Chapter 7 PPT Flashcards
1
Q
Bones are composed of what tissues?
A
Bone Tissue
Cartilage
Dense Connective Tissue
Blood and Nervous Tissue
2
Q
Bones of the skeletal system vary greatly in these ways
A
Size and Shape
3
Q
Bones are similar in what functions?
A
Structure
Development
Function
4
Q
How are long bones classified?
A
Long and Narrow
Have Expanded Ends
5
Q
How are short bones classified?
A
Cube-Like, Length=Width Includes Sesamoid (Round) Bones Embedded in Tendons
6
Q
How are flat bones classified?
A
Plate-like, with broad surfaces
7
Q
How are irregular bones classified?
A
Variety of Shapes
Most are connected to several other bones
8
Q
What is a epiphysis?
A
Expanded Shaft
9
Q
What is a Diaphysis?
A
Bone Shaft
10
Q
Where is a Metaphysis?
A
Between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part
11
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
Covers epiphysis
12
Q
What is the Periosteum?
A
Encloses bone, made of dense connective tissue
13
Q
What is a compact (cortical) bone
A
Wall of diaphysis
14
Q
What is a spongy (cancellous) bone
A
Makes up epiphyses
15
Q
What is a trabeculae
A
branching bony parts, make up psongy bone
16
Q
what is the medullary cavity?
A
Hollow chamber in diaphysis; contains marrow
17
Q
what is the endosteum?
A
lines spaces, cavity
18
Q
what is bone marrow?
A
red or yellow marrow, lines medullary cavity, spongy bone spaces
19
Q
Mature bone cells are called
A
osteocytes
20
Q
Osteocytes occupy chambers called
A
lacunae
21
Q
What are canaliculi?
A
Osteocytes exchange nutrients and wastes via cell processes within tiny passageways
22
Q
The ECM of bone is largely
A
collagen fibers and irganic salts
23
Q
Bones - collagen gives bone
A
resilience
24
Q
Bones - inorganic salts make bone
A
hard
25
Compact bone consists of cylindrical units called
osteons
26
compact bone characteristics
strong and solid
weight-bearing
resists compression
27
spongy bone consists of branching plates called
trabeculae
28
spongy bone characteristics
somewhat flexible
| has spaces between trabeculae that reduce that bone weight
29
compact bone consists of
osteons
30
compact bone have osteocytes in
lacunae
31
compact bone has lamellae, that are
layers of matrix around central canal
32
compact bone has osteons that are
cemented together by bone matrix
33
compact bone has what type of canals?
perforating canals, that join adjacent central canals
34
compact bone, osteocytes can pass nutrients through
canaliculi
35
bones form when bone tissue replaces existing connective tissue in what two ways?
intramembranous bones
| endochondral bones
36
Bone Development in 14-Week Fetus: Intramembranous Ossification
Flat skull bones, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones are forming between sheets of primitive connective tissue
37
Bone Development in 14-week fetus: Endochondral Ossification
Long bones and most of skeleton are forming from hyaline cartilage models
38
Intramembranous bones originate within
sheet-like layers of connective tissue
39
intramembranous bones are
broad, flat bones
40
examples of intramembranous bones
flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones
41
intramembranous ossification is the process of
replacing embryonic connective tissue to form intramembranous bone
42
intramembranous ossification - mesenchymal cells..
in primitative tissue differentiate into osteoblasts
43
intramembranous ossification - osteoblasts
bone-forming cels that deposit bone matrix around themselves
44
intramembranous ossification - when osteoblasts are completely surrounded by matrix
they are now osteocyte sin lacunae
45
intramembranous ossification - mesenchyme on outside form
periosteum
46
Endochondral bones begin as
masses of hyaline cartilage
47
endochondral bones consist of most
bones of the skseleton
48
examples of endochondral bones?
femur, humerus, radius, tibia, phalanges, vertebrae
49
endochondral ossification is the process of
replacing hyaline cartilage to form an endochondral bone
50
endochondral ossification begin as
hyaline cartilage models
51
in endochondral ossification, chondrocytes
enlarge, lacunae grow
52
in endochondral ossification, matrix
breaks down, chondrocytes die
53
in endochondral ossification, osteoblasts
invide area, deposit bone matrix.
form spongy and then compalct bone
54
in endochondral ossification, once encased by matrix
osteoblasts are now osteocytes
55
First Step in Intramembranous Ossification
Sheets of embryonic connective tissue (mesenchyme) appear at the sites of future bones.
56
Second Step in Intramembranous Ossification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts, which deposit bone matrix.
57
Third Step in Intramembranous Ossification
Dense networks of blood vessels supply the developing spongy bone.
58
Fourth Step in Intramembranous Ossification
4. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
59
Fifth Step in Intramembranous Ossification
Mesenchyme on the surface of each developing structure condenses to form periosteum.
