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A&P I > Chapter 7 PPT > Flashcards

Chapter 7 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Bones are composed of what tissues?

A

Bone Tissue
Cartilage
Dense Connective Tissue
Blood and Nervous Tissue

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2
Q

Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways

A

Size and Shape

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3
Q

Bones are similar in what functions?

A

Structure
Development
Function

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4
Q

How are long bones classified?

A

Long and Narrow

Have Expanded Ends

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5
Q

How are short bones classified?

A 
Cube-Like, Length=Width
Includes Sesamoid (Round) Bones
Embedded in Tendons
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6
Q

How are flat bones classified?

A

Plate-like, with broad surfaces

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7
Q

How are irregular bones classified?

A

Variety of Shapes

Most are connected to several other bones

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8
Q

What is a epiphysis?

A

Expanded Shaft

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9
Q

What is a Diaphysis?

A

Bone Shaft

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10
Q

Where is a Metaphysis?

A

Between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part

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11
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Covers epiphysis

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12
Q

What is the Periosteum?

A

Encloses bone, made of dense connective tissue

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13
Q

What is a compact (cortical) bone

A

Wall of diaphysis

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14
Q

What is a spongy (cancellous) bone

A

Makes up epiphyses

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15
Q

What is a trabeculae

A

branching bony parts, make up psongy bone

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16
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow

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17
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

lines spaces, cavity

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18
Q

what is bone marrow?

A

red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces

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19
Q

Mature bone cells are called

A

osteocytes

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20
Q

Osteocytes occupy chambers called

A

lacunae

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21
Q

What are canaliculi?

A

Osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes via cell processes within tiny passageways

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22
Q

The ECM of bone is largely

A

collagen fibers and irganic salts

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23
Q

Bones - collagen gives bone

A

resilience

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24
Q

Bones - inorganic salts make bone

A

hard

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25
Q

Compact bone consists of cylindrical units called

A

osteons

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26
Q

compact bone characteristics

A

strong and solid
weight-bearing
resists compression

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27
Q

spongy bone consists of branching plates called

A

trabeculae

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28
Q

spongy bone characteristics

A

somewhat flexible

has spaces between trabeculae that reduce that bone weight

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29
Q

compact bone consists of

A

osteons

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30
Q

compact bone have osteocytes in

A

lacunae

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31
Q

compact bone has lamellae, that are

A

layers of matrix around central canal

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32
Q

compact bone has osteons that are

A

cemented together by bone matrix

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33
Q

compact bone has what type of canals?

A

perforating canals, that join adjacent central canals

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34
Q

compact bone, osteocytes can pass nutrients through

A

canaliculi

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35
Q

bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in what two ways?

A

intramembranous bones

endochondral bones

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36
Q

Bone Development in 14-Week Fetus: Intramembranous Ossification

A

Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones are forming between sheets of primitive connective tissue

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37
Q

Bone Development in 14-week fetus: Endochondral Ossification

A

Long bones and most of skeleton are forming from hyaline cartilage models

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38
Q

Intramembranous bones originate within

A

sheet-like layers of connective tissue

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39
Q

intramembranous bones are

A

broad, flat bones

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40
Q

examples of intramembranous bones

A

flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones

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41
Q

intramembranous ossification is the process of

A

replacing embryonic connective tissue to form intramembranous bone

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42
Q

intramembranous ossification - mesenchymal cells..

A

in primitative tissue differentiate into osteoblasts

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43
Q

intramembranous ossification - osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cels that deposit bone matrix around themselves

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44
Q

intramembranous ossification - when osteoblasts are completely surrounded by matrix

A

they are now osteocyte sin lacunae

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45
Q

intramembranous ossification - mesenchyme on outside form

A

periosteum

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46
Q

Endochondral bones begin as

A

masses of hyaline cartilage

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47
Q

endochondral bones consist of most

A

bones of the skseleton

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48
Q

examples of endochondral bones?

A

femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae

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49
Q

endochondral ossification is the process of

A

replacing hyaline cartilage to form an endochondral bone

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50
Q

endochondral ossification begin as

A

hyaline cartilage models

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51
Q

in endochondral ossification, chondrocytes

A

enlarge, lacunae grow

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52
Q

in endochondral ossification, matrix

A

breaks down, chondrocytes die

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53
Q

in endochondral ossification, osteoblasts

A

invide area, deposit bone matrix.

form spongy and then compalct bone

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54
Q

in endochondral ossification, once encased by matrix

A

osteoblasts are now osteocytes

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55
Q

First Step in Intramembranous Ossification

A

Sheets of embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) appear at the sites of future bones.

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56
Q

Second Step in Intramembranous Ossification

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which deposit bone matrix.

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57
Q

Third Step in Intramembranous Ossification

A

Dense networks of blood vessels supply the developing spongy bone.

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58
Q

Fourth Step in Intramembranous Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
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59
Q

Fifth Step in Intramembranous Ossification

A

Mesenchyme on the surface of each developing structure condenses to form periosteum.

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60
Q

Sixth Step in Intramembranous OSsification

A

Osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum deposit compact bone over the spongy bone.

