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A&P I > Chapter 2.3 > Flashcards

Chapter 2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

Organic compounds have

A

carbon and hydrogen

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2
Q

What are chemicals that have no carbon and hydrogen?

A

Inorganic

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3
Q

Electrolytes

A

Inorganic substances that usually dissolve in water and dissociate

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4
Q

Nonelectrolytes

A

Most organic compounds that dissolve in water and do not release ions

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5
Q

Most abundant compound in living material and accounts for two-thirds of the weight of an adult human?

A

Water

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6
Q

Solvent

A

A substance in which other substances dissolve

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7
Q

Solute

A

A substance disolved in a solvent, such as water

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8
Q

Solution

A

The combination of a solvent and any solutes dissolved in it

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9
Q

What happens when substances dissolve in water?

A

The polar water molecules separate molecules of the substance, or even dissociate them into ions

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10
Q

What is important in transporting chemicals in the body?

A

Water

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11
Q

Water Balance

A

A condition where gains and losses of water are equal

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12
Q

What do organelles use oxygen for?

A

Use oxygen to release energy from nutrient molecules. Energy then drives the cell’s metabolic activites

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13
Q

What kind of compound is CO2?

A

Simple, carbon containing inorganic compound

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14
Q

When CO2 reacts with water, it forms?

A

A weak acid , carboic acid. This acid ionizes releasing Hydrogen ions and bi-carbonate ions. In respiratory organsm the reactions reverse and CO2 gas is produced

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15
Q

What two chemicals are harmful to health in high concentrations but present in low concentrations and important to normal physiology?

A

NO and CO

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16
Q

NO and CO are important

A

biological messenger molecules

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17
Q

NO involved in?

A

Digestion, Memory, Immunity, Respiration, and Circulation

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18
Q

CO functions in

A

the spleen, which recycles old red blood cells, and in the parts of the brain that control memory, smell, and vital functions

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19
Q

What inorganic salts are abundant in body fluids?

A 
Sodium
Chloride
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Phosphate
Carbonate
Bicarbonate
Sulfate
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20
Q

Inorganic salts play what role in the human body?

A

Play important roles in metabolism, helping maintain proper water concentrations in body fluids, controlling pH, blood clotting, bone development, eenrgy transfer in cells, and muscle and nerve functions

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21
Q

Electrolyte Balance

A

When gains and loses of electrolytes are equal in the body

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22
Q

H2O Function

A

Medium in which most biochemical reactions occur, transports various chemical substances, major component of body fluid, helps regulate body temperature

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23
Q

Oxygen Function

A

Used in release of energy from glucose molecules

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24
Q

CO2 Function

A

Waste product that results from metabolism, reacts with water to form carbonic acid

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25
Q

Bicarbonate Ion function

A

Helps maintain acid-base balance

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26
Q

Calcium Ion Function

A

Necessary for bone development, and muscle contraction, and blood clotting

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27
Q

Carbonate Ion Function

A

Component of bone tissues

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28
Q

Chloride Ion Function

A

Helps maintain water balance, major negatively charged ion in the body fluids

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29
Q

Hydrogen Ion Function

A

pH of the internal environment

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30
Q

Magnesium Ion Function

A

Component of bone tissue, required for certain metabolic processes

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31
Q

Phosphate Ion Function

A

Required for synthesis of ATP and Nucleic Acids, compoennt of boen tissue, help maintain polarization of cell membrane

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32
Q

Potassium Ion function

A

Required for polarization of cell membranes, major positvely charged ion in the intracellular fluid

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33
Q

Sodium Ion Function

A

Required for polarization of cell membranes, helps maintain water balance, major positvely charged ion in the extracellular fluid

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34
Q

Sulfate Ion Function

A

Helps maintian polarization of cell membrane

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35
Q

lWhat organic substances are there?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

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36
Q

General Carbohydrate Function

A

Provide much of the energy that cells require. They also supply materials to build certain cell structures and they often are stored as reserve energy supplies.

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37
Q

Carbohydrates and their solubility?

A

Carbohydrates are water soluble.

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38
Q

What atoms do Carbohydrates include?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

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39
Q

Trick to remember Carbohydrates?

A

Moft of these molecules have twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms

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40
Q

What are simple carbohydrates?

A

Sugars.

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41
Q

What do simple carbohydrates include?

A

Monosaccharides and disaccharides

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42
Q

Monosaccharide info

A

May include three to seven carbon atoms in a straight line or ring.

Include five-carbon sugars ribo and deoxyribose. And six carbon sugars glucose, dextrose, fructose, and galactose.

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43
Q

Polysaccharide Info

A

Built of simple carbohydrtes linked to form larger molecules of different sizes.

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44
Q

What polysaccharide do humans synthesize?

A

Similar to starch, and called glycogen. Stored in the river and skeletal muscles.

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45
Q

Lipids and solubility

A

Lipids are a group of organic chemicals that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, such as ether and chloroform

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46
Q

What compounds do lipids include?

A

Fats, Phospholipids, And Steroids.

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47
Q

Function of Lipids?

A

Vital functions in cells and important constituents of cell membranes

48
Q

Most abundant lipids?

A

Triglycerides.

49
Q

Triglycerides are?

A

Primarily used to supply energy for cellular activites. Can supply more energy gram for gram than can carbohydrate molecules.

50
Q

Triglycerides composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

51
Q

Triglycerides have a much smaller proportion of

A

oxygen than do carbohydrates

52
Q

Building blocks of triglycerides?

A

Fatty Acids and Glycerol.

53
Q

All fatty acid molecules include

A

a carboxyl group at the end of a chain of carbom atoms

54
Q

What is a Saturated Fatty Acid?

