Chapter 5 PPT Flashcards
In complex organisms, cells are organized into
tissues
Tissues are
groups of similar cells with a common function
What is histology?
The study of cells
What are the 4 major types of tissues in the body?
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue Function
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
Epithelial Tissue Location
Covers body surface, overs and line internal organs, compose glands
Epithelial Tissue distinguishing characteristics
lacks blood vessels
cells ready to divide
cells are tightly packed
connective tissue function
bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
connective tissue location
widely distributed throughout the body
connective tissue distinguishing characteristics
mostly have good blood supply cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between
muscle tissue function
movement
muscle tissue location
attaches to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart
muscle tissue distinguishing characteristics
able to contract in response to specific stimuli
nervous tissue function
conduct impulses for coordination
regulation
integration
sensory reception
nervous tissue location
brain
spinal cord
nerves
nervous tissue distinguishing characteristics
cells communicate with each other and other body parts
types of intracellular junctions?
tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
what are tight junctions?
membranes of adjacent cells merge and fuse
where are tight junctions located
located among cells that form linings, sheet-like layers. is the blood brain barrier
what are desmosomes
form “spot welds” between cells and are for structural reinforcement
where are desmosomes located?
located among outer skin cells
what are gap junctions?
tubular channels between cells, where molecules can move between cells
where are gap junctions located?
located in cardiac muscle cells
tight junction characteristics
close space between cells by fusing cell membranes
tight junctions example
cells that line the small intestine
desmosomes characteristics
binds cells by forming “spot welds” between cell membranes
desmosomes examples
cells of the outer skin layer
gap junction characteristics
form tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of susbtances
gap junction examples
muscle cell of the heart and digestive tract
nanotechnology helps with
drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier
blood-brain barrier selects
which chemicals are allows to cross; protects from toxins and chemical fluctuations
nanotechnology uses
structures smaller than 100 nm in at least 1 direction, to help medications cross the barrier
nanotechnology - anesthetics/chemotherapeutics example
they are combined with liposomes (phospholipid bubbleS) to mask portions of drug that cannot cross the barrier
nanotechnology -insulin example
can be inhaled in nanoparticles, instead of being injected
Epithelial tissue covers
organs and body surfaces
epithelial tissue lines
cavities and hollow organs
epithelial tissue makes up
glands
epithelial tissue have a
free surface on outside, and basement membrane on the inside
epithelial tissue lacks
blood vessels (avascular) and nutrients diffuse to epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue
epithelial tissue, cells readily
divide, injuries heal rapidly
epithelial tissue, cells are
tightly packed
epithelial tissue are classified according to
cell shape and number of cell layers
epithelial tissue shape types
squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (tall)
epithelia tissue layer types
simple (one layer of cells)
stratified (2 or more layers)
pseudostratified (appears layered, but its not)
simple squamous are a (layers)
single layer of thin, flat cells
Simple squamous - substances
pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
simple squamous are
thin and delicate, can be damaged
simple squamous are found in
diffusion and filtration sites
simple squamous lines
air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
and lines blood and lymphatic vessels
simple cuboidal (layers)
single layer of cube-shaped cells
simple cuboidal deals with
secretion and absorption
simple cuboidal lines
kidney tubules and thyroid follicles
simple cuboidal covers
ovaries
simple cuboidal lines
ducts of some glands
simple columnar (layers)
single layer of elongated cells
simple columnar nuclei
usually at same level, near the basement membrane
simple columnar sometimes have
cilia, microvilli, and goblet cells (secrete mucus)
simple columnar deals with
secretion and absorption
simple columnar lines
uterus, stomach, intestines
pseudostratified columnar (layers)
single layer, but appears layered
pseudostratified columnar - nuclei
nuclei at 2 or more levels
pseudostratified columnar - cells vary
in shape
pseudostratified columnar often have
cilia, goblet cells which secrete mucus
pseudostratified columnar protect from
infection
pseudostratified columnar lines
respiratory passageways
stratified squamous (layers)
many cell layers, thick
stratified squamous has a
protective layer
stratified squamous - outermost cells are
flat
stratified squamous - deeper cells are
cuboidal
stratified squamous - new cells …
new cells form, and push older cell toward free surface
stratified squamous is the
outer layer of skin (keratinized)
stratified squamous lines
oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
stratified cuboidal (layers)
2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells
stratified cuboidal offers
more protection than 1 layer
stratified cuboidal lines
ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, and pancreas
stratified columnar - top layer
of elongated cells
stratified columnar - in deeper layers,
cube-shaped cells
stratified columnar lines
part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
transitional is (layers)
many cell layers
transitional (shape)
cube-shaped, with elongated cells