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61
Q

First Step in Endochondral Ossification

A

Masses of hyaline cartilage form models of future bones.

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62
Q

Second Step in Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Cartilage tissue breaks down. Periosteum develops.
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63
Q

Third Step in Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue.
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64
Q

Fourth Step in Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts form spongy bone in the space occupied by cartilage.
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65
Q

Fifth Step In Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum deposit compact bone.
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66
Q

Sixth Step in Endochondral Ossification

A
  1. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
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67
Q

In a growing long bone, diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by

A

Epiphyseal plate, region at which bone grows in length

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68
Q

Cartilaginous Cells of Epiphyseal Plate form what layers?

A

Zone of Resting Cartilage
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
Zone of Calcified Cartilage

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69
Q

Zone of Resting Cartilage layer location

A

layer closest to end of epiphysis

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70
Q

zone of resting cartilage consists of

A

resting cells that anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis

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71
Q

zone of proliferating cartilage is

A

rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis

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72
Q

zone of hypertrophic cartilage are

A

rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear. Thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone

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73
Q

zone of hypertrophic cartilage does?

A

matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chrondrocytes die)

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74
Q

zone of calcified cartilage are

A

thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix

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75
Q

Growth of epiphyseal plate - osteoclasts…

A

break down calcified matrix

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76
Q

Growth of epiphyseal plate - osteoblasts then

A

invade, replacing cartilage with bone tisue

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77
Q

Growth of epiphyseal plate - bone can

A

continue to grow in length, as long as cartilage cells of epiphyseal plate remain active

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78
Q

Growth of epiphyseal plate - when ossification centers meet and epiphyseal plate ossifies..

A

bone can no longer grow in length

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79
Q

Growth of epiphyseal plate - bone can thicken by

A

depositing compact bone on outside, under periosteum

80
Q

Ossification - At third month of prenatal development…

A

ossification in long bone begins

81
Q

Ossification - at fourth month of prenatal development…

A

most primary ossification centers have appeared in the diaphysis of long bones

82
Q

Ossification - from birth to five years..

A

secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of long bones

83
Q

Ossification - from 5 - 14 years old…

A

ossification rapidly spreads from the ossification centers

84
Q

Ossification - from 15-20 years old…

A

bones of the upper limbs and scapulae completely ossified

85
Q

Ossification - from 18-23 years old…

A

bones of the lower limbs and hip bones completely ossified

86
Q

Ossification - from 23-25 years old..

A

bones of the sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae completely ossified

87
Q

Ossification - by 25 years old…

A

nearly all bones completely ossified

88
Q

What is bone resorption?

A

Removal of bone, action of osteoclasts

89
Q

what is bone deposition?

A

formation of bone, action of osteoblasts

90
Q

how much of skeleton is replaced every year?

A

10% - 20%

91
Q

What does vitamin d do?

A

calcium absorption

92
Q

deficiency of vitamin d causes?

A

rickets, osteomalacia

93
Q

what does vitamin a do?

A

osteoblast and osteoclast activity.

94
Q

deficiency of ivitamin a?

A

retards bone development

95
Q

what does vitamin c do? deficiency?

A

collagen synthesis?

Results in slender, fragile bones

96
Q

what does the growth hormone do?

A

stimulates cartilage cell division?

97
Q

what does growth hormone insufficiency/excess do?

A

insufficiency in a child can result in dwarfism.

excess causes gigantism in child

98
Q

What does thyroid hormone do?

A

causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity

99
Q

what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?

A

stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown

100
Q

what do sex hormones do?

A

promote bone formation ; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates

101
Q

what does physical stress do to bones?

A

stimulates bone growth

102
Q

What is a simple (closed) fracture?

A

fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane)

103
Q

what is a compound (open) fracture?

A

fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane)

104
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

is incomplete, and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone

105
Q

what is a fissured fracture?

A

an incomplete longitudinal break

106
Q

what is a comminuted facture?

A

is complete and fragmented bones

107
Q

what is a tranverse fracture?

A

is complete, and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone

108
Q

what is a oblique fracture?

A

occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone

109
Q

what is a spiral fracture?

A

caused by excessive twisting of the bone

110
Q

What is Hematoma?

A

large blood clot

111
Q

what is cartilaginous callus?

A

phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage invades

112
Q

what is bony callus?

A

osteoblasts invade, hard callus fills space

113
Q

what is remodeling?

A

bone restore close to original shape?

114
Q

what are the steps in fracture repair?

A

Hematoma

Cartilaginous Callus

Bony Callus

Remodeling

115
Q

bones provide

A

shape to body

116
Q

bones support

A

body structure

117
Q

bones protect

A

body structures

118
Q

bones aid

A

body movements

119
Q

bones contain

A

tissue that produces blood cells

120
Q

bones store

A

inorganic salts

121
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

blood cell formation

122
Q

blood cell production occurs in

A

red bone marrow

123
Q

rbc, wbc, and platelets are produced in

A

red blood marrow

124
Q

with age, some red bone marrow is replaced by

A

yellow bone marrow, which only stores fat

125
Q

About 70% of bone matrix consists of

A

inorganic mineral salts

126
Q

most abdundant salt is crystals of

A

calcium phosphate

127
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

a condition that results from loss of bone mineralization

128
Q

what is a fragility fracture?