A

Each carbon atom binds as many hydrogen atoms as possible and is thus satured with them

55
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids have

A

one or more double bonds between carbon atoms

56
Q

Fatty acids with one double bond are called

A

monounsatured fatty acids

57
Q

Fatty acidswith two or more double bonds are

A

polyunsaturated fatty acids

58
Q

Dietary triglycerides are commonly referred to as

A

fats

59
Q

Saturated triglycerides are

A

more abundant in fatty foods that are solids at room temperature, such as butter, lard, and most animal fats.

60
Q

Unsaturated triglycerides are

A

in foods that are liquid at room temperature, such as soft margarine and seed oils.

61
Q

What does trans refer to?

A

Atoms in a molecule on opposite sides of a backbone-like structure and like stores on opposite sides of a street

62
Q

What does cis refer to?

A

Atoms on the same side - like stores on the same side of a street

63
Q

How is a phospholipid molecule different from a triglyceride?

A

Has only two fatty acid chains and, in place of the third, has a portion containing a phosphate group

64
Q

Phospholipid and solubility?

A

Phosphate-containing part is soluble in water and forms the “head” where the fatty acid portion, the tail, is phydrophobic. Forms membranes

65
Q

Steroid molecules are

A

complex structures that include connected rings of carbon atoms

66
Q

Important steroids?

A

Cholesterol, found in all body cells and used to synthesize other steroids like esrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.

67
Q

Triglycerides basic molecular structure?

A

Three fatty acid molecules bound to a glycerol molecule

68
Q

Phospholipid basic molecular structure?

A

Two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group bound to a gglycerol molecule

69
Q

Steroid basic molecular structure?

A

Four connected rings of carbon atoms

70
Q

Triglycerides Characteristics?

A

Most common lipid in the body; stored in fat tissue as energy supply; fat tissue also provides insulation beneath the skin

71
Q

Phospholipid characteristics?

A

Used as structural components in cell membranes; large amounts are in the liver and parts of the nervous system

72
Q

Steroid characteristics

A

Wideely distributed in the body with a variety of functions; includes cholesterol, sex hormones, and certain hormones of the adrenal gland

73
Q

How many types of proteins in the body?

A

Over 200,000

74
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Catalysts in living systems. They speed specific chemical reactions without being consumed.

75
Q

Proteins are similar to

A

carbohydrates and lipids, in that they consist of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

76
Q

Building block of proteins?

A

Amino acids

77
Q

How many amino acids compromise proteins in organisms?

A

22

78
Q

Amino Acid molecules have

A

an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end

79
Q

Centrla carbon bonded to

A

a hydrogen atom and to another group of atoms called a side chain, or R group

80
Q

COnformations?

A

These are the complex three-dimensional shape that proteins have

81
Q

Amino Acid - Covalent Bonds

A

link the amino end of one amino acid with the carboxyl end of another

82
Q

Protein - Primary Structure

A

This is the amino acid sequence, the order in which particular amino acids occur in the polypeptide chain. Range from 100 - 5,000 amino acids

83
Q

Protein - Secondary Structure

A

Polypeptide chain either forms a springlike coil or folds back and forth on itself or into other shapes.

84
Q

Secondary Structures arises from

A

hydrogen bonding

85
Q

Teritary Structure

A

The pleated and coiled polypeptide chain of a protein molecule folds into a unique three-dimensional structure

86
Q

All three structures deetermine

A

its function

87
Q

In cystic fibrosis, a protein

A

cannot fold into its final form, which prevents it from anchoring in the cell membrane

88
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

When several polypeptide chains are connected in a fourth level, to form a very large molecule

89
Q

Nucleic Acids carry

A

the instructions, in the form of gene that control a cells activites by encoding the amino acid sequence of proteins

90
Q

Nucleotides

A

The very large and complex nucleic acids include atoms of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

91
Q

Each nucleotide consists of

A

a 5- carbon sugar
A phosphate group
Nitrogenous Bases

92
Q

Nucleotides in a chain form

A

a polynucleotide

93
Q

RNA composed of

A

nucleotides that have ribose sugar

94
Q

Most RNA molecules are

A

single-strnaged polynucleotide chains, but they can fold into shapes that enable them to interact with DNA.

95
Q

DNA has

A

deoxyribose sugar

96
Q

DNA is a

A

double polynucleotide chain wound into a double helx.

97
Q

What holds the two DNA chains together?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

98
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose differ by

A

one oxygen atom

99
Q

DNA molecules store information for

A

protein synthesis

100
Q

RNA molecules use DNA information to

A

construct specific protein molecules

101
Q

Carbohydrates elements present

A

C,H , O

102
Q

Lipid Elements Present

A

C, H, O (often P)

103
Q

Protein elements present

A

C, H, O, N (Often S)

104
Q

Nucleic Acid Elements Present

A

C, H, O, N, P

105
Q

Carbohydrates General Form

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

106
Q

Lipid General Form

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Steroids

107
Q

Proteins General Form

A

Polypeptide Chain

108
Q

Nucleic Acids General Form

A

Polynucleotide Chain

109
Q

Carbohydrate Function

A

Provide energ, cell structure

110
Q

Lipid Function

A

Provide energy, cell structure

111
Q

Protein Function

A

PRovide cell structure, enzymes, energy

112
Q

Nucleic Acid Functions

A

Store information for the synthesis of ptoeins, contro cell activites

113
Q

Carbohydrate Examples

A

GLucose
Sucrose
Glycogen

114
Q

Lipid Examples

A

Fat

Cholesterol

115
Q

Protein Examples

A

Albumins

Hemoglobin

116
Q

Nucleic Acid Examples

A

RNA, DNa

A&P I (33 decks)

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