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A&P I > Chapter 6 PPT > Flashcards

Chapter 6 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing a specialzied functions constitute a

A

organ

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2
Q

what is the largest organ in body by weight?

A

skin

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3
Q

skin is also called the

A

cutaneous membrane

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4
Q

skin is composed of what two layers?

A

epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue

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5
Q

outer layer of skin is

A

epidermis

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6
Q

deeper layer of skin is

A

dermis

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7
Q

epidermis is located in what layer??

A

outer layer

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8
Q

epidermis contains what type of epithelium?

A

stratified squamous

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9
Q

epidermis - basement membrane is between

A

epidermis and dermis

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10
Q

dermis is in what layer?

A

inner layer

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11
Q

Dermis made up of?

A

connective tissue

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12
Q

dermis contains

A

collagenous and elastic fibers

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13
Q

subcutaneous layer also known is

A

hypodermis

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14
Q

where is subcutaneous layer lcoated at?

A

beneath dermis, insulating layer

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15
Q

subcutaneous layer composed of

A

areolar and adipose connective tissue

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16
Q

subcutaneous is not considered to be

A

part of the skin

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17
Q

subcutaneous layer contains

A

vessels that supply skin

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18
Q

the epidermis lacks

A

blood vessels

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19
Q

in the epidermis, the deepest layer is what ?

A

stratum basale, nourished by blood vessels in dermis

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20
Q

epidermis- as cells grow, they migrate toward

A

free surface, away from nutrient supply

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21
Q

epidermis - as cells migrate,

A

older cells ,keratinocytes, begin to flatten and die

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22
Q

what is keratinization?

A

process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate otuwaard

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23
Q

what is keratin?

A

tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in cells

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24
Q

as cells reach the otuer surface and become tightly packed, they become the

A

stratum corneum

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25
Q

what cells are evantually shed from the skin?

A

stratum corneum

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26
Q

where is the skin thickest at?

A

palms and soles

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27
Q

most of the body has

A

thinner epidemris

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28
Q

stratum corneum location?

A

outermost layer

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29
Q

stratum corneum chaacteristics

A

many layers of kerantized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated

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30
Q

stratum lucidum is only present in

A

thick skin

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31
Q

stratum lucidum location

A

between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms

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32
Q

stratum lucidum characteristics

A

cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible

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33
Q

stratun granulosum location

A

beneath the stratum corneum

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34
Q

stratum granulosum characteristics

A

Three to five layers of flattened granular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

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35
Q

stratum spinosum location

A

beneath the stratum granulosum

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36
Q

stratum spinosum characteristics

A

Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened

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37
Q

stratum basal is the

A

basal cell layer

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38
Q

stratum basale location

A

deepest layer

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39
Q

stratum basale characteristics

A

A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes

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40
Q

Function of epidermis

A

protects against water loss, harmful chmicals, mechanical injury, pathogens

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41
Q

5 layers of epidermis

A

stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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42
Q

where are melanocytes lcoated?

A

in the stratum basale

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43
Q

what do melanocytes provide?d

A

dark pigment melanin that absorbs uv light from sunlight and provides skin color

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44
Q

melanin is distributed into

A

keratinocytes

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45
Q

what do keratinocytes do?

A

protect skin cells from damaging effects of uv light

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46
Q

What types of factors affect skin color?

A

Hereditary Factors
Environmental Factors
Physiological Factors

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47
Q

Skin Color - Hereditary factors

A

All people produces various amounts of melanin, and there is a varying distribution and size of melanin granules

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48
Q

Ski Color - Environment Factors

A

Sunlight
UV light from sunlamps
X-Rays

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49
Q

Physiological Factors of Skin Color

A

Oxygenation in blood of dermal blood vessels
Vesodilation/Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
Jaundice

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50
Q

What arises from epithelail cells in skin from tanning?

A

basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell

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51
Q

whar arise from melaocytes in tanning?

A

melanomas

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52
Q

melanomas - cancer

A

least common (4%), but cause 80% of skin cancer deaths

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53
Q

dermis is what layer of skin?

A

inner

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54
Q

thickness of dermis?

A

1 to 2 mm thick

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55
Q

dermis contaisn what between epidermal ridges?

A

dermal papilale

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56
Q

dermis binds what to underlying tissue?

A

epidermis

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57
Q

dermis is what kidn of layer?

A

connective tissue

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58
Q

the dermis contaisn what kind of fibers?

A

muscle

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59
Q

dermis deals with what kind of processes?

A

nerve cell

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60
Q

dermis - dermal blood vessels supply

A

nutrients to all skin cells

61
Q

dermis contains

A

hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous gladns

62
Q

dermis - how is pressure determined?

A

by lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles

63
Q

dermis - how is light touch determined?

A

tactile (meissners) corpuscles

64
Q

dermis consists of what 2 layers

A

papillary and reticular layer

65
Q

the papillar layer is what type of layer

A

superficial

66
Q

papillary composed of what type of tissue

A

areolar connective tissue

67
Q

the papillary layer is ___ of the 2 layers

A

thiner

68
Q

papillary layer of the location of

A

dermal papillae

69
Q

recticular layer is what type of layer

A

deeper

70
Q

reticular layer is compsoed of

A

dense irregular connective tissue

71
Q

reticular layer is ___ of 2 layers

A

thicekr

72
Q

what are the accessory structures of the skin

A

hair follicles
nails
skin glands

73
Q

what si the nail plate?

A

overlies nail bed

74
Q

what si the nail bed

A

surface of skin, under nail plate

75
Q

what is a lunula

A

most active growing region; pale, half-moons shaped region at base of nail plate

76
Q

what are the 3 parts of the nail?

