Chapter 5 PPT Flashcards
1
Q
In complex organisms, cells are organized into
A
tissues
2
Q
Tissues are
A
groups of similar cells with a common function
3
Q
What is histology?
A
The study of cells
4
Q
What are the 4 major types of tissues in the body?
A
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
5
Q
Epithelial Tissue Function
A
Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion
6
Q
Epithelial Tissue Location
A
Covers body surface, overs and line internal organs, compose glands
7
Q
Epithelial Tissue distinguishing characteristics
A
lacks blood vessels
cells ready to divide
cells are tightly packed
8
Q
connective tissue function
A
bind, support, protect, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells
9
Q
connective tissue location
A
widely distributed throughout the body
10
Q
connective tissue distinguishing characteristics
A
mostly have good blood supply cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between
11
Q
muscle tissue function
A
movement
12
Q
muscle tissue location
A
attaches to bones, in the walls of hollow internal organs, heart
13
Q
muscle tissue distinguishing characteristics
A
able to contract in response to specific stimuli
14
Q
nervous tissue function
A
conduct impulses for coordination
regulation
integration
sensory reception
15
Q
nervous tissue location
A
brain
spinal cord
nerves
16
Q
nervous tissue distinguishing characteristics
A
cells communicate with each other and other body parts
17
Q
types of intracellular junctions?
A
tight junctions
desmosomes
gap junctions
18
Q
what are tight junctions?
A
membranes of adjacent cells merge and fuse
19
Q
where are tight junctions located
A
located among cells that form linings, sheet-like layers. is the blood brain barrier
20
Q
what are desmosomes
A
form “spot welds” between cells and are for structural reinforcement
21
Q
where are desmosomes located?
A
located among outer skin cells
22
Q
what are gap junctions?
A
tubular channels between cells, where molecules can move between cells
23
Q
where are gap junctions located?
A
located in cardiac muscle cells
24
Q
tight junction characteristics
A
close space between cells by fusing cell membranes
25
tight junctions example
cells that line the small intestine
26
desmosomes characteristics
binds cells by forming "spot welds" between cell membranes
27
desmosomes examples
cells of the outer skin layer
28
gap junction characteristics
form tubular channels between cells that allow exchange of susbtances
29
gap junction examples
muscle cell of the heart and digestive tract
30
nanotechnology helps with
drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier
31
blood-brain barrier selects
which chemicals are allows to cross; protects from toxins and chemical fluctuations
32
nanotechnology uses
structures smaller than 100 nm in at least 1 direction, to help medications cross the barrier
33
nanotechnology - anesthetics/chemotherapeutics example
they are combined with liposomes (phospholipid bubbleS) to mask portions of drug that cannot cross the barrier
34
nanotechnology -insulin example
can be inhaled in nanoparticles, instead of being injected
35
Epithelial tissue covers
organs and body surfaces
36
epithelial tissue lines
cavities and hollow organs
37
epithelial tissue makes up
glands
38
epithelial tissue have a
free surface on outside, and basement membrane on the inside
39
epithelial tissue lacks
blood vessels (avascular) and nutrients diffuse to epithelial tissue from underlying connective tissue
40
epithelial tissue, cells readily
divide, injuries heal rapidly
41
epithelial tissue, cells are
tightly packed
42
epithelial tissue are classified according to
cell shape and number of cell layers
43
epithelial tissue shape types
squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (tall)
44
epithelia tissue layer types
simple (one layer of cells)
stratified (2 or more layers)
pseudostratified (appears layered, but its not)
45
simple squamous are a (layers)
single layer of thin, flat cells
46
Simple squamous - substances
pass easily through air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
47
simple squamous are
thin and delicate, can be damaged
48
simple squamous are found in
diffusion and filtration sites
49
simple squamous lines
air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
and lines blood and lymphatic vessels
50
simple cuboidal (layers)
single layer of cube-shaped cells
51
simple cuboidal deals with
secretion and absorption
52
simple cuboidal lines
kidney tubules and thyroid follicles
53
simple cuboidal covers
ovaries
54
simple cuboidal lines
ducts of some glands
55
simple columnar (layers)
single layer of elongated cells
56
simple columnar nuclei
usually at same level, near the basement membrane
57
simple columnar sometimes have
cilia, microvilli, and goblet cells (secrete mucus)
58
simple columnar deals with
secretion and absorption
59
simple columnar lines
uterus, stomach, intestines
60
pseudostratified columnar (layers)
single layer, but appears layered
61
pseudostratified columnar - nuclei
nuclei at 2 or more levels
62
pseudostratified columnar - cells vary
in shape
63
pseudostratified columnar often have
cilia, goblet cells which secrete mucus
64
pseudostratified columnar protect from
infection
65
pseudostratified columnar lines
respiratory passageways
66
stratified squamous (layers)
many cell layers, thick
67
stratified squamous has a
protective layer
68
stratified squamous - outermost cells are
flat
69
stratified squamous - deeper cells are
cuboidal
70
stratified squamous - new cells ...
