Chapter 1 PPT Flashcards
Anatomy
The study of the structure/morphology of the human
body and its parts; derived from Greek for “a cutting up”
Physiology
The
study of the functions of the human body and
its parts; derived from Greek for “relationship to nature”
Subatomic Particles
protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up cells
Atom
tiny particles that make up chemicals (hydrogen, carbon)
Molecule
: particles consisting of atoms joined together (water, glucose)
Macromolecule
: large particles consisting of molecules (DNA, PRotein)
ORganelle
: functional part of a cell (mitochondrion, lysosome)
Cell
: basic unit of structure and functions (muscle, nerve, or blood cell)
Tissue
: layer or mass of cells with specific function (adipose tissue)
ORgan
: group of different tissues with a function (heart, kidney, stomach)
Organ System
: group of organs with common function (digestive system)
Organism
: composed of organ systems interacting (human)
Ultrasound
High-frequency sound waves that provide images of soft internal structures; used to obtain sonogram of fetus in the uterus.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic
field changes
alignment and spin of certain types of atoms; provides high-
resolution images of internal structures, such as the
brain.
Movement
Change in position of the body or of a
body part; motion of an internal organ
Responsiveness
Reaction to a change inside or outside the body
Growth
Increase in body size without change in shape
Reproduction
Production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration
Obtaining oxygen, removing carbon dioxide, and releasing energy from foods (some forms of life do not use oxygen in respiration)
Digestion
Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used
Absorption
Passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation
Movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation
Changing of absorbed substances into different chemical forms
Excretion
Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions
What are the five environmental factors?
WAter, Food, Heat, Pressure, Oxygen
Water
most abundant substance in body.
environment for metabolic processes.
required for transport of substances.
regulation of body temperature.
Food
provides necessary nutrients.
supplies energy.
supplies raw materials for building living tissue.
Oxygen
one-fifth of air.
used to release energy from nutrients.
Heat
heat is a form of energy in our environment.
helps maintain body temperature.
partly controls rate of metabolic reactions.
Pressure
application of force on an object.
atmospheric pressure – important for breathing.
hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing.
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Self-regulating systems that monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct them as needed
Receptor
detects and provides information about the stimuli
Control Center
: decision-maker that maintains the set point
Effector
muscle or gland that responds to the control center, and causes the necessary change in the internal environment
Three parts of the homeostatic mechanicms?
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
Negtive Feedback
Most common type of homeostatic mechanic.
Return condiitons toward normal range
Negative because the response to the change moves the variable in the opposite direction
Positive Feedback
Uncommon in the body
Change is intensified
Produce unstable condiitons
Examples: Blood Clotting, And the Uterine Contractions of Childbirth
Two major portions of the body?
Axial and Appendicular Potion
Axial Portion
Head, Trunk, Neck
Appendicular Portion
Upper and lwoer limbs
Cranial Cavity
Houses Brain
Vertebral Canal
COntains spinal corrd
Thoracic Cavity
Houses lung and thoracic viscera
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains abdominal and Pelvic viscera
Diaphragm
Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Meiastinum
Region between lungs in thoracic cavity, which contains heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland
Abdominopelvic cavity contains 2 portions
Abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity
extends from diaphragm to top of pelvis, and contains stomach, liver, spleen, kidneys small intestine, most of large intestine
Pelvic Cavity
enclosed by pelvic bones, and contains end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs
Small cavities in the head
oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities
thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are lined by…
double-layered serous membrane, which secrete serous fluid
Serous membrane consists of 2 layers
Visceral layer and parietal layer
Visceral layer
inner layer, covers an organ
Partietal layer
outler layer, which lines wall of cavity
Integumentary System
Protection, body temperature regulation, sensory reception, production of Vitamin D
Skeletal System
Framework, protection, attachment sites, storage of inorganic salts, production of blood cells, support and movement
Muscular System
Movement, main source of body heat, maintenance of posture.
Nervous and Endocrine System
Integration and coordination of organ function through nerve impulses or hormones
Cardiovascular System
Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells and wastes
Lymphatic System
Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense
Cardiovascular System
Transportation of gases, nutrients, blood cells and wastes
Lymphatic System
Transportation of fluids, lymphocyte production, body defense
Digestive System
Receives food, breaks down food, excretes waste
REspiratory System
Exchange of gases
Urinary System
Removes blood wastes, regulates electrolyte & water balance, blood pressure
Reproductive System
Male and female systems produce and transport sex cells. Female also provides fetal development and childbirth.
Integumentary - Major Organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands
Integumentary - Major Functions
Protect tissues, regulate body temperature, support sensory receptors
Skeletal - Major Organs
Bones, ligaments, cartilages
Skeletal - Major Functions
Provide framework, protect soft tissues, provide attachments for muscles, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts
Muscular - Major Organs
Muscles
Muscular - Major Functions
Cause movements, maintain posture, produce body heat
Nervous - Major Organs
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs
Nervous - Major Functions
Detect changes, receive and interpret sensory information, stimulate muscles and glands
Endocrine - Major Organs
Glands that secrete hormones (pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, and thymus)
Endocrine - Major Functions
Control metabolic activities of body structures
Cardiovascular - Major Organs
Heart, arteries, capillaries, veins
Cardiovascular - Major Functions
Move blood through blood vessels and transport substances throughout body
Lymphatic - Major Organs
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Lymphatic - Major Functions
Return tissue fluid to the blood, carry certain absorbed food molecules, defend the body against infection
Digestive - Major Organs
Mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, small and large intestines
Digestive - Major Functions
Receive, break down, and absorb food; eliminate unabsorbed material
REspiratory - Major Organs
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Respiratory - Major Functions
Intake and output of air, exchange of gases between air and blood
Urinary - Major Organs
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Urinary - Major Functions
Remove wastes from blood, maintain water and electrolyte balance, store and eliminate urine
Reeproductive - Major Organs
Male: scrotum, testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
Reproductive - Major Functions
Produce and maintain sperm cells, transfer sperm cells into female reproductive tract Produce and maintain egg cells, receive sperm cells, support development of an embryo, and function in birth process
Sagittal Section
longitudinal cut that divides body into left and right portions
Mid-Sagittal/Median Section
divides body into equal left and right portions
Parasagittal Section
sagittal section lateral to midline; divides body into unequal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal Section
divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal Section
longitudinal cut that divides body into anterior and posterior portions
