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A&P I > Chapter 2 PPT > Flashcards

Chapter 2 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is composed of elements. Solids, liquids, and gases are matter.

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2
Q

Elements

A

Simplest types of matter with certain chemical properties. There are 98 naturally occurring elements.

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3
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest particles of an element that have properties of that element.

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4
Q

Bulk Elements

A

required by the body in large amounts (C, O, H, N, S, P)

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5
Q

Trace Elements

A

required by the body in small amounts (F e, I)

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6
Q

Ultratrace Elements

A

Required by the body in very minute amounts (As)

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7
Q

Atoms

A

Composed of subatomic particles

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8
Q

Proton

A

Carries a single positive charge

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9
Q

Neurton

A

Carries no electrical charge

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10
Q

Electron

A

Carries a single negative charge

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11
Q

nucleus

A

Central part of atom. Composed of protons and neutrons. Electrons move around the nucleus

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12
Q

Atom Characteristic

A

Smallest particle of an element that has the properties of that element

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13
Q

Electron Characteristic

A

Extremely small particle within an atom; almost no weight; carries a negative electrical charge and is in constant motion around an atomic nucleus

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14
Q

Proton Characteristic

A

Relatively large particle within an atom; carries a positive electrical charge and is found within an atomic nucleus

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15
Q

Neutron Characteristic

A

Relatively large particle within an atom; about the same weight as a proton; uncharged and thus electrically neutral; found within an atomic nucleus

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16
Q

Ion Characteristic

A

Particle, formed from an atom, that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons

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17
Q

Molecule Characteristic

A

Particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms

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18
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of a specific element. Each element has a unique atomic number.

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19
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom. Electrons do not contribute to the weight of the atom because they are so light

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20
Q

Isotops

A

Atoms with the same atomic numbers but with different atomic weights. Contain different number of neutrons.

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21
Q

Radioactive Isotopes

A

Are unstable, releasing energy or atomic fragments (atomic radiation) until they gain stability, some are used to detect and treat disease

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22
Q

Radioactive Iodine-131

A

Can be used to destroy cancerous thyroid gland tissue. Only part of the body that transports and metabolizes iodine.

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23
Q

Radioactive Isotope Medical Uses

A

Detecting coronary blood vessel disorders, evalualting kidney function, measuring hormone concentration in body fluids and assessing changes in bone density.

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24
Q

Ionizing Radiation

A

Radiation (Alpha, Beta, Gamma) called this because energy can remove electrons from atoms, resulting in the formation of ions. The free electrons can damage nearby atoms.

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25
Q

Molecule

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine

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26
Q

Compound

A

Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine

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27
Q

Molecular Formulas

A

Depict the elements present and the number of each atom present in the molecule

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28
Q

For atoms with atomic number 18 or less

A

the first shell can hold 2 electrons and the second and third shell can hold up to 8 electrons

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29
Q

Ion

A

An atom that gains or loses electrons to become stable. An electrically charged atom

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30
Q

Cation

A

A positively charged ion. Formed when an atom loses electrons

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31
Q

Anion

A

A negatively charged ion. Formed when an atom gains electrons

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32
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom. Attraction between a cation and an anion forms a very strong bond between the ions, called an ionic bond

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33
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons.

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34
Q

Polar Molecules

A

Molecules with a slightly negative end and a slightly positive end. REsults from unequal sharing of electrons in covalent bonds. WAter is the most important one

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35
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

A weak attraction ebtween a slightly positive H end of one polar molecule and a slightly negative (N or O) end of another polar molecule. Formed between adjacent water molecules. Important for protein and nucleic acid structure

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36
Q

Chemical Reactions occur

A

when chemical bonds form or break between atoms, ions, or molecules

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37
Q

Reactants are

A

the starting material of a chemical reaction: the atoms ions, or molecules

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38
Q

PRoducts are

A

substances formed at the end of the chemical reaction

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39
Q

Synthesis REaction

A

More complex chemical structure is formed

A + B –> AB

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40
Q

Decomposition Reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure

AB –> A + B

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41
Q

Exchange Reaction

A

Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed

AB + CD –> AD + CB

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42
Q

Reversible REaction

A

The products can change back to the reactants

A + B AB

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43
Q

Electrolytes

A

Susbtances that release ions in water. The solution can conduct an electric current, so its called an electroylte

NaCl –> Na + Cl

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44
Q

Acids

A

Electroyltes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water

HCl –> Na + OH

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45
Q

Bases

A

Substances that relase ions that can combine with hydrogen ions

NaOH –> Na + OH

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46
Q

Salts

A

Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

HCl + NaOH –> H2O + NaCl

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47
Q

When an ionically bonded substance is put into water,

A

the charged ions are attracted to the slightly charged ends of the polar water molecules. Substance dissociates, and the ions become surrounded by water molecules.

48
Q

The pH scale is used as shorthand for

A

H+ ion concentration, it is based on the number of decimal places in the concentration.

49
Q

The higher the H+ concentration,

A

the lower the pH, and the higher the acidity

50
Q

The lower the H+ concentration,

A

the higher the pH and the lower the acidity

51
Q

pH Scale

A

indicates teh concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

52
Q

Neutral pH

A

A pH of 7 indicates equal concentrations of H+ and OH-. pH of water,

53
Q

Acidic pH

A

A pH of <7 indicates a greater concentration H+ than OH-

54
Q

Basic (Alkaline) pH

A

A pH >& indicates a higher concentration of OH- than H+

55
Q

Normal range of blood pH?

