Chapter 2.2

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

anything that has weight and takes up space. This includes all solids, liquids, and gases in our surroundings as well as in our bodies

Question 2

Atom

Answer 2

smallest particle of an element that has properties of that element

Question 3

Elements

Answer 3

The simpliest examples of matter with specific chemical properties

Question 4

COmpounds

Answer 4

Some elements exist in a pure form, but these and other elements are more commonly parts of chemical combinations

Question 5

Bulk elements

Answer 5

elements the body requires in large amount - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

Question 6

Trace Elements

Answer 6

Elements required in small amounts

Question 7

Ultratrace elements

Answer 7

some elements that are toxic in large amounts, but may be vital in very small amounts

Question 8

Chemical Bonds

Answer 8

Some atoms can combine with atoms like themselves or with other atoms by forming attractions

Question 9

Nucleus

Answer 9

A central portion of an atom

Question 10

Electrons

Answer 10

One or more that constantly move around the nucleus

Question 11

Protons/Neutrons

Answer 11

Are equal in weight but have different electrical properties.

Question 12

Atomic Number

Answer 12

The number of protons in the atoms of an element

Question 13

Atomic Weight

Answer 13

The number of protons plus the number of neurtons in each of an elements atoms

Question 14

Isotopes

Answer 14

Atoms that have same atomic number but different atomic weights.

Question 15

Three common forms of atomic radiation

Answer 15

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma

Question 16

Beta radiation consists..

Answer 16

of much smaller particles that travel faster and more deeply penetrate

Question 17

Alpha radiation consists

Answer 17

of particles from atomic nuclei , each of which includes two protons and neutrons

Question 18

Gamma Rradiation consists of

Answer 18

a form of energy similar to x-radiation and is most penetrating form of atomic radiation

Question 19

Molecules

Answer 19

Two or more atoms may combine to form a distinctive type of particle

Question 20

Molecular Formula

Answer 20

Shorthand used to depict the numebr and types of atoms in a molecule.

Question 21

Bonds

Answer 21

Atoms combining with other aroms by forming links. Chemical bonds result from interaction of electrons.

Question 22

Octet Rule

Answer 22

Atoms react in a way that leaves the outermost shell completely filled with electrons, achieving a more stable structure

Question 23

Inert

Answer 23

When the outermost electron shells are filled, already have stable structures and are chemicall inactive

Question 24

Ions

Answer 24

Atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged

Question 25

Cations

Answer 25

Postively charged ions

Question 26

Anions

Answer 26

negatively charged ions

Question 27

Ionic Bonds

Answer 27

Ions with opposite charges attract

Question 28

Covalent Bond

Answer 28

A chemical bond between aotoms that share electrons

Question 29

Polar Bond

Answer 29

Unlike an ion, a polar molecule has an equal number of protons and electrons but more of the electrons are at one end of the molecule making that end slightly negative while the other end of the molecule is slightly positive.

Question 30

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 30

The attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecular to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule

Question 31

Synthesis

Answer 31

When two or more atoms, ions, or molecules bond to form a more complex sturcture as when hydrogen and oxygen atoms bond to form molecules of water, the reaction is called synthesis

Question 32

Decomposition

Answer 32

If the bonds of a reactant molecule break to form simpler molecules, atoms or ions if the reaction

Question 33

Exchange Reaction

Answer 33

Parts of two different types of molecules trade positions as bonds are broken and new bondsa re formed

Question 34

Reversible Reaction

Answer 34

This means the product or products can be changed back to the reactant or reactants

Question 35

Catalysts

Answer 35

Are molecules that influence the rates of chemical reactions but are not consumed in the process

Question 36

Dissociate

Answer 36

When ionically bound substances are placed inw ater, the ions are attracted to the positive and negative ends of the water molecules and tend to leave each other or dissociate

Question 37

Acids

Answer 37

Electrolyte that dissociate to release hydrogen ions inw ater

Question 38

Bases

Answer 38

Substances that release ions that combine with hydrogen ions

Question 39

Salts

Answer 39

Bases can react with acids to neutralize them, forming water and electrolytes

Question 40

Acidic

Answer 40

Solutions with more hydrogen ions

Question 41

Basic (Alkaline)

Answer 41

solutions with fewer hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions, pH values greater than 7

Question 42

Alkalemia?

Answer 42

Blood pH of 7.5 to 7.8

Question 43

Alkalosis?

Answer 43

Makes one feel agitated and dizzy.

Question 44

Acidemia

Answer 44

Occurs when the blood pH falls to 7.0 to 7.3.

Question 45

Acidosis

Answer 45

Makes one feel disoriented and fatigued, and breathing may become difficult.

Question 46

Buffers

Answer 46

chemicals that resist pH change

Question 47

Organic Compounds

Answer 47

have carbon and hydrogen

Question 48

inorganic compounds

Answer 48

anything thats not organic

Question 49

Electrolytes

Answer 49

Inorganic susbtances usually dissolve in water and dissociate forming ions

Question 50

Nonelectrolytes

Answer 50

Most organic compounds that dissolve in water do not release ions

Question 51

Solvent

Answer 51

A substance in which other susbtances dissolve. WAter is an important solvent

Question 52

Solute

Answer 52

A substance dissolved ina solvent, such as water

Question 53

Solution

Answer 53

The combination of a colvent and any solutes dissolved

Question 54

Organelles use oxygen to

Answer 54

release energy from nutrient molecules

Question 55

CO2

Answer 55

is a cimple carbon-containing inorganic compound. It is a waste product of the release of energy during certain metabolic reactions

Question 56

Organic Substances

Answer 56

Important groups of chemical chemicals in cells including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 57

Carbohydrates

Answer 57

Provide much of the energy that cells require. They also supply materials to build certain cell structures and they often are stored as reserve energy supplies. Water-soluble. Often have twice as many hydrogen as oxygen.

Question 58

Simple carbohydrates are

Answer 58

sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides

Question 59

Monosaccharides may include

Answer 59

three to seven carbons in a straight chain or ring.

Question 60

Disaccharides consist of

Answer 60

two simple sugar building blocks

Question 61

Polyssaccharides

Answer 61

Complex carbohydrates. Built of simple carbohydrates linked to form larger molecules of different sizes. An example is cellulose.

Question 62

Electrolyes

Answer 62

A solution that has electrically charged particles (ions), so it conducts an electric current. Substances that release ions in water are this

Question 63

pH scale measures?

Answer 63

Hydrogen ion concentration