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A&P I > Chapter 4.5 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is held in DNA?

A

The information that instructs a cell to synthesize a particular protein

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2
Q

What constitutes the genetic code?

A

The correspondence between a unit of DNA information and a particular amino acid

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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A DNA sequence that contains the information for making a particular polypeptide

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4
Q

What is a genome?

A

The complete set of genetic instructions in a cell, including the genes as well as other DNA sequences

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5
Q

human genome consists of how many dna nucleotides?

A

3.2 billion

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6
Q

What is a exome?

A

A small part of the human genome that encodes proteins

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7
Q

What is gene expression?

A

When proteins are produced in a particular cell under particular circumstances and the amounts produced

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8
Q

What does a nucleotide consist of?

A

a 5-carbon sugar(ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of several nitrogenous bases

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9
Q

What is a DNA molecule?

A

A double-stranded molecule, consisting of two polynucleotide chains. Nitrogenous bases project from the sugar-phosphate backone of one strand and bind by hydrogen bonding to the nitrogenous bases of the second strand

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10
Q

What are the four types in DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymne, Cytosine, or Guanine

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11
Q

What are the purines?

A

A and G, and consist of two organic ring structures?

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12
Q

What are Pyrimidines?

A

T and C, and they have a single organic ring structure.

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13
Q

What does A bind to?

A

T

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14
Q

What does G bind to?

A

C

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15
Q

What are the complementary base pairs?

A

A-T, and G-C

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16
Q

What are histones?

A

In the nucleus, DNa is wound around proteins called this, clustered in groups of eight to form chromatin

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17
Q

What is DNA Replication?

A

The process that creates an exact copy of a DNA molecule. It happens during interphase of the cell cycle

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18
Q

As DNA replication begins,

A

hydrogen bonds break down the complementary base pairs of the two strands

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19
Q

What does DNA polymerase do?

A

Catalyzes this base pairing

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20
Q

During mitosis, the two DNA molecules

A

that form the two chromatids of each of the chromosomes separate so that one of these DNA molecules passes to each of the new cells

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21
Q

Genetic information specifies

A

the correct sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

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22
Q

How many amino acids are in the body?

A

Twenty

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23
Q

Each of the 20 amino acids represented by

A

a triplet code, consisting of sequences of three nucleotides

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24
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of copying DNA information into an RNA sequence

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25
Q

RNA nucleotides have

A

ribose rather than deoxyribose sugar

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26
Q

Like DNA, RNA nucleotides

A

each have one of four nitrogenous bases, but whereas thymine is only in DNA. Instead, RNA has Uracil.

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27
Q

Main location of DNA?

A

Part of chromosomes, in nucleus

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28
Q

Main location of RNA??

A

Cytoplasm

29
Q

DNA - 5 Carbon Sugar

A

Deoxyribose

30
Q

RNA - 5 Carbon Sugar

A

RIbose

31
Q

DNA - Basic molecular structure

A

double-stranded

32
Q

RNA - Basic molecular structure

A

singe-stranded

33
Q

DNA - Nitrogenous bases included

A

C, G, A, T

34
Q

RNA - Nitrogenous bases included

A

C, G, A , U

35
Q

DNA Major Functions

A

Contains genetic code for protein synthesis, replicates prior to mitosis

36
Q

RNA Major Functions

A

Messenger RNA carries transcribed DNa information to cytoplasm and acts as template for synthesis of protein molecules, transfer RNA carries amino acids to messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA provides structure for ribosomes

37
Q

First step in transcription?

A

The synthesis of messenger rna. RNA carries a genes information on how to build a specific polypeptide.

38
Q

In mRNA synthesis,

A

RNA polymerase binds to a promoter, which is a DNA base sequence that begins a gene

39
Q

RNA polymerase moves

A

along the strand, exposing other sections of the gene.

40
Q

At the same time, a molecule of mRNA forms as

A

RNA nucleotides complementary to those along the DNA strand are joined

41
Q

RNA polymerase continues to move along

A

the DNA strand, exposing successive sections of the base sequence, until it reachs a special DNA base sequence that indicates the end of the gene

42
Q

What are codons?

A

A series of three bases in mRNA

43
Q

To carry out protein synthesis,

A

mRNA must leave the nucleus and associate with a ribosome.

44
Q

What is translation?

A

There, the mRNA is translated form the “language” of nucleic acids to the “language” of amino acids in a process

45
Q

What are Exons?

A

Most genes are transcribed in “pieces”

46
Q

What are Introns?

A

Sectiosn are spliced out of messenger RNA molecules before the molecules are used to synthesize proteins

47
Q

Synthesizing a protein molecule requires that

A

the specified amino acid building blocks in the cytoplasm align in the proper sequence along an mRNA and then attach.

48
Q

What is Transfer RNA?

A

Aligns amino acids in a way that enables enzymes to bond them to each other,

49
Q

How many different mRNA codons can be made?

A

64

50
Q

How many mRNA codons do not hae corresponding tRNA?

A

Three

51
Q

What is the mRNA sequence that is the initiation code?

A

AUG

52
Q

What is a ribosomal rna?

A

A ribosome is an organelle that is a tiny particle of two unequal-sized subunits composed of rRNA molecules and protein molecules

53
Q

What are chaperones?

A

As a polypeptide forms, this folds it into its unique shape, and when the process is completed, the polypeptide is released as a separate functional molecule

54
Q

Where does Transcription occur?

A

In the Nucleus

55
Q

Where does Translation occur?

A

In the cytoplasm

56
Q

First step in Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA base sequence of a gene

57
Q

Second step in Transcription?

A

This enzyme unwinds and exposes part of the DNA molecule?

58
Q

Third step in Transcription?

A

RNA polymerase moves along one strand of the exposed gene and catalyzes synthesis of an mRNA, whose nucleotides are complementary to those of the strand of the gene

59
Q

Fourth Step in Transcription?

A

When RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene, the newly formed mRNA is released

60
Q

Fifth step in TRanscription?

A

DNA rewinds and closes the double helix

61
Q

Sixth step in Transcription?

A

The mRNA passes through a pore in the nuclear envelope and enters the cytoplasm

62
Q

First step in TRanslation?

A

a ribosome binds to the mRNA near the codon at the beginning of the messenger strand

63
Q

Second step in translation?

A

a tRNA molecule that has the complementary anticodon brings its amino acid to the ribosome

64
Q

third step in translation?

A

a second tRNA brings the next amino acid to the ribosome

65
Q

fourth step in translation?

A

a peptide bond forms between the two amino acids, and the first tRNA is release

66
Q

fifth step in translation?

A

the process repeats for each codon in the mRNA sequenceas the ribosome moves along its length, forming a chain of amino acids

67
Q

sisth step in translation?

A

the growing amino acid chain folds into the unique conformation of a functional protein

68
Q

seventh step in translation?

A

the completed protein molecule is released. the mRNA, ribosome, and tRNA are recycled

A&P I (33 decks)

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