transitional changes
shape with increased tension, stretches
transitional line
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
glandular epithelium composed of
cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts of body fluids
what are the 2 types of glands
endocrine glands and exocrine glands
what are endocrine glands
secrete into tissue fluid or blood
what are exocrine glands
secrete into ducts that open onto surface
what are the two structural types of exocrine glands
unicellular and multicellular
unicellular cells are
composed of one cell, such as goblet cells (secrete mucus)
multicellular exocrine glands are
composed of many cells
sweat glands, salivary glands,
simple or compound
what are the structural types of exocrine glands
simple
compound
tubular
alveolar
simple exocrine gland
duct does not branch
compound exocrine gland
duct branches before it reaches secretory portion
tubular exocrine gland
consist of epithelial-line tubes
alveolar exocrine gland
terminal portions form sac-like dilations
unicellular exocrine gland characteristics
a single secretory cell
unicellular exocrine gland example
mucous-secreting cell
multicellular exocrine gland characteristics
glands that consist of many cells
simple exocrine gland characteristics
glands that communicate with the surface by means of ducts that do not branch before reaching the secretory portion
simple tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Straight tube-like gland that opens directly onto surface
simple tubular exocrine gland example
Intestinal glands of small intestine
simple branched tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Branched, tube-like gland; duct short or absent
simple branched tubular exocrine gland example
gastric glands
simple coied tubular exocribe gland characteristics
long, coiled, tube-like gland; long duct
simple coiled tubular exocrine gland example
merocrine (Sweat) glands of skin
simple branched alveolar exocrine gland characteristics
secretory portions of gland expands into saclike compartments along duct
simple branched alveolar exocrine gland examples
sebaceous gland of skin
compound glands
glands that communicate with surface by means of duct sthat branch repeadly before reaching the secretory portion
compound tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Secretory portions are tubules extending from branches of branches that combine into one duct
compound tubular exocrine gland examples
bulbourethral glands of male
compound alveolar exocrine gland characteristics
Secretory portions are irregularly branched tubules with numerous saclike outgrowths
compound alveolar exocrine gland example
mammary glands
what are merocrine glands?
secrete fluid products by exocytosis
merocrine gland examples
salivary and sweat glands, pancreas
what are apocrine glands?
lose small part of cell during secretion
apocrine gland example
mammary and ceruminous glands
what are holocrine glands?
release entire cells filled with product
holocrine gland examples
sebaceous glands
simple squamous epithelium description
single layer , flattened cells
simple squamous epithelium function
filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
simple squamous epithelium location
air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining of blood and lymph vessels, part of membranes lning body cavities and covering viscera
simple cuboidal epithelium description
single layer, cube shaped cells
simple cuboidal epithelium function
protection, secretion, absorption
simple cuboidal epithelium location
surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubulues, and linings of ducts of certain glands
simple columnar epithelium description
single layer, elongated cells
simple columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion, absorption
simple columnar epithelium location
linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines
pseudostratified columnar epithelium description
single layer, elongated cells
pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
lining of respiratory passages
stratified squamous epithelium description
many layers, top cells flattened
stratified squamous epithelium function
protection
stratified squamous epithelium location
superficial layer of skin and linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
stratified cuboidal epithelium description
2 or 3 layers, cube shaped cells
stratified cuboidal epithelium function
protection
stratified cuboidal epithelium location
linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
stratified columnar epithelium description
top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
stratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion
stratified columnar epithelium location
part of male urethra and lining of larger ducts of excretory glands
transitional epithelium description
many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells
transitional epithelium function
stretchabiltiy, protection
transitional epithelium location
inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
glandular epithelium description
unicellular or multicellular
glandular epithelium function
secretion
glandular epithelium location
salivary glands, sweat glands, and endocrine glands
what are connective tissues?
most abundtant tissue type. Cells farther apart than epithelial cells and contains matrix between cells
connective tissues bind
structures together
connective tissues provide
support and protection
connective tissues serve
as frameworks
connective tissues fill
space
connective tissues store
fat
connective tissue produce
blood cells
connective tissue protect
against infections
connective tissue help
repair tissue damage
what does the extracellular matrix consist of?
consists of protein fibers and ground substance
most connective tissues have
good blood supply, and are well nourished . also have ability to divide
Functions of ECM?
