Chapter 6 PPT Flashcards
1
Q
Two or more types of tissues grouped together and performing a specialzied functions constitute a
A
organ
2
Q
what is the largest organ in body by weight?
A
skin
3
Q
skin is also called the
A
cutaneous membrane
4
Q
skin is composed of what two layers?
A
epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue
5
Q
outer layer of skin is
A
epidermis
6
Q
deeper layer of skin is
A
dermis
7
Q
epidermis is located in what layer??
A
outer layer
8
Q
epidermis contains what type of epithelium?
A
stratified squamous
9
Q
epidermis - basement membrane is between
A
epidermis and dermis
10
Q
dermis is in what layer?
A
inner layer
11
Q
Dermis made up of?
A
connective tissue
12
Q
dermis contains
A
collagenous and elastic fibers
13
Q
subcutaneous layer also known is
A
hypodermis
14
Q
where is subcutaneous layer lcoated at?
A
beneath dermis, insulating layer
15
Q
subcutaneous layer composed of
A
areolar and adipose connective tissue
16
Q
subcutaneous is not considered to be
A
part of the skin
17
Q
subcutaneous layer contains
A
vessels that supply skin
18
Q
the epidermis lacks
A
blood vessels
19
Q
in the epidermis, the deepest layer is what ?
A
stratum basale, nourished by blood vessels in dermis
20
Q
epidermis- as cells grow, they migrate toward
A
free surface, away from nutrient supply
21
Q
epidermis - as cells migrate,
A
older cells ,keratinocytes, begin to flatten and die
22
Q
what is keratinization?
A
process of hardening, dehydration, and keratin accumulation that occurs in epidermal cells as they migrate otuwaard
23
Q
what is keratin?
A
tough, fibrous, waterproof protein made and stored in cells
24
Q
as cells reach the otuer surface and become tightly packed, they become the
A
stratum corneum
25
what cells are evantually shed from the skin?
stratum corneum
26
where is the skin thickest at?
palms and soles
27
most of the body has
thinner epidemris
28
stratum corneum location?
outermost layer
29
stratum corneum chaacteristics
many layers of kerantized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated
30
stratum lucidum is only present in
thick skin
31
stratum lucidum location
between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms
32
stratum lucidum characteristics
cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible
33
stratun granulosum location
beneath the stratum corneum
34
stratum granulosum characteristics
Three to five layers of flattened granular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei
35
stratum spinosum location
beneath the stratum granulosum
36
stratum spinosum characteristics
Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened
37
stratum basal is the
basal cell layer
38
stratum basale location
deepest layer
39
stratum basale characteristics
A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes
40
Function of epidermis
protects against water loss, harmful chmicals, mechanical injury, pathogens
41
5 layers of epidermis
stratum corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
42
where are melanocytes lcoated?
in the stratum basale
43
what do melanocytes provide?d
dark pigment melanin that absorbs uv light from sunlight and provides skin color
44
melanin is distributed into
keratinocytes
45
what do keratinocytes do?
protect skin cells from damaging effects of uv light
46
What types of factors affect skin color?
Hereditary Factors
Environmental Factors
Physiological Factors
47
Skin Color - Hereditary factors
All people produces various amounts of melanin, and there is a varying distribution and size of melanin granules
48
Ski Color - Environment Factors
Sunlight
UV light from sunlamps
X-Rays
49
Physiological Factors of Skin Color
Oxygenation in blood of dermal blood vessels
Vesodilation/Vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
Jaundice
50
What arises from epithelail cells in skin from tanning?
basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell
51
whar arise from melaocytes in tanning?
melanomas
52
melanomas - cancer
least common (4%), but cause 80% of skin cancer deaths
53
dermis is what layer of skin?
inner
54
thickness of dermis?
1 to 2 mm thick
55
dermis contaisn what between epidermal ridges?
dermal papilale
56
dermis binds what to underlying tissue?
epidermis
57
dermis is what kidn of layer?
connective tissue
58
the dermis contaisn what kind of fibers?
muscle
59
dermis deals with what kind of processes?
nerve cell
60
dermis - dermal blood vessels supply
nutrients to all skin cells
61
dermis contains
hair follicles, sweat, and sebaceous gladns
62
dermis - how is pressure determined?
by lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles
63
dermis - how is light touch determined?
tactile (meissners) corpuscles
64
dermis consists of what 2 layers
papillary and reticular layer
65
the papillar layer is what type of layer
superficial
66
papillary composed of what type of tissue
areolar connective tissue
67
the papillary layer is ___ of the 2 layers
thiner
68
papillary layer of the location of
dermal papillae
69
recticular layer is what type of layer
deeper
70
reticular layer is compsoed of
dense irregular connective tissue
71
reticular layer is ___ of 2 layers
thicekr
72
what are the accessory structures of the skin
hair follicles
nails
skin glands
73
what si the nail plate?
