
upper six ribs
iliocostalis cervices - insertion
fourth through sixth cervical vertebrae
iliocostalis cervices - action
extends cervical region of vertebral column
iliocostalis cervices - nerve supply
cervical spinal nerves
longissimus thoracis - origin
lumbar vertebrae
longissimus thoracis - insertion
thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae and ribs 9 and 10
longissimus thoracis - action
extends thoracic region of vertebral column
longissimus thoracis - nerve supply
spinal nerves
longissimus cervicis - origin
fourth and fifth thoracic vertebrae
longissimus cervicis - insertion
second through sixth cervical vertebrae
longissimus cervicis - action
extends cervical region of vertebral column
longissimus cervicis - nerve supply
spinal nerves
longissimus capitis - origin
upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae
longissimus capitis - insertion
mastoid process of temporal bone
longissimus capitis - action
extends and rotates head
longissimus capitis - nerve supply
cervical spinal nerves
spinalis thoracis - origin
upper lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae
spinalis thoracis - insertion
upper thoracic vertebrae
spinalis thoracis - action
extends vertebral column
spinalis thoracis - nerve supply
spinal nerves
spinal cervicis - origin
ligamentum nuchae and seventh cervical vertebra
spinal cervicis - insertion
axis
spinal cervicis - action
extend vertebral column
spinal cervicis - nerve supply
spinal nerves
trapezius - origin
occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
trapezius - insertion
clavicle
spine
acromion process of scapula
trapezius - action
rotates and retracts scapula
superior portion elevates scapula inferior portion depresses scapula
trapezius - nerve supply
accessory nerve
rhomboid major - origin
spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae
rhomboid major - insertion
medial border of scapulaa
rhomboid major - action
retracts, elevates, and rotates scapula
rhomboid major - nerve supply
dorsal scapular nerve
rhomboid minor - origin
spinous processes of lower cervical vertebrae
rhomboid minor - insertion
medial border of scapula
rhomboid minor - action
retracts and elevates scapula
rhomboid minor - nerve supply
dorsal scapaular nerve
levator scapular - origin
transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
levator scapular - insertion
medial border of scapula
levator scapular - action
elevates scapula
levator scapular - nerve supply
dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
serratus anterior - origin
anterior surfaces of upper ribs
serratus anterior - insertion
medial border of scapula
serratus anterior - action
protects and rotates scapula
serratus anterior - nerve supply
long thoracic nerve
pectoralis minor - origin
anterior surface of ribs 3-5
pectoralis minor - insertion
coracoid process of scapula
pectoralis minor - action
depresses and protracts scapula, elevates ribs during forceful inhalation
pectoralis minor - nerve supply
pectoral nerve
coracobrachialis - origin
coracoid process of scapula
coracobrachialis - insertion
medial mid-shaft of humerus
coracobrachialis - action
flexes shoulder and adducts arm
coracobrachialis - nerve supply
musculocutaneus nerve
pectoralis major - origin
clavicle , sternum, and costal cartilages of upper ribs
pectoralis major - insertion
intertubecular sulcus of humerus
pectoralis major - action
flexes shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially
pectoralis major - nerve supply
pectoral nerve
teres major - origin
lateral border of scapula
teres major - insertion
intertubercular sulcus of humerus
teres major - action
extends shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially
teres major - nerve supply
lower subscapular nerve
latissimus dorsi - origin
spines of sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs
latissimus dorsi - insertion
intertubecular sulcus of humerus
latissimus dorsi - action
extends shoulder, adducts, and rotates arm medially, or depresses and retracts shoulder
latissimus dorsi - nerve supply
thoracondorsal nerve
supraspinatus - origin
supraspinous fossa of scapula
supraspinatus - insertion
greater tubercle of humerus
supraspinatus - action
abducts arm
supraspinatus - nerve supply
suprascapular nerve
deltoid - origin
acromion process, spine of the scapula, and the clavicle
deltoid - insertion
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
deltoid - action
lateral portion abducts arm.