A

7.35 - 7.45

56
Q

Acidosis occures when

A

blood pH drops to 7.0-7.3

Person feels disoriented, fatigued. Caused by vomiting of alkaline intestinal contents

57
Q

Alkalosis occurs when

A

blood pH rises to 7.5 - 7.8

Makes person feel dizzy and agitated. Caused by high altitude breathing

58
Q

What mechanisms help regulate pH?

A

Homeeostatic

59
Q

Buffers are

A

chemicals which act to resist pH changes, bind and release H+ ions to regulate pH

60
Q

ORganic Molecules contain

A

C and H

61
Q

Orgain Molecules can

A

dissolve in either water or organic liquids

62
Q

Water-soluble organic compounds do not

A

release ions, and are non-electrolytes

63
Q

Organic Molecules include

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids

64
Q

Inorganic Molecules generally do not

A

contain C and H

65
Q

Inorganic molecules usually

A

dissolve inw ater and dissociate, forming ions and are electroytes

66
Q

Inorganic molecules include

A

water, oxygen, CO2 and inorganic salts

67
Q

Water has an important role in

A

transporting chemicals in the body

68
Q

CO2 ; waste product released during

A

metabolic reactions

69
Q

Inorganic salts help control

A

H2O concentration, pH, blood clotting, nerve and muscle processes

70
Q

Carbohydrates are a main

A

source of cellular energy.

Supply materials to build cell structures

71
Q

Carbohydrates solubility

A

Water-soluble

72
Q

Carbohydrates contain

A

C, H, and O

73
Q

Ratio of H to O for Carbohydrates

A

2:1

74
Q

Size classification of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides(Single Sugars)
Disaccharides (Double Sugars)
Polysaccharides (Complex Carbohydrates)

75
Q

Monosaccharides include

A

glucose and fructose

76
Q

Disaccharides include

A

sucrose and lactose

77
Q

Polysaccharides include

A

starch, glycogen, and cellulose

78
Q

Lipid solubility

A

insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

79
Q

Lipids include

A

triglycerides (fats), phospholipids, steroids

80
Q

Lipids important component of

A

cell membranes, and have several functions in cells

81
Q

Most abundant lipids are

A

triglycerides (Fats)

82
Q

TRiglycerides used for

A

Cellular energy

Contain more energy per gram than carbohydrates
Contain C, H , but less O than Carbs

83
Q

Triglycerides consist of

A

1 molecule of glycerol and 3 fatty acids

84
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids have

A

only single carbon-carbon bonds. Most are solid at room temperature, and of animal origin

85
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have

A

one or more carbon-carbon double bond. Most are liquid at room temperature, and are of plant origin

86
Q

Phospholipids consist of

A

1 glycerol, 2 faty acids, and 1 phosphate

87
Q

Phospholipids have

A

hydrophillic glycerol portion, and hydrophobic fatty acid ends

88
Q

Phospholipids major component of

A

cell membranes

89
Q

Steroids are

A

4 connected rings of carbon and widely distributed in the body, various functions

90
Q

Steroids are a component of

A

cell membranes

91
Q

steroids used to synthesize

A

adrenal and sex hormones

92
Q

Main steroid in the body?

A

Cholesterol

93
Q

Proteins are used as

A

structual materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, and antibodies

94
Q

Proteins consist of

A

building blocks called amino acids

95
Q

Amino Acid contains

A

an amino group
carboxyl group
and a unique r (side chain) group

96
Q

Amino acids are bound to each other by

A

peptide bonds

97
Q

Peptide bonds form between

A

the amino group of one amino acid, and the carboxyl group of the adjacent amino acid

98
Q

Primary Structure

A

Amio acid sequene

99
Q

Secondary structure

A

Pleated or twisted structure form by hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino acids

100
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

Unique 3D folded shape of the protein

101
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Structure formed by some proteins, when 2 or more polypepetide chains are conencted to become 1 protein

102
Q

Nucleic cids can

A

carry genetic code (DNA) or aid in protein synthesis (RNA)

103
Q

Nuclueic acids encode

A

amino acid sequences of proteins

104
Q

Building blocks are called

A

nucleotides, which consist of a sugar (S), a phosphate group (P) and an organic base (B)

105
Q

DNA structure

A

Double chain of nucleotides

106
Q

RNA structure

A

single chain of nucleotides

107
Q

DNA function?

A

Store the geneteic code

108
Q

DNA contains

A

the sugar deoxyribose

109
Q

DNA structure

A

Double helix

110
Q

DNA composed of

A

nucleotides

111
Q

RNA function?

A

interacts with DNA to conduct protein synthesis

112
Q

RNA contains

A

the sugar ribose

113
Q

RNA structure

A

single strand

114
Q

RNA composed of

A

nucleotides

115
Q

CT Imaging

A

Used to visualize internal antaomy. Used xray imitting decide to create 3D image

Differentiates tissuese with slightly different densities, tumors

116
Q

PET Imaging

A

Uses radioactive isotopes that emit positrons (unusual positively charge electrons) to detect biochemical activity

117
Q

PET used to

A

detect various brain disroders, blood flow, normal brain physiology

A&P I (33 decks)

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