Chapter 2.3 Flashcards
Organic compounds have
carbon and hydrogen
What are chemicals that have no carbon and hydrogen?
Inorganic
Electrolytes
Inorganic substances that usually dissolve in water and dissociate
Nonelectrolytes
Most organic compounds that dissolve in water and do not release ions
Most abundant compound in living material and accounts for two-thirds of the weight of an adult human?
Water
Solvent
A substance in which other substances dissolve
Solute
A substance disolved in a solvent, such as water
Solution
The combination of a solvent and any solutes dissolved in it
What happens when substances dissolve in water?
The polar water molecules separate molecules of the substance, or even dissociate them into ions
What is important in transporting chemicals in the body?
Water
Water Balance
A condition where gains and losses of water are equal
What do organelles use oxygen for?
Use oxygen to release energy from nutrient molecules. Energy then drives the cell’s metabolic activites
What kind of compound is CO2?
Simple, carbon containing inorganic compound
When CO2 reacts with water, it forms?
A weak acid , carboic acid. This acid ionizes releasing Hydrogen ions and bi-carbonate ions. In respiratory organsm the reactions reverse and CO2 gas is produced
What two chemicals are harmful to health in high concentrations but present in low concentrations and important to normal physiology?
NO and CO
NO and CO are important
biological messenger molecules
NO involved in?
Digestion, Memory, Immunity, Respiration, and Circulation
CO functions in
the spleen, which recycles old red blood cells, and in the parts of the brain that control memory, smell, and vital functions
What inorganic salts are abundant in body fluids?
Sodium Chloride Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphate Carbonate Bicarbonate Sulfate
Inorganic salts play what role in the human body?
Play important roles in metabolism, helping maintain proper water concentrations in body fluids, controlling pH, blood clotting, bone development, eenrgy transfer in cells, and muscle and nerve functions
Electrolyte Balance
When gains and loses of electrolytes are equal in the body
H2O Function
Medium in which most biochemical reactions occur, transports various chemical substances, major component of body fluid, helps regulate body temperature
Oxygen Function
Used in release of energy from glucose molecules
CO2 Function
Waste product that results from metabolism, reacts with water to form carbonic acid
Bicarbonate Ion function
Helps maintain acid-base balance
Calcium Ion Function
Necessary for bone development, and muscle contraction, and blood clotting
Carbonate Ion Function
Component of bone tissues
Chloride Ion Function
Helps maintain water balance, major negatively charged ion in the body fluids
Hydrogen Ion Function
pH of the internal environment
Magnesium Ion Function
Component of bone tissue, required for certain metabolic processes
Phosphate Ion Function
Required for synthesis of ATP and Nucleic Acids, compoennt of boen tissue, help maintain polarization of cell membrane
Potassium Ion function
Required for polarization of cell membranes, major positvely charged ion in the intracellular fluid
Sodium Ion Function
Required for polarization of cell membranes, helps maintain water balance, major positvely charged ion in the extracellular fluid
Sulfate Ion Function
Helps maintian polarization of cell membrane
lWhat organic substances are there?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
General Carbohydrate Function
Provide much of the energy that cells require. They also supply materials to build certain cell structures and they often are stored as reserve energy supplies.
Carbohydrates and their solubility?
Carbohydrates are water soluble.
What atoms do Carbohydrates include?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Trick to remember Carbohydrates?
Moft of these molecules have twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms
What are simple carbohydrates?
Sugars.
What do simple carbohydrates include?
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Monosaccharide info
May include three to seven carbon atoms in a straight line or ring.
Include five-carbon sugars ribo and deoxyribose. And six carbon sugars glucose, dextrose, fructose, and galactose.
Polysaccharide Info
Built of simple carbohydrtes linked to form larger molecules of different sizes.
What polysaccharide do humans synthesize?
Similar to starch, and called glycogen. Stored in the river and skeletal muscles.
Lipids and solubility
Lipids are a group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform
What compounds do lipids include?
Fats, Phospholipids, And Steroids.
Function of Lipids?
Vital functions in cells and important constituents of cell membranes
Most abundant lipids?
Triglycerides.
Triglycerides are?
Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activites. Can supply more energy gram for gram than can carbohydrate molecules.
Triglycerides composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Triglycerides have a much smaller proportion of
oxygen than do carbohydrates
Building blocks of triglycerides?
Fatty Acids and Glycerol.
All fatty acid molecules include
a carboxyl group at the end of a chain of carbom atoms
What is a Saturated Fatty Acid?