60
Sixth Step in Intramembranous OSsification
Osteoblasts on the inside of the periosteum deposit compact bone over the spongy bone.
61
First Step in Endochondral Ossification
Masses of hyaline cartilage form models of future bones.
62
Second Step in Endochondral Ossification
2. Cartilage tissue breaks down. Periosteum develops.
63
Third Step in Endochondral Ossification
3. Blood vessels and differentiating osteoblasts from the periosteum invade the disintegrating tissue.
64
Fourth Step in Endochondral Ossification
4. Osteoblasts form spongy bone in the space occupied by cartilage.
65
Fifth Step In Endochondral Ossification
5. Osteoblasts beneath the periosteum deposit compact bone.
66
Sixth Step in Endochondral Ossification
6. Osteoblasts become osteocytes when bony matrix completely surrounds them.
67
In a growing long bone, diaphysis is separated from epiphysis by
Epiphyseal plate, region at which bone grows in length
68
Cartilaginous Cells of Epiphyseal Plate form what layers?
Zone of Resting Cartilage
Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
Zone of Hypertrophic Cartilage
Zone of Calcified Cartilage
69
Zone of Resting Cartilage layer location
layer closest to end of epiphysis
70
zone of resting cartilage consists of
resting cells that anchor epiphyseal plate to epiphysis
71
zone of proliferating cartilage is
rows of young cells, undergoing mitosis
72
zone of hypertrophic cartilage are
rows of older cells left behind when new cells appear. Thicken epiphyseal plate, lengthening the bone
73
zone of hypertrophic cartilage does?
matrix calcifies, cartilage cells (chrondrocytes die)
74
zone of calcified cartilage are
thin layer of dead cartilage cells and calcified matrix
75
Growth of epiphyseal plate - osteoclasts...
break down calcified matrix
76
Growth of epiphyseal plate - osteoblasts then
invade, replacing cartilage with bone tisue
77
Growth of epiphyseal plate - bone can
continue to grow in length, as long as cartilage cells of epiphyseal plate remain active
78
Growth of epiphyseal plate - when ossification centers meet and epiphyseal plate ossifies..
bone can no longer grow in length
79
Growth of epiphyseal plate - bone can thicken by
depositing compact bone on outside, under periosteum
80
Ossification - At third month of prenatal development...
ossification in long bone begins
81
Ossification - at fourth month of prenatal development...
most primary ossification centers have appeared in the diaphysis of long bones
82
Ossification - from birth to five years..
secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses of long bones
83
Ossification - from 5 - 14 years old...
ossification rapidly spreads from the ossification centers
84
Ossification - from 15-20 years old...
bones of the upper limbs and scapulae completely ossified
85
Ossification - from 18-23 years old...
bones of the lower limbs and hip bones completely ossified
86
Ossification - from 23-25 years old..
bones of the sternum, clavicles, and vertebrae completely ossified
87
Ossification - by 25 years old...
nearly all bones completely ossified
88
What is bone resorption?
Removal of bone, action of osteoclasts
89
what is bone deposition?
formation of bone, action of osteoblasts
90
how much of skeleton is replaced every year?
10% - 20%
91
What does vitamin d do?
calcium absorption
92
deficiency of vitamin d causes?
rickets, osteomalacia
93
what does vitamin a do?
osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
94
deficiency of ivitamin a?
retards bone development
95
what does vitamin c do? deficiency?
collagen synthesis?
Results in slender, fragile bones
96
what does the growth hormone do?
stimulates cartilage cell division?
97
what does growth hormone insufficiency/excess do?
insufficiency in a child can result in dwarfism.
excess causes gigantism in child
98
What does thyroid hormone do?
causes replacement of cartilage with bone in epiphyseal plate, osteoblast activity
99
what does parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
stimulates osteoclasts, bone breakdown
100
what do sex hormones do?
promote bone formation ; stimulate ossification of epiphyseal plates
101
what does physical stress do to bones?
stimulates bone growth
102
What is a simple (closed) fracture?
fracture protected by uninjured skin (or mucous membrane)
103
what is a compound (open) fracture?
fracture in which the bone is exposed to the outside through opening in skin (or mucous membrane)
104
What is a greenstick fracture?
is incomplete, and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
105
what is a fissured fracture?
an incomplete longitudinal break
106
what is a comminuted facture?
is complete and fragmented bones
107
what is a tranverse fracture?
is complete, and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
108
what is a oblique fracture?
occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
109
what is a spiral fracture?
caused by excessive twisting of the bone
110
What is Hematoma?
large blood clot
111
what is cartilaginous callus?
phagocytes remove debris, fibrocartilage invades
112
what is bony callus?
osteoblasts invade, hard callus fills space
113
what is remodeling?
bone restore close to original shape?
114
what are the steps in fracture repair?