Scaffolding that organizes and anchors cells into tissues
Relays chemical signals that control cell division and differentiation, tissue repair, and migration
Cancer - Fibroblasts
Cancer can convert fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, take on characteristics of cancer cells and also loosens of fibroblast connection allowing migration of converted fibroblasts
Liver Fibrosis
Collagen deposition increases, and ECM now exceeds normal 3%. Damaging agents evoke inflammatory response, and can block connection between liver cells and blood
Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis
Some forms involve excess collagen deposition, which can stiffen the heart or block blood flow
Fibroblasts are
the most common fixed cell and are a large star shaped cell
fibroblasts secrete
fibers intoECM
Macrophages are
usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander to conduct phagocytosis
macrophases defend against
infection
Mast cells are
large cells that release heparin to prevent blood clotting.
Mast Cell - Release
histamine, which causes inflammatory response
What at the three types of fibers in CT?
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers
what are collagen fibers?
thick threads of collagen, the bodys main structural protein
collagent fibers have a great
tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic
collagen fibers found in
ligmaments nd tendons
what are elastic (yellow) fibers composed of?
elastic protein; branching
Elastic fibers can
stretch and return to its original shape
elastic fibers are not
as strong as collagen fibers
elastic fibers found in
vocal cords, respiratory air passages
what are reticular fibers?
thin, branching fibers of collagen
reticular fibers form
delicate, supporting networks
reticular fibers found in
spleen, liver
components of CT?
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
fibroblasts characteristics
widely distributed, large, star-shaped cells
fibroblasts function
secrete proteins that become fibers
macrophages characteristics
motile cells sometimes attached to fibers
macrophages function
clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis
mast cell characteristics
large cells, usually located near blood vessels
mast cell functions
release substances that may help prevent blood clotting (herarin) and promote inflammation (histamine)
components of ECM?
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers
Ground Susbtance
Collagen Fibers (White) characteristics
thick, threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength
collagen fibers function
hold structures together
elastic fiber characteristics
bundle of microfibrils embedded in elastin
elastic fibers function
provide elastic quality to parts that stretch
reticular fiber characteristics
thin fibers of collagen
reticular fiber function
form delicate supporitive networks within tissues
ground substance characteristics
nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and varying amounts of fluid
ground substance function
fills in spaces around cells and fibers
collagen makes up…
> 60% of the protein in bone and cartilage and a large percentage of dry weight of skin, tendons, and ligaments
chondrodysplasia
collagen chains are asymmetric and too wide, causing stunted growth and deformed joints
marfan syndrome
deficiency of the protein fibrillin, leads to long limbs, spindly fingers, sunkd eyes, weak aorta, dislocation of the lens of the eyes
CT classified into what 2 categories
CT Proper
Specialized CT
CT Proper contains what types?
Loose CT
Dense CT
What falls under loose CT
areolar
adipose
reticular
what falls under dense CT
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
what falls under specialized CT
cartilage
bone
blood
areolar CT forms
thin, delicate membranes
areolar CT are mainly
fibroblasts
areolar CT contain
gel-like substance and collagenous and elastic fibers
areolar CT located in
subcutaneous layer
areolar CT beneath
most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
adipose CT stores
fat
adipose CT push
their nuclei to one side
adipose CT crowd out
other cell types
adipose CT function
cushions and insulates
adipose CT located
beneath skin (subcutaneous layer)
adipose CT behind
eyeballs
adipose CT around
kidneys and heart
adipose CT spaces
between muscles
reticular CT composed of
thin reticular fibers
reticular CT supports
walls of internal organs, liver, spleen
dense regular CT closely
packed of collangeous fibers
dense regular CT fine
network of elastic fibers
dense regular CT - most cells are
fibroblasts
dense regular CT - withstand
pulling, and are very strong
dense regular CT binds
body parts together such as tendons, ligaments, dermis
dense regular CT - blood
poor blood supply, slow to heal
dense irregular CT - organization
randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers
dense irregular CT can
withstand tension exerted from different directions
dense irregular CT located on
dermis of skin and around skeletal muscle
elastic CT abundant
yellow elastic fibers with some collagenous fibers with fibroblasts
elastic CT attachment
between bones of spinal column
elastic CT located on
walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways.
parts of heart
elastic CT have a
elastic quality, stretches
cartilage is a
rigid, specialized CT
cartilage does what?
support, framework, attachments. Protection of underlying tissue.
models for developing bone
cartilage - matrix conains
collagen in gel-like ground substance
cartilage - chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
in lacunae (chambers), surrounded by matrix
cartilage lacks
blood supply, heals slowly
cartilage covered by
perichondrium, which provides some nutrients to the cartilage.
types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
fibrocartilage is
very tough, due to many collagenous fibers
fibrocartilage is
a shock absorber
fibrocartilage contains
intervertebral discs
fibrocartilage located in
the pads of knee and pelvic girdle
Bone (osseous tissue) is the
most rigid CT
bone is a solid
matrix, composed of Ca, salts, and collagen
bone supports
structures
bone protects
vital structures
bone produces
blood cells
bone stores and releases
Ca, p
Bone is a attachment site for
muscles
bone forms
skeleton
bones contains
osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae)
types of bone?