A

fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height, a sign of low bone density

129
Q

with age, osteoclasts remove

A

more bone tissue than osteoblasts produce

130
Q

how many bones are in the adult skeleton?

A

206 bones

131
Q

What does the Axial Skeleton contain?

A 
Skull
Middle Ear Bones
Hyoid
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage
132
Q

What does the Appendicular Skeleton contain?

A

Pectoral Girdle
Upper Limbs
Pelvic Girdle
Lower Limbs

133
Q

Bones in middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

134
Q

How many cervical vertebra are there?

A

7

135
Q

how many thoracic vertebra are there?

A

12

136
Q

how many lumbar vertebra are there?

A

5

137
Q

how many sacrum are there?

A

1

138
Q

how many coccyx are tehre?

A

1

139
Q

BOnes of the Vertebral column?

A 
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
140
Q

how many ribs are tehre?

A

24

141
Q

BOnes in pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula and Clavicle

142
Q

condyle definition?

A

rounded process that usually articulates with another bone

143
Q

crest definition

A

narrow, right-like projection

144
Q

epicondyle definition

A

projection situated above a condyle

145
Q

facet definition?

A

small, nearly flat surface

146
Q

fissure definition?

A

cleft or groove

147
Q

fontaneal definition

A

soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones

148
Q

foramen definition

A

opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments

149
Q

fossa definition

A

relatively deep pit or depression

150
Q

fovea definition

A

tiny pit or depression

151
Q

head definition

A

enlargement on the end of a bone

152
Q

linea definition

A

narrow ridge

153
Q

meatus definition

A

tube-like passageway within a bone

154
Q

process definition

A

prominent projection on a bone

155
Q

ramus definition

A

branch or similar extension

156
Q

sinus deifnition

A

cavity within a bone

157
Q

spine deifnition

A

thorn-like definition

158
Q

sulcus definition

A

furrow or groove

159
Q

suture definition

A

interlocking line of union between bones

160
Q

trochanter definition

A

relatively large process

161
Q

tubercle definition

A

knob-like process

162
Q

tuberosity definition

A

knob-like process usually larger than a tubercle

163
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22

164
Q

all skull bones are interlocked along sutrues, except

A

the lower jaw (mandible)

165
Q

cranium contains

A

8 bones; encloses and protects brain

166
Q

facial skeleton contains

A

14 bones, forms shape of face

167
Q

What are fontanels?

A

Fibrous membranes that connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is incomplete

168
Q

vertebral column consists of many vertebrae separated by

A

cartilaginous intervertebral discs, and connected by ligaments

169
Q

how many bones in vertebral column for an infant

A

33

170
Q

how many bones in vertebral column for an adult

A

26

171
Q

Atlas location?

A

C1, supports head

172
Q

Axis location?

A

C2, atlas pivots around the dens

173
Q

Cervical vertebrae in the neck region are the smallest

A

vertebrae

174
Q

cervical vertebrae bifid spinous process goes from

A

C2-C6

175
Q

Cervical vertebrae - C7 consists of

A

vertebral prominens

176
Q

thoracic vertebrae articulate with

A

ribs

177
Q

thoracic vertebrae look like

A

long, pointed spinous process

178
Q

lumbar vertebrae main function?

A

weight-bearing

179
Q

sacrum consists of how many fused vertebrae?

A

5

180
Q

coccyx consists of how many fused vertebrae?

A

4

181
Q

What is a Herinated or Ruptured Disc?

A

Break in the outer protion of an intervertebral disc. Compresses spinal nerves, causing numbness, pain, and loss of muscle function

182
Q

what is kyphosis?

A

exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine, rounded shoulders and hunchback, causes by poor posture, injury, disease

183
Q

what is scoliosis?

A

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

One shoulder or hip may may be lower than the other

184
Q

what is lordosis?

A

exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine, swayback

185
Q

what are compression fractures?

A

factures of vertebral bodies become more common with age as intervertebral discs become rigid and shrink.

186
Q

how many pairs of true ribs?

A

7

187
Q

how many pairs of false ribs?

A

5

188
Q

what are vertebronchondral ribs?

A

upper 3 pairs of false ribs

189
Q

what are floating ribs?

A

lower 2 pairs of false ribs

190
Q

what does the head of the rib articulate with?

A

vertebrae

191
Q

what does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?

A

the vertebrae

192
Q

what does the costal cartilage in the rib connect to?

A

sternum

193
Q

what does the sternum articulate with?

A

costal catilages and clavicles

194
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with?

A

manubrium and scapulae

195
Q

radius are shorter than the

A

ulna

196
Q

hip bones are also called

A

coxal bones

197
Q

hip bones consist of what 3 fused bones

A

illium
ischium
publis

A&P I (33 decks)

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