Hematoma
Cartilaginous Callus
Bony Callus
Remodeling
115
bones provide
shape to body
116
bones support
body structure
117
bones protect
body structures
118
bones aid
body movements
119
bones contain
tissue that produces blood cells
120
bones store
inorganic salts
121
What is hematopoiesis?
blood cell formation
122
blood cell production occurs in
red bone marrow
123
rbc, wbc, and platelets are produced in
red blood marrow
124
with age, some red bone marrow is replaced by
yellow bone marrow, which only stores fat
125
About 70% of bone matrix consists of
inorganic mineral salts
126
most abdundant salt is crystals of
calcium phosphate
127
what is osteoporosis?
a condition that results from loss of bone mineralization
128
what is a fragility fracture?
fracture that occurs after a fall from less than standing height, a sign of low bone density
129
with age, osteoclasts remove
more bone tissue than osteoblasts produce
130
how many bones are in the adult skeleton?
206 bones
131
What does the Axial Skeleton contain?
```
Skull
Middle Ear Bones
Hyoid
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage
```
132
What does the Appendicular Skeleton contain?
Pectoral Girdle
Upper Limbs
Pelvic Girdle
Lower Limbs
133
Bones in middle ear?
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
134
How many cervical vertebra are there?
7
135
how many thoracic vertebra are there?
12
136
how many lumbar vertebra are there?
5
137
how many sacrum are there?
1
138
how many coccyx are tehre?
1
139
BOnes of the Vertebral column?
```
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
```
140
how many ribs are tehre?
24
141
BOnes in pectoral girdle?
Scapula and Clavicle
142
condyle definition?
rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
143
crest definition
narrow, right-like projection
144
epicondyle definition
projection situated above a condyle
145
facet definition?
small, nearly flat surface
146
fissure definition?
cleft or groove
147
fontaneal definition
soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
148
foramen definition
opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
149
fossa definition
relatively deep pit or depression
150
fovea definition
tiny pit or depression
151
head definition
enlargement on the end of a bone
152
linea definition
narrow ridge
153
meatus definition
tube-like passageway within a bone
154
process definition
prominent projection on a bone
155
ramus definition
branch or similar extension
156
sinus deifnition
cavity within a bone
157
spine deifnition
thorn-like definition
158
sulcus definition
furrow or groove
159
suture definition
interlocking line of union between bones
160
trochanter definition
relatively large process
161
tubercle definition
knob-like process
162
tuberosity definition
knob-like process usually larger than a tubercle
163
How many bones are in the skull?
22
164
all skull bones are interlocked along sutrues, except
the lower jaw (mandible)
165
cranium contains
8 bones; encloses and protects brain
166
facial skeleton contains
14 bones, forms shape of face
167
What are fontanels?
Fibrous membranes that connect cranial bones, where intramembranous ossification is incomplete
168
vertebral column consists of many vertebrae separated by
cartilaginous intervertebral discs, and connected by ligaments
169
how many bones in vertebral column for an infant
33
170
how many bones in vertebral column for an adult
26
171
Atlas location?
C1, supports head
172
Axis location?
C2, atlas pivots around the dens
173
Cervical vertebrae in the neck region are the smallest
vertebrae
174
cervical vertebrae bifid spinous process goes from
C2-C6
175
Cervical vertebrae - C7 consists of
vertebral prominens
176
thoracic vertebrae articulate with
ribs
177
thoracic vertebrae look like
long, pointed spinous process
178
lumbar vertebrae main function?
weight-bearing
179
sacrum consists of how many fused vertebrae?
5
180
coccyx consists of how many fused vertebrae?
4
181
What is a Herinated or Ruptured Disc?
Break in the outer protion of an intervertebral disc. Compresses spinal nerves, causing numbness, pain, and loss of muscle function
182
what is kyphosis?
exaggerated thoracic curvature of the spine, rounded shoulders and hunchback, causes by poor posture, injury, disease
183
what is scoliosis?
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
One shoulder or hip may may be lower than the other
184
what is lordosis?
exaggerated lumbar curvature of the spine, swayback
185
what are compression fractures?
factures of vertebral bodies become more common with age as intervertebral discs become rigid and shrink.
186
how many pairs of true ribs?
7
187
how many pairs of false ribs?
5
188
what are vertebronchondral ribs?
upper 3 pairs of false ribs
189
what are floating ribs?
lower 2 pairs of false ribs
190
what does the head of the rib articulate with?
vertebrae
191
what does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
the vertebrae
192
what does the costal cartilage in the rib connect to?
sternum
193
what does the sternum articulate with?
costal catilages and clavicles
194
what does the clavicle articulate with?
manubrium and scapulae
195
radius are shorter than the
ulna
196
hip bones are also called
coxal bones
197
hip bones consist of what 3 fused bones
illium
ischium
publis