Compact and spongyy
What do compact bone do?
osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers)
compact - lamellase occurs
in rings around central canals
what are osteons?
osteocytes, matrix and central canal formed together
osteons are
cemented together to form compact bone
osteons central canals contain
blood vessels, bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage
Blood are cells
suspended in fluid matrix called plasma
red blood cells transport
gases
white blood cells defend against
infection
platelets help in
blood clotting
blood transports
substances around body
areolar CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
areolar CT function
binds organs
areolar CT location
beneath the skin, between muscles, beanth epithelial tissues
adipose tissue description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
adipose tissue function
protects, insulates, stores fat
adipose tissue location
beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the yeballs, and on the surface of the heart
reticular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
reticular CT function
supports
reticular CT location
walls of liver and spleen
dense regular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
dense regular CT function
binds body parts
dense regular CT location
tendons, ligaments
dense irregular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
dense irregular CT function
sustains tissue tension
dense irregular CT location
in the deep layer of skin
elastic CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
elastic CT function
provides elastic quality
elastic CT location
connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries, and airways
hyaline cartilage description
cells in solid-gel matrix
hyaline cartilage function
supports, protects, provides framework
hyaline cartilage loction
ends of bone, nose, and rings in walls of respiratory passages
elastic cartilage description
cells in solid-gel matrix
elastic cartilage function
supports, protects, provides, flexible frmework
elastic cartilage location
framework of external ear and part of larynx
fibrocartilage description
cells in solid gel matrix
fibrocartilage function
supports
protects
absorbs shock
fibrocartilage location
between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvil girdle, and knee
bone description
cells in solid matrix
bone function
supports, protects, provides framework
bone location
bone of skeleton, middle ear
blood description
cells and platelets in fluid matrix
blood function
transports gases, defends against diseases, clotting
blood location
throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
what are membranes?
sheets of cells
epithelial membranes are composed of
epithelial and CT, cover body surfaces and line cavities
the types of epithelial membranes?
serous membrane
mucous membrane
cutaneous membrane
serous membranes line
body cavities that do not open to outside of body
serous membranes - inner linings of
thorax and abdomen, covers organs
serous membranes consists of
simple squamous epithelium, and areolar CT
serous membrane secrete
serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
mucous membrane line
cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body
mucous membrane, lining of
digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
mucous membrane consists of
epithelium, and areolar ct and goblet cells
cutaneous membrane covers
body surface
cutaneous membrane commonly called
skin
cutaneous membrane part of
integumentary system
synovial membranes different from
epithelial membranes
synovial membranes composed of
ct and line joint cavities
Muscle tissues are m
muscle cells that are also called muscle fibers
muscle tissues can
contract, shorten and thicken
what types of muscle tissues are there?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
skeletal muscle attaches to
bones
skeletal muscle characteristics
striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long cylindrical cells
skeletal muscle stimulated by
nerve cells
smooth muscle characteristics
non-striated, spindle-shaped fibers
smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels
smooth muscle are
involuntary
cardiac muscle are
involuntary
cardiac muscle only in
the walls of heart
cardiac muscle characteristics
branching cells
striated
intercalated discs
nervous tissue found in
brain, spinal cor, peripheral nerves
nervous tissues - main cells are
neurons, which are specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses
nervous tissues - neurons
coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions
what are neuroglia?
support and nourish neurons
how does tissue engineering work?
by growing cells or ECM from a person’s own cells or matrix, on a synthetic scaffold
tissue enginnering; rejection
no rejection by immune system
tissue engineering - patients bladder contains progenitor cells for
smooth muscle and uroepitheliun which are used to grow a new bladder on a synthetic dome
skeletal muscle tissue description
long, thread-like cells, striated, many nuclei
skeletal muscle tissue function
voluntary movements of skeletal parts
skeletal muscle tissue location
muscle usually attaches to bones
smooth muscle tissue description
shorter cells, single, central nucleus
smooth muscle tissue function
involuntary movements of internal organs
smooth muscle tissue location
walls of hollow internal organs
cardiac muscle tissue description
branched cells, striated, single nucleus
cardiac muscle tissue function
heart movements
cardiac muscle tissue location
heart muscle
nervous tissue description
cells with cytoplasmic extensions
nervous tissue function
sensory reception, release of neurotransmitter, and conduction of electrical impulses
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