Each carbon atom binds as many hydrogen atoms as possible and is thus satured with them
Unsaturated Fatty Acids have
one or more double bonds between carbon atoms
Fatty acids with one double bond are called
monounsatured fatty acids
Fatty acidswith two or more double bonds are
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Dietary triglycerides are commonly referred to as
fats
Saturated triglycerides are
more abundant in fatty foods that are solids at room temperature, such as butter, lard, and most animal fats.
Unsaturated triglycerides are
in foods that are liquid at room temperature, such as soft margarine and seed oils.
What does trans refer to?
Atoms in a molecule on opposite sides of a backbone-like structure and like stores on opposite sides of a street
What does cis refer to?
Atoms on the same side - like stores on the same side of a street
How is a phospholipid molecule different from a triglyceride?
Has only two fatty acid chains and, in place of the third, has a portion containing a phosphate group
Phospholipid and solubility?
Phosphate-containing part is soluble in water and forms the “head” where the fatty acid portion, the tail, is phydrophobic. Forms membranes
Steroid molecules are
complex structures that include connected rings of carbon atoms
Important steroids?
Cholesterol, found in all body cells and used to synthesize other steroids like esrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
Triglycerides basic molecular structure?
Three fatty acid molecules bound to a glycerol molecule
Phospholipid basic molecular structure?
Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a gglycerol molecule
Steroid basic molecular structure?
Four connected rings of carbon atoms
Triglycerides Characteristics?
Most common lipid in the body; stored in fat tissue as energy supply; fat tissue also provides insulation beneath the skin
Phospholipid characteristics?
Used as structural components in cell membranes; large amounts are in the liver and parts of the nervous system
Steroid characteristics
Wideely distributed in the body with a variety of functions; includes cholesterol, sex hormones, and certain hormones of the adrenal gland
How many types of proteins in the body?
Over 200,000
What are enzymes?
Catalysts in living systems. They speed specific chemical reactions without being consumed.
Proteins are similar to
carbohydrates and lipids, in that they consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Building block of proteins?
Amino acids
How many amino acids compromise proteins in organisms?
22
Amino Acid molecules have
an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end
Centrla carbon bonded to
a hydrogen atom and to another group of atoms called a side chain, or R group
COnformations?
These are the complex three-dimensional shape that proteins have
Amino Acid - Covalent Bonds
link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another
Protein - Primary Structure
This is the amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain. Range from 100 - 5,000 amino acids
Protein - Secondary Structure
Polypeptide chain either forms a springlike coil or folds back and forth on itself or into other shapes.
Secondary Structures arises from
hydrogen bonding
Teritary Structure
The pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique three-dimensional structure
All three structures deetermine
its function
In cystic fibrosis, a protein
cannot fold into its final form, which prevents it from anchoring in the cell membrane
Quaternary Structure
When several polypeptide chains are connected in a fourth level, to form a very large molecule
Nucleic Acids carry
the instructions, in the form of gene that control a cells activites by encoding the amino acid sequence of proteins
Nucleotides
The very large and complex nucleic acids include atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
Each nucleotide consists of
a 5- carbon sugar
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous Bases
Nucleotides in a chain form
a polynucleotide
RNA composed of
nucleotides that have ribose sugar
Most RNA molecules are
single-strnaged polynucleotide chains, but they can fold into shapes that enable them to interact with DNA.
DNA has
deoxyribose sugar
DNA is a
double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helx.
What holds the two DNA chains together?
Hydrogen Bonds
Ribose and deoxyribose differ by
one oxygen atom
DNA molecules store information for
protein synthesis
RNA molecules use DNA information to
construct specific protein molecules
Carbohydrates elements present
C,H , O
Lipid Elements Present
C, H, O (often P)
Protein elements present
C, H, O, N (Often S)
Nucleic Acid Elements Present
C, H, O, N, P
Carbohydrates General Form
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Lipid General Form
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids
Proteins General Form
Polypeptide Chain
Nucleic Acids General Form
Polynucleotide Chain
Carbohydrate Function
Provide energ, cell structure
Lipid Function
Provide energy, cell structure
Protein Function
PRovide cell structure, enzymes, energy
Nucleic Acid Functions
Store information for the synthesis of ptoeins, contro cell activites
Carbohydrate Examples
GLucose
Sucrose
Glycogen
Lipid Examples
Fat
Cholesterol
Protein Examples
Albumins
Hemoglobin
Nucleic Acid Examples
RNA, DNa