anterior portion flexes shoulder
posterior portion extends shoulder
deltoid - nerve supply
axillary nerve
subscapularis - origin
anterior surface of scapula
subscapularis - insertion
lesser tubercle of humerus
subscapularis - action
rotates arm medially
subscapularis - nerve supply
subscapular nerve
infraspinatus - origin
infraspinous fossa of scapula
infraspinatus - insertion
greater tubercle of humerus
infraspinatus - action
rotates arm lateally
infraspinatus - nerve supply
upper and lower suprascapular nerves
teres minor - origin
lateral border of scapula
teres minor - insertion
greater tubercle of humerus
teres minor - action
rotates arm laterally
teres minor - nerve supply
axillary nerve
biceps brachii - origin
coracod process and tubercle above glenoid cavity of scapula
biceps brachii - insertion
radial tuberosity
biceps brachii - action
flexes elbow and supinates forearm and hand
biceps brachii - nerve supply
musculotaneous nerve
brachialis - origin
anterior surface of humerus
brachialis - insertion
coronoid process of ulna
brachialis - action
flexes elbow
brachialis - nerve supply
musculocutaneous, median, and radial nerves
brachioradialis - origin
distal lateral end of humerus
brachioradialis - action
flexes elbow
brachioradialis - nerve supply
radial nerve
triceps brachii - origin
tubercle below glenoid cavity and lateral and posterior surfaces of humerus
triceps brachii - insertion
lateral surface of radius above styloid process
triceps brachii - action
extends elbow
triceps brachii - nerve supply
radial nerve
supinator - origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal ulna, just distal to radial notch
supinator - insertion
anterior and lateral surface of radius
supinator - action
rotates forearm laterally; supinates forearm and hand
supinator - nerve supply
radial nerve
pronator teres - origin
medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna
pronator teres - insertion
lateral surface of proximal 1/3 of radius
pronator teres - action
rotates forearm medially, pronates forearm and hand
pronator teres - nerve supply
medial nerve
pronator quadratus - origin
anterior distal end of ulna
pronator quadratus - insertion
anterior distal end of radius
pronator quadratus - action
rotates forearm medially; pronates forearm and hand
pronator quadratus - nerve supply
median nerve
flexor carpi radialis - origin
medial epicondyole of humerus
flexor carpi radialis - insertion
base of second and third metacarpals
flexor carpi radialis - action
flexes wrist and abducts hand
flexor carpi radialis - nerve supply
median nerve
flexor carpi ulnaris - origin
medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon process of ulna
flexor carpi ulnaris - insertion
carpal and meteacarpal bones
flexor carpi ulnaris - action
flexes wrist and adducts hand
flexor carpi ulnaris - nerve supply
ulnar nerve
palmaris longus - origin
medial epicondyle of humerus
palmaris longus - insertion
fascia of palm
palmaris longus - action
flexes wrist
palmaris longus - nerve suply
median nerve
flexor digitorum profundus - origin
anterior and medial surface of ulna
flexor digitorum profundus - insertion
distal palanges of fingers 2-5
flexor digitorum profundus - action
flexes wrist and joints of fingers
flexor digitorum profundus - nerve supply
median and ulnar nerves
flexor digitorum superficialis - origin
medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna and radius
flexor digitorum superficialis- insertion
tendons of figners
flexor digitorum superficialis- action
flexes wrist and joint of fingers
flexor digitorum superficialis-nerve supply
median nerve
extensor carpi radalis longus - origin
lateral end of humerus
extensor carpi radalis longus - insertion
base of second metacarpal
extensor carpi radalis longus - action
extends wrist and abducts hand
extensor carpi radalis longus - nerve supply
radial nerve
extensor carpi radialis brevis - origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus
extensor carpi radialis brevis - insertion
base of thord metacarpal
extensor carpi radialis brevis - action
extends wrist and abducts hand
extensor carpi radialis brevis - nerve supply
radial nerve
extensor carpi ulnaris - origin
lateral epicondyle of humerus and proximal, posterior ulna
extensor carpi ulnaris - insertion
base of fifth metacarpal
extensor carpi ulnaris - action
extends wrist and adducts hand
extensor carpi ulnaris - nerve supply
radial nerve
extensor digitorum - origin
lateal epicondyle of humerus
extensor digitorum - insertion
posterior surface of phalanges in fingers 2-5
extensor digitorum - action
extends joints of fingers
extensor digitorum - nerve supply
radial nerve
external oblique - origin
outer surfaces of lower 8 ribs
external oblique - insertion
outer lip of iliac crest and linea alba
external oblique - action
compresses abdomen, flesxes and rotates vertebral column
external oblique - nerve supply
intercostal nerves 7-12
internal oblique - origin
