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A&P I > Chapter 4.5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is held in DNA?

A

The information that instructs a cell to synthesize a particular protein

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2
Q

What constitutes the genetic code?

A

The correspondence between a unit of DNA information and a particular amino acid

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A DNA sequence that contains the information for making a particular polypeptide

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell, including the genes as well as other DNA sequences

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5
Q

human genome consists of how many dna nucleotides?

A

3.2 billion

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6
Q

What is a exome?

A

A small part of the human genome that encodes proteins

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7
Q

What is gene expression?

A

When proteins are produced in a particular cell under particular circumstances and the amounts produced

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8
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

a 5-carbon sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

What is a DNA molecule?

A

A double-stranded molecule, consisting of two polynucleotide chains. Nitrogenous bases project from the sugar-phosphate backone of one strand and bind by hydrogen bonding to the nitrogenous bases of the second strand

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10
Q

What are the four types in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymne, Cytosine, or Guanine

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11
Q

What are the purines?

A

A and G, and consist of two organic ring structures?

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12
Q

What are Pyrimidines?

A

T and C, and they have a single organic ring structure.

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13
Q

What does A bind to?

A

T

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14
Q

What does G bind to?

A

C

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15
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A-T, and G-C

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16
Q

What are histones?

A

In the nucleus, DNa is wound around proteins called this, clustered in groups of eight to form chromatin

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17
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

The process that creates an exact copy of a DNA molecule. It happens during interphase of the cell cycle

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18
Q

As DNA replication begins,

A

hydrogen bonds break down the complementary base pairs of the two strands

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19
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyzes this base pairing

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20
Q

During mitosis, the two DNA molecules

A

that form the two chromatids of each of the chromosomes separate so that one of these DNA molecules passes to each of the new cells

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21
Q

Genetic information specifies

A

the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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22
Q

How many amino acids are in the body?

A

Twenty

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23
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids represented by

A

a triplet code, consisting of sequences of three nucleotides

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24
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence

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25
RNA nucleotides have
ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar
26
Like DNA, RNA nucleotides
each have one of four nitrogenous bases, but whereas thymine is only in DNA. Instead, RNA has Uracil.
27
Main location of DNA?
Part of chromosomes, in nucleus
28
Main location of RNA??
Cytoplasm
29
DNA - 5 Carbon Sugar
Deoxyribose
30
RNA - 5 Carbon Sugar
RIbose
31
DNA - Basic molecular structure
double-stranded
32
RNA - Basic molecular structure
singe-stranded
33
DNA - Nitrogenous bases included
C, G, A, T
34
RNA - Nitrogenous bases included
C, G, A , U
35
DNA Major Functions
Contains genetic code for protein synthesis, replicates prior to mitosis
36
RNA Major Functions
Messenger RNA carries transcribed DNa information to cytoplasm and acts as template for synthesis of protein molecules, transfer RNA carries amino acids to messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA provides structure for ribosomes
37
First step in transcription?
The synthesis of messenger rna. RNA carries a genes information on how to build a specific polypeptide.
38
In mRNA synthesis,
RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, which is a DNA base sequence that begins a gene
39
RNA polymerase moves
along the strand, exposing other sections of the gene.
40
At the same time, a molecule of mRNA forms as
RNA nucleotides complementary to those along the DNA strand are joined
41
RNA polymerase continues to move along
the DNA strand, exposing successive sections of the base sequence, until it reachs a special DNA base sequence that indicates the end of the gene
42
What are codons?
A series of three bases in mRNA
43
To carry out protein synthesis,
mRNA must leave the nucleus and associate with a ribosome.
44
What is translation?
There, the mRNA is translated form the "language" of nucleic acids to the "language" of amino acids in a process
45
What are Exons?
Most genes are transcribed in "pieces"
46
What are Introns?
Sectiosn are spliced out of messenger RNA molecules before the molecules are used to synthesize proteins
47
Synthesizing a protein molecule requires that
the specified amino acid building blocks in the cytoplasm align in the proper sequence along an mRNA and then attach.
48
What is Transfer RNA?
Aligns amino acids in a way that enables enzymes to bond them to each other,
49
How many different mRNA codons can be made?
64
50
How many mRNA codons do not hae corresponding tRNA?
Three
51
What is the mRNA sequence that is the initiation code?
AUG
52
What is a ribosomal rna?
A ribosome is an organelle that is a tiny particle of two unequal-sized subunits composed of rRNA molecules and protein molecules
53
What are chaperones?
As a polypeptide forms, this folds it into its unique shape, and when the process is completed, the polypeptide is released as a separate functional molecule
54
Where does Transcription occur?
In the Nucleus
55
Where does Translation occur?
In the cytoplasm
56
First step in Transcription?
RNA polymerase binds to the DNA base sequence of a gene
57
Second step in Transcription?
This enzyme unwinds and exposes part of the DNA molecule?
58
Third step in Transcription?
RNA polymerase moves along one strand of the exposed gene and catalyzes synthesis of an mRNA, whose nucleotides are complementary to those of the strand of the gene
59
Fourth Step in Transcription?
When RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene, the newly formed mRNA is released
60
Fifth step in TRanscription?
DNA rewinds and closes the double helix
61
Sixth step in Transcription?
The mRNA passes through a pore in the nuclear envelope and enters the cytoplasm
62
First step in TRanslation?
a ribosome binds to the mRNA near the codon at the beginning of the messenger strand
63
Second step in translation?
a tRNA molecule that has the complementary anticodon brings its amino acid to the ribosome
64
third step in translation?
a second tRNA brings the next amino acid to the ribosome
65
fourth step in translation?
a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids, and the first tRNA is release
66
fifth step in translation?
the process repeats for each codon in the mRNA sequenceas the ribosome moves along its length, forming a chain of amino acids
67
sisth step in translation?
the growing amino acid chain folds into the unique conformation of a functional protein
68
seventh step in translation?
the completed protein molecule is released. the mRNA, ribosome, and tRNA are recycled

A&P I (33 decks)

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