A

nail palte
nail bed
lunula

77
Q

whata re hair follicels

A

tube-like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops; extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer

78
Q

what are the three parts of hair

A 
hair bulb (dividing cell)
hair root
hair shaft ()Dead, epidermal cells)
79
Q

what contains blood vvessels to nourish hair?

A

hair papilla

80
Q

hair color is due to

A

amount of melanin Arrector pili muscle

81
Q

what is androgenic alopecia?

A

most common type of baldness, where top of head loses hair

82
Q

what is hair loss assocaited with?

A

lower level os testosterone (men) or estrogen (women)

83
Q

what happens in alopecia areata?

A

body produces antibodies that attack hair follicles, autoimmune hair loss

84
Q

sebaceous glands contain what type of glands?

A

holocrine glands

85
Q

sebaceous glands usually assocaited with

A

hair follicles

86
Q

sebaceous glands produce

A

sebum, which consists of fatty material, adn cellular debris

87
Q

subum keeps hair and skin

A

soft and waterproof

88
Q

what can excess sebum cause?

A

acne

89
Q

sebaceous glands absent on

A

palms and soles

90
Q

what is a disorder of sebaceous glands?

A

acne vulgaris

91
Q

sweat glands are also called

A

sudoriferous glands

92
Q

sweat glands are

A

wide spread on the skin

93
Q

sweat glands originate

A

in deeper dermis or hypodermis as ball shaped coils

94
Q

eccrine (merocrine) glands are

A

most numerous

95
Q

eccrine glands respond to

A

elevated boduy temperature

96
Q

apocrine sweat glands appear in the

A

axilalry and groin areas

97
Q

apocrine sweat glands secrete by

A

exocytosis

98
Q

apocrine sweat glands respond to

A

emotions, pain

99
Q

ceruminous glands are

A

ear wax

100
Q

mammary glands produce

A

milk

101
Q

skin helps produce

A

vitamin D

102
Q

set point of body temperature monitored by

A

hypothalamus

103
Q

deep body temperatures stays close to

A

37 degrees celsius or 98.6

104
Q

when body is too warm, body responds with

A

vasodilation of dermal blodo vessels and vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels

105
Q

what are the methods of heat loss

A

radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation

106
Q

radiation is

A

primary method of heat loss, infrared heat rays escape

107
Q

conduction has heat

A

move from skin to cooler objects

108
Q

convection is heat

A

loss into circulating air currents

109
Q

evaporation is when

A

sweat changes into a gas, carries heat away

110
Q

when body temp rises, thermoreceptors signal

A

hypothalamus

111
Q

when body temp rises , what happens to blood vessels?

A

vasodilation of dermal blood vessels

112
Q

when body temp rises , sweat gladns are

A

activates

113
Q

when body temp falls, thermoreceptors signal

A

hypothalamsu

114
Q

when body temp falls, what happens to blood vessels?

A

vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels

115
Q

when body temp falls, sweat gladns are

A

inactive

116
Q

when body temp falls, muscles

A

contract involuntarily (shiver)

117
Q

what is hyperthermia?

A

abnormally high body temperature

118
Q

what is hypothermia

A

abnormally low body temp

119
Q

what happens to temperature in a fever?

A

set point is elevated by the immune system, to fight infection

120
Q

fever - phagocytes release

A

pyrogens in response to presence of bacteria, viruses; hypothalamus inceases set poitn adn raises body temp

121
Q

a clot consists of

A

fribrin, blood cells, and platelets

122
Q

clot and dried tissue fluid form

A

scabs

123
Q

how is a wound binded together?

A

fibroblasts secrete colalgen fibers

124
Q

how is the scab removed?

A

phagocytic cells remove dead cells and debris, scab sloguhs off

125
Q

how is a scar formed?

A

excess colalgenous fibers may form this elevated mass

126
Q

what is the name of a superfiical, partial-thickness burn

A

first degree burn

127
Q

whats damaged in a first degree burn

A

injuries only epidermis, as in subnurn,

128
Q

is there scarring in a first degree brun

A

no

129
Q

how long to heal first degree burn

A

days to weeks

130
Q

what si a deep, partial-thickness burn called

A

second degree

131
Q

what is damaged in a second degree burn

A

destroys epidermis and some dermis, as in burn from hot liquid

132
Q

what may happen in second degree burn

A

may blister, healing varies with severity of burn and stem cell survivor

133
Q

does second degree burns heal?

A

yes. recovers completely, no scarring

134
Q

what is a full-thickness burn known as?

A

third degree

135
Q

what is damaged in a third degree burn

A

destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures

136
Q

third degree burns often require

A

skin grafts, skin substitues

137
Q

what is the rule of nines for burn patients

A

divides body surface into regions of 9%, or multiples of 9

138
Q

burns - cell cycle changes

A

cell cycle slows, skin becomes scaly, age spots appear

139
Q

burns - epidermis and dermis becoem

A

thinner

140
Q

burns - loss of

A

fat in subcutaneous layerl person feels cold

141
Q

burns - what physical change ahppens to skin?

A

wrinkling, sagging of skin

142
Q

burns - skin adn oil

A

sebaceous glands secrete loss oil; skin becomes dry

143
Q

burns - malanin prioduction

A

slows, hair whitens

144
Q

burns - hair

A

thins

145
Q

burns - number of hair follicles

A

decreases

146
Q

burns - nail growth becoems

A

impaired

147
Q

burns - sensory recpetors

A

decline

148
Q

burns - body temperature regulation becomes

A

less effective

149
Q

burns - diminished ability to produce

A

vitamin d

A&P I (33 decks)

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