new cells form, and push older cell toward free surface
71
stratified squamous is the
outer layer of skin (keratinized)
72
stratified squamous lines
oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
73
stratified cuboidal (layers)
2 to 3 layers of cube-shaped cells
74
stratified cuboidal offers
more protection than 1 layer
75
stratified cuboidal lines
ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, and pancreas
76
stratified columnar - top layer
of elongated cells
77
stratified columnar - in deeper layers,
cube-shaped cells
78
stratified columnar lines
part of male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
79
transitional is (layers)
many cell layers
80
transitional (shape)
cube-shaped, with elongated cells
81
transitional changes
shape with increased tension, stretches
82
transitional line
urinary bladder, ureters, and part of urethra
83
glandular epithelium composed of
cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts of body fluids
84
what are the 2 types of glands
endocrine glands and exocrine glands
85
what are endocrine glands
secrete into tissue fluid or blood
86
what are exocrine glands
secrete into ducts that open onto surface
87
what are the two structural types of exocrine glands
unicellular and multicellular
88
unicellular cells are
composed of one cell, such as goblet cells (secrete mucus)
89
multicellular exocrine glands are
composed of many cells
sweat glands, salivary glands,
simple or compound
90
what are the structural types of exocrine glands
simple
compound
tubular
alveolar
91
simple exocrine gland
duct does not branch
92
compound exocrine gland
duct branches before it reaches secretory portion
93
tubular exocrine gland
consist of epithelial-line tubes
94
alveolar exocrine gland
terminal portions form sac-like dilations
95
unicellular exocrine gland characteristics
a single secretory cell
96
unicellular exocrine gland example
mucous-secreting cell
97
multicellular exocrine gland characteristics
glands that consist of many cells
98
simple exocrine gland characteristics
glands that communicate with the surface by means of ducts that do not branch before reaching the secretory portion
99
simple tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Straight tube-like gland that opens directly onto surface
100
simple tubular exocrine gland example
Intestinal glands of small intestine
101
simple branched tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Branched, tube-like gland; duct short or absent
102
simple branched tubular exocrine gland example
gastric glands
103
simple coied tubular exocribe gland characteristics
long, coiled, tube-like gland; long duct
104
simple coiled tubular exocrine gland example
merocrine (Sweat) glands of skin
105
simple branched alveolar exocrine gland characteristics
secretory portions of gland expands into saclike compartments along duct
106
simple branched alveolar exocrine gland examples
sebaceous gland of skin
107
compound glands
glands that communicate with surface by means of duct sthat branch repeadly before reaching the secretory portion
108
compound tubular exocrine gland characteristics
Secretory portions are tubules extending from branches of branches that combine into one duct
109
compound tubular exocrine gland examples
bulbourethral glands of male
110
compound alveolar exocrine gland characteristics
Secretory portions are irregularly branched tubules with numerous saclike outgrowths
111
compound alveolar exocrine gland example
mammary glands
112
what are merocrine glands?
secrete fluid products by exocytosis
113
merocrine gland examples
salivary and sweat glands, pancreas
114
what are apocrine glands?