iliac crest and inguinal ligament
internal oblique - insertion
lower 3-4 ribs, linea alba, and crest of pubis
internal oblique - action
compresses abdomen, flexes and rotates vertebral column
internal oblique - nerve supply
intercostal nerves 7-12
transversus abdominis - origin
costal cartilages of lower 6 ribs, processes of lumbar vertebrae, lip of iliac crest, and inguinal liament
transversus abdominis - insertion
linea alba and crest of pubis
transversus abdominis - action
compresses, abdomen, flexes and rotates vertebral colbumn
transversus abdominis - nerve supply
intercostal nerves 7-12
rectus abdominis - origin
crest of pubis and pubic symphysis
rectus abdominis - insertion
xiphoid process of sternum and ribs 5-7
rectus abdominis - action
compresses, abdomen, flexes vertebral column
rectus abdominis - nerve supply
intercostal nerves 7-12
levator ani - origin
pubis and ischial spine
levator ani - insertion
coccyx
levator ani - action
supports pelvic , viscera and compresses anal canal
levator ani - nerve supply
pudendal nerve
coccygeus - origin
ischial spine
coccygeus - insertion
sacrum and coccyx
coccygeus - action
supports pelvic visceraa and provides sphincter-like action in anal canal and vagina
coccygeus - nerve supply
S4 and S5 nerves
superficial transverus perinei - origin
ischial tuberosity
superficial transverus perinei - insertion
central tendon
superficial transverus perinei - action
support pelvic viscera
superficial transverus perinei - nerve supply
pudendal nerve
bulbospongiosus - origin
central tendon
bulbospongiosus - insertion
males: corpus cavernosa of penis
females: carpus cavernosa of clitoris
bulbospongiosus - action
males: assist emptying of urethra and assists in erection of penis
females: constricts vagina and assists in errection of clitoris
bulbospongiosus - nerve supply
pudendal nerve
ischiocavernosus - origin
ischial tuberosity
ischiocavernosus - insertion
males: corpus cavernosa of penis
females: corpus cavernosa of clitoris
ischiocavernosus - ACTION
males: contributes to erection of the penis
females: contributes to erection of the clitoris
ischiocavernosus - nerve supply
pudendal nerve
external urethral sphincter - - origin
margins of publs and ischum
external urethral sphincter - - insertion
fibers of each side unite with those from other side and encircle urethra
external urethral sphincter - - action
closes urethra
external urethral sphincter - - nerve supply
pudendal nerve
external anal sphincter - origin
coccyx and central tendon
external anal sphincter - insertion
some circular fibers as well as some fibers from each side with those from the other side and encircle anal canal
external anal sphincter - aaction
closes anal canal
external anal sphincter - nerve supply
pudenal nerve
psoas major - origin
bodies and transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
psoas major - insertion
less trochanter of femur
psoas major - action
flexes hip
psoas major - nerve supply
braches of l1-3 nerves
iliacus - origin
iliac fossa of ilium
iliacus - insertion
lesser trochanter of femur
iliacus - action
flexes hip
iliacus - nerve supply
femoral nerve
gluteus maximus - ORIGIN
SACRUM, COCCyx, and posteiror surface of illium
gluteus maximus - insertion
posterior surface of femur and fascia of thigh
gluteus maximus - action
extends hip
gluteus maximus - nerve supply
inferior gluteal nerve
gluteus medius - origin
lateral surface of ilium
gluteus medius - insertion
greater trochanter of femur
gluteus medius - action
abducts and rotates thigh medially
gluteus medius - nerve supply
superior gluteal nerve
gluteus minimus - origin
lateral surface of ilium
gluteus minimus - insertion
greater trocanter of femur
gluteus minimus - action
abducts and rotates thigh medially
gluteus minimus - nerve supply
superior gluteal nerve
piriformis - origin
anterior surface of sacrum
piriformis - insertion
greater trochanter of femur
piriformis - action
abducts and rotates thigh laterally
piriformis - nerve supply
L5, S1, and S2 nerves
tensor fasciae latae - origin
anterior iliac crest
tensor fasciae latae - insertion
iliotibial tract (fascia on thigh)
tensor fasciae latae - action
abducts thihg, fexes hip, and rotates thigh medially
tensor fasciae latae - nerve supply
super gluteal nerve
pectineus - origin
spine of pubis
pectineus - insertion
femur distal to lesser trochanter
pectineus - action
flexes hip and adducts thigh
pectineus - nerve supply
obturator and femoral nerves
adductor brevis - origin
pubic bone
adductor brevis - insertion
posterior surface of femur
adductor brevis - action
adducts thigh and flexes hip
adductor brevis - nerve supply
obturator nerve
adductor longus - origin
pubic bone near pubic symphysis
adductor longus - insertion
posterior surface of femur
adductor longus - action
adducts thigh and flexes hip
adductor longus - nerve supply
obturator nerve
adductor magnus - origin
ischial tuberosity
adductor longus - insertion
posterior surface of femur
adductor longus - action