overlies nail bed
74
what si the nail bed
surface of skin, under nail plate
75
what is a lunula
most active growing region; pale, half-moons shaped region at base of nail plate
76
what are the 3 parts of the nail?
nail palte
nail bed
lunula
77
whata re hair follicels
tube-like depression of epidermal cells from which hair develops; extends into dermis or the subcutaneous layer
78
what are the three parts of hair
```
hair bulb (dividing cell)
hair root
hair shaft ()Dead, epidermal cells)
```
79
what contains blood vvessels to nourish hair?
hair papilla
80
hair color is due to
amount of melanin Arrector pili muscle
81
what is androgenic alopecia?
most common type of baldness, where top of head loses hair
82
what is hair loss assocaited with?
lower level os testosterone (men) or estrogen (women)
83
what happens in alopecia areata?
body produces antibodies that attack hair follicles, autoimmune hair loss
84
sebaceous glands contain what type of glands?
holocrine glands
85
sebaceous glands usually assocaited with
hair follicles
86
sebaceous glands produce
sebum, which consists of fatty material, adn cellular debris
87
subum keeps hair and skin
soft and waterproof
88
what can excess sebum cause?
acne
89
sebaceous glands absent on
palms and soles
90
what is a disorder of sebaceous glands?
acne vulgaris
91
sweat glands are also called
sudoriferous glands
92
sweat glands are
wide spread on the skin
93
sweat glands originate
in deeper dermis or hypodermis as ball shaped coils
94
eccrine (merocrine) glands are
most numerous
95
eccrine glands respond to
elevated boduy temperature
96
apocrine sweat glands appear in the
axilalry and groin areas
97
apocrine sweat glands secrete by
exocytosis
98
apocrine sweat glands respond to
emotions, pain
99
ceruminous glands are
ear wax
100
mammary glands produce
milk
101
skin helps produce
vitamin D
102
set point of body temperature monitored by
hypothalamus
103
deep body temperatures stays close to
37 degrees celsius or 98.6
104
when body is too warm, body responds with
vasodilation of dermal blodo vessels and vasoconstriction of deep blood vessels
105
what are the methods of heat loss
radiation, conduction, convection, evaporation
106
radiation is
primary method of heat loss, infrared heat rays escape
107
conduction has heat
move from skin to cooler objects
108
convection is heat
loss into circulating air currents
109
evaporation is when
sweat changes into a gas, carries heat away
110
when body temp rises, thermoreceptors signal
hypothalamus
111
when body temp rises , what happens to blood vessels?
vasodilation of dermal blood vessels
112
when body temp rises , sweat gladns are
activates
113
when body temp falls, thermoreceptors signal
hypothalamsu
114
when body temp falls, what happens to blood vessels?
vasoconstriction of dermal blood vessels
115
when body temp falls, sweat gladns are
inactive
116
when body temp falls, muscles
contract involuntarily (shiver)
117
what is hyperthermia?
abnormally high body temperature
118
what is hypothermia
abnormally low body temp
119
what happens to temperature in a fever?
set point is elevated by the immune system, to fight infection
120
fever - phagocytes release
pyrogens in response to presence of bacteria, viruses; hypothalamus inceases set poitn adn raises body temp
121
a clot consists of
fribrin, blood cells, and platelets
122
clot and dried tissue fluid form
scabs
123
how is a wound binded together?
fibroblasts secrete colalgen fibers
124
how is the scab removed?
phagocytic cells remove dead cells and debris, scab sloguhs off
125
how is a scar formed?
excess colalgenous fibers may form this elevated mass
126
what is the name of a superfiical, partial-thickness burn
first degree burn
127
whats damaged in a first degree burn
injuries only epidermis, as in subnurn,
128
is there scarring in a first degree brun
no
129
how long to heal first degree burn
days to weeks
130
what si a deep, partial-thickness burn called
second degree
131
what is damaged in a second degree burn
destroys epidermis and some dermis, as in burn from hot liquid
132
what may happen in second degree burn
may blister, healing varies with severity of burn and stem cell survivor
133
does second degree burns heal?
yes. recovers completely, no scarring
134
what is a full-thickness burn known as?
third degree
135
what is damaged in a third degree burn
destroys epidermis, dermis, accessory structures
136
third degree burns often require
skin grafts, skin substitues
137
what is the rule of nines for burn patients
divides body surface into regions of 9%, or multiples of 9
138
burns - cell cycle changes
cell cycle slows, skin becomes scaly, age spots appear
139
burns - epidermis and dermis becoem
thinner
140
burns - loss of
fat in subcutaneous layerl person feels cold
141
burns - what physical change ahppens to skin?
wrinkling, sagging of skin
142
burns - skin adn oil
sebaceous glands secrete loss oil; skin becomes dry
143
burns - malanin prioduction
slows, hair whitens
144
burns - hair
thins
145
burns - number of hair follicles
decreases
146
burns - nail growth becoems
impaired
147
burns - sensory recpetors
decline
148
burns - body temperature regulation becomes
less effective
149
burns - diminished ability to produce
vitamin d