lose small part of cell during secretion
115
apocrine gland example
mammary and ceruminous glands
116
what are holocrine glands?
release entire cells filled with product
117
holocrine gland examples
sebaceous glands
118
simple squamous epithelium description
single layer , flattened cells
119
simple squamous epithelium function
filtration, diffusion, osmosis, covers surface
120
simple squamous epithelium location
air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries, lining of blood and lymph vessels, part of membranes lning body cavities and covering viscera
121
simple cuboidal epithelium description
single layer, cube shaped cells
122
simple cuboidal epithelium function
protection, secretion, absorption
123
simple cuboidal epithelium location
surface of ovaries, linings of kidney tubulues, and linings of ducts of certain glands
124
simple columnar epithelium description
single layer, elongated cells
125
simple columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion, absorption
126
simple columnar epithelium location
linings of uterus, stomach, and intestines
127
pseudostratified columnar epithelium description
single layer, elongated cells
128
pseudostratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion, movement of mucus and substances
129
pseudostratified columnar epithelium location
lining of respiratory passages
130
stratified squamous epithelium description
many layers, top cells flattened
131
stratified squamous epithelium function
protection
132
stratified squamous epithelium location
superficial layer of skin and linings of oral cavity, vagina, and anal canal
133
stratified cuboidal epithelium description
2 or 3 layers, cube shaped cells
134
stratified cuboidal epithelium function
protection
135
stratified cuboidal epithelium location
linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas
136
stratified columnar epithelium description
top layer of elongated cells, lower layers of cube-shaped cells
137
stratified columnar epithelium function
protection, secretion
138
stratified columnar epithelium location
part of male urethra and lining of larger ducts of excretory glands
139
transitional epithelium description
many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells
140
transitional epithelium function
stretchabiltiy, protection
141
transitional epithelium location
inner lining of urinary bladder and linings of ureters and part of urethra
142
glandular epithelium description
unicellular or multicellular
143
glandular epithelium function
secretion
144
glandular epithelium location
salivary glands, sweat glands, and endocrine glands
145
what are connective tissues?
most abundtant tissue type. Cells farther apart than epithelial cells and contains matrix between cells
146
connective tissues bind
structures together
147
connective tissues provide
support and protection
148
connective tissues serve
as frameworks
149
connective tissues fill
space
150
connective tissues store
fat
151
connective tissue produce
blood cells
152
connective tissue protect
against infections
153
connective tissue help
repair tissue damage
154
what does the extracellular matrix consist of?
consists of protein fibers and ground substance
155
most connective tissues have
good blood supply, and are well nourished . also have ability to divide
156
Functions of ECM?
Scaffolding that organizes and anchors cells into tissues
Relays chemical signals that control cell division and differentiation, tissue repair, and migration
157
Cancer - Fibroblasts
Cancer can convert fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, take on characteristics of cancer cells and also loosens of fibroblast connection allowing migration of converted fibroblasts
158
Liver Fibrosis
Collagen deposition increases, and ECM now exceeds normal 3%. Damaging agents evoke inflammatory response, and can block connection between liver cells and blood
159
Heart Failure and Atherosclerosis
Some forms involve excess collagen deposition, which can stiffen the heart or block blood flow
160
Fibroblasts are
the most common fixed cell and are a large star shaped cell
161
fibroblasts secrete
fibers intoECM
162
Macrophages are
usually attached to fibers, but can detach and wander to conduct phagocytosis
163
macrophases defend against
infection
164
Mast cells are
large cells that release heparin to prevent blood clotting.
165
Mast Cell - Release
histamine, which causes inflammatory response
166
What at the three types of fibers in CT?