adducts thigh, posterior portion extends and anterior portion flexes hip
adductor longus - nerve supply
obturator and branch of sciatic nerves
gracilis - origin
lower edge of pubic symphysis
gracilis - insertion
proximal , medial surface of tibia
gracilis - action
adducts thigh and flexes knee
gracilis - nerve supply
obturator nerve
biceps femoris - origin
ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur
biceps femoris - insertion
head of fibular
biceps femoris - action
flexes knee, rotates leg laterally, and extends hip
biceps femoris - nerve supply
tibial nerve
semitendinosus - origin
ischial tuberosity
semitendinosus - insertion
proximal, medial surface of tibia
semitendinosus - action
flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip
semitendinosus - nerve supply
tibial nerve
semimembranosus - origin
ischial tuberosity
semimembranosus - insertion
medial condyle of tibia
semimembranosus - action
flexes knee, rotates leg medially, and extends hip
semimembranosus - nerve supply
tibial nerve
sartorius - origin
anterior superior iliac spine
sartorius - insertion
medial surface of tibia
sartorius - action
flexes knee and hip, abducts and rotates thigh laterally, and rotates leg medially
sartorius - nerve supply
femoral nerve
rectus femoris - origin
anterior superior iliac spine and margin of acetabulum
rectus femoris - insertion
patella by tendon, which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
rectus femoris - action
extends knee, flexes hip
rectus femoris - nerve supply
femoral nerve
vastuc lateralis - origin
greater trochanter and posterior surface of femur
vastuc lateralis - insertion
patella by tendon, which contineues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
vastuc lateralis - action
extends knee
vastuc lateralis - nerve supply
femoral nerve
vastus medialis - origin
medial surface of femur
vastus medialis - insertion
patella by tendon, which continues as paterllar ligament to tibial tuberosity
vastus medialis - action
extends knee
vastus medialis - nerve supply
femoral nerve
vastus intermedius - origin
anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
vastus intermedius - insertion
patella by tendon, which continues as patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
vastus intermedius - action
extends knee
vastus intermedius - nerve supply
femoral nerve
tibialis anterior - origin
lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia
tibialis anterior - insertion
tarsal bone and first metatarsal
tibialis anterior - action
dorsiflexion and inversion of foot
tibialis anterior - nerve supply
deep fibular nerve
fibularis tertius - origin
anterior surface of fibula
fibularis tertius - insertion
sorsal surface ofifth metatarsal
fibularis tertius - action
dorsiflecion and eversion of foot
fibularis tertius - nerve supply
deep fibular nerve
extensor ditorum longus - origin
lateral condyle of tibia and anterior surface of fibula
extensor ditorum longus - insertion
dorsal surface sof middle and distal phalanges of four lateral toes
extensor ditorum longus - action
dorsiflexion of foot, extends toes
extensor ditorum longus - nerve s upply
deep fibular nerve
extensor halluces longus - origin
anterior surface of fibula
extensor halluces longus - insertion
distal phalanx of the great toe
extensor halluces longus - action
extends great toe, dorsiflexio and inerstion of foot
extensor halluces longus - nerve supply
deep fibular nerve
gastrocnemius - origin
lateral and medial condyles of femur
gastrocnemius - insertion
posteior surface of calcaneus
gastrocnemius - action
plantar flexion of foot , flexes knee
gastrocnemius - nerve supply
tibial nerv
soleus - origin
head and shaft of fibula nad posterior surface of tibia
soleus - insertion
posterior surface of calcaneus
soleus - action
platar flexion of foot
soleus - nerve supply
tibial nerve
plantaris - origin
femur
plantaris - insertion
calcaneus
plantaris - action
platar flexion of foot, flexes knee
plantaris - nerve suply
tibial nerve
flexor digorum longus - origin
posterior surface of tibia
flexor digorum longus - insertion
distal phalanges of four lateral toes
flexor digorum longus - action
platar flexion and inversion of food, flexes four lateral toes
flexor digorum longus - nerve supply
tibial nerve
tibialis posterior - origin
lateral condyle and posterior surface of tibia and posterior surface of fibula
tibialis posterior - insertion
tarsal and first metatarsal
tibialis posterior - action
plantar flexiona nd inversion fo foot
tibialis posterior - nerve supply
tibial nerve
fibularis longs - origin
lateral condyle of tibia and head an dshift of fibula
fibularis longs - insertion
tarsal bone and first metatarsal
fibularis longs - action
platar flexion and eversion of foot, also supports arch
fibularis longs - nerve supply
superficial fibular nerve
what starts to decline starting in the 40s
myoglobin, atp and creatine phosphate
by age 80, almost half of muscle mass has
atrophied