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers
167
what are collagen fibers?
thick threads of collagen, the bodys main structural protein
168
collagent fibers have a great
tensile strength and flexible, slightly elastic
169
collagen fibers found in
ligmaments nd tendons
170
what are elastic (yellow) fibers composed of?
elastic protein; branching
171
Elastic fibers can
stretch and return to its original shape
172
elastic fibers are not
as strong as collagen fibers
173
elastic fibers found in
vocal cords, respiratory air passages
174
what are reticular fibers?
thin, branching fibers of collagen
175
reticular fibers form
delicate, supporting networks
176
reticular fibers found in
spleen, liver
177
components of CT?
fibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
178
fibroblasts characteristics
widely distributed, large, star-shaped cells
179
fibroblasts function
secrete proteins that become fibers
180
macrophages characteristics
motile cells sometimes attached to fibers
181
macrophages function
clear foreign particles from tissues by phagocytosis
182
mast cell characteristics
large cells, usually located near blood vessels
183
mast cell functions
release substances that may help prevent blood clotting (herarin) and promote inflammation (histamine)
184
components of ECM?
Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers
Reticular Fibers
Ground Susbtance
185
Collagen Fibers (White) characteristics
thick, threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength
186
collagen fibers function
hold structures together
187
elastic fiber characteristics
bundle of microfibrils embedded in elastin
188
elastic fibers function
provide elastic quality to parts that stretch
189
reticular fiber characteristics
thin fibers of collagen
190
reticular fiber function
form delicate supporitive networks within tissues
191
ground substance characteristics
nonfibrous protein and other molecules, and varying amounts of fluid
192
ground substance function
fills in spaces around cells and fibers
193
collagen makes up...
>60% of the protein in bone and cartilage and a large percentage of dry weight of skin, tendons, and ligaments
194
chondrodysplasia
collagen chains are asymmetric and too wide, causing stunted growth and deformed joints
195
marfan syndrome
deficiency of the protein fibrillin, leads to long limbs, spindly fingers, sunkd eyes, weak aorta, dislocation of the lens of the eyes
196
CT classified into what 2 categories
CT Proper
Specialized CT
197
CT Proper contains what types?
Loose CT
| Dense CT
198
What falls under loose CT
areolar
adipose
reticular
199
what falls under dense CT
dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
200
what falls under specialized CT
cartilage
bone
blood
201
areolar CT forms
thin, delicate membranes
202
areolar CT are mainly
fibroblasts
203
areolar CT contain
gel-like substance and collagenous and elastic fibers
204
areolar CT located in
subcutaneous layer
205
areolar CT beneath
most epithelia, where it nourishes nearby epithelial cells
206
adipose CT stores
fat
207
adipose CT push
their nuclei to one side
208
adipose CT crowd out
other cell types
209
adipose CT function
cushions and insulates
210
adipose CT located
beneath skin (subcutaneous layer)
211
adipose CT behind
eyeballs
212
adipose CT around
kidneys and heart
213
adipose CT spaces
between muscles
214
reticular CT composed of
thin reticular fibers
215
reticular CT supports
walls of internal organs, liver, spleen
216
dense regular CT closely
packed of collangeous fibers
217
dense regular CT fine
network of elastic fibers
218
dense regular CT - most cells are
fibroblasts
219
dense regular CT - withstand
pulling, and are very strong
220
dense regular CT binds
body parts together such as tendons, ligaments, dermis
221
dense regular CT - blood
poor blood supply, slow to heal
222
dense irregular CT - organization
randomly organized, thick, interwoven collagenous fibers
223
dense irregular CT can
withstand tension exerted from different directions
224
dense irregular CT located on
dermis of skin and around skeletal muscle
225
elastic CT abundant
yellow elastic fibers with some collagenous fibers with fibroblasts
226
elastic CT attachment
between bones of spinal column
227
elastic CT located on
walls of hollow organs, such as large arteries, airways.
parts of heart
228
elastic CT have a
elastic quality, stretches
229
cartilage is a
rigid, specialized CT
230
cartilage does what?
support, framework, attachments. Protection of underlying tissue.
models for developing bone
231
cartilage - matrix conains
collagen in gel-like ground substance
232
cartilage - chondrocytes (cartilage cells)
in lacunae (chambers), surrounded by matrix
233
cartilage lacks
blood supply, heals slowly
234
cartilage covered by
perichondrium, which provides some nutrients to the cartilage.
235
types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
236
fibrocartilage is
very tough, due to many collagenous fibers
237
fibrocartilage is
a shock absorber
238
fibrocartilage contains
intervertebral discs
239
fibrocartilage located in
the pads of knee and pelvic girdle
240
Bone (osseous tissue) is the
most rigid CT
241
bone is a solid
matrix, composed of Ca, salts, and collagen
242
bone supports
structures
243
bone protects
vital structures
244
bone produces
blood cells
245
bone stores and releases
Ca, p
246
Bone is a attachment site for
muscles
247
bone forms
skeleton
248
bones contains
osteocytes (bone cells) in lacunae)
249
types of bone?
Compact and spongyy
250
What do compact bone do?
osteoblasts deposit matrix in lamellae (layers)
251
compact - lamellase occurs
in rings around central canals
252
what are osteons?
osteocytes, matrix and central canal formed together
253
osteons are
cemented together to form compact bone
254
osteons central canals contain
blood vessels, bone is well-nourished, heals more quickly than cartilage
255
Blood are cells
suspended in fluid matrix called plasma
256
red blood cells transport
gases
257
white blood cells defend against
infection
258
platelets help in
blood clotting
259
blood transports
substances around body
260
areolar CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
261
areolar CT function
binds organs
262
areolar CT location
beneath the skin, between muscles, beanth epithelial tissues
263
adipose tissue description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
264
adipose tissue function
protects, insulates, stores fat
265
adipose tissue location
beneath the skin, around the kidneys, behind the yeballs, and on the surface of the heart
266
reticular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
267
reticular CT function
supports
268
reticular CT location
walls of liver and spleen
269
dense regular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
270
dense regular CT function
binds body parts
271
dense regular CT location
tendons, ligaments
272
dense irregular CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
273
dense irregular CT function
sustains tissue tension
274
dense irregular CT location
in the deep layer of skin
275
elastic CT description
cells in fluid-gel matrix
276
elastic CT function
provides elastic quality
277
elastic CT location
connecting parts of the spinal column, in walls of arteries, and airways
278
hyaline cartilage description
cells in solid-gel matrix
279
hyaline cartilage function
supports, protects, provides framework
280
hyaline cartilage loction
ends of bone, nose, and rings in walls of respiratory passages
281
elastic cartilage description
cells in solid-gel matrix
282
elastic cartilage function
supports, protects, provides, flexible frmework
283
elastic cartilage location
framework of external ear and part of larynx
284
fibrocartilage description
cells in solid gel matrix
285
fibrocartilage function
supports
protects
absorbs shock
286
fibrocartilage location
between bony parts of spinal column, parts of pelvil girdle, and knee
287
bone description
cells in solid matrix
288
bone function
supports, protects, provides framework
289
bone location
bone of skeleton, middle ear
290
blood description
cells and platelets in fluid matrix
291
blood function
transports gases, defends against diseases, clotting
292
blood location
throughout the body in a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers
293
what are membranes?
sheets of cells
294
epithelial membranes are composed of
epithelial and CT, cover body surfaces and line cavities
295
the types of epithelial membranes?
serous membrane
mucous membrane
cutaneous membrane
296
serous membranes line
body cavities that do not open to outside of body
297
serous membranes - inner linings of
thorax and abdomen, covers organs
298
serous membranes consists of
simple squamous epithelium, and areolar CT
299
serous membrane secrete
serous fluid for lubrication, reducing friction
300
mucous membrane line
cavities and tubes that open to the outside of body
301
mucous membrane, lining of
digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
302
mucous membrane consists of
epithelium, and areolar ct and goblet cells
303
cutaneous membrane covers
body surface
304
cutaneous membrane commonly called
skin
305
cutaneous membrane part of
integumentary system
306
synovial membranes different from
epithelial membranes
307
synovial membranes composed of
ct and line joint cavities
308
Muscle tissues are m
muscle cells that are also called muscle fibers
309
muscle tissues can
contract, shorten and thicken
310
what types of muscle tissues are there?
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
311
skeletal muscle attaches to
bones
312
skeletal muscle characteristics
striated, voluntary, multinucleated, long cylindrical cells
313
skeletal muscle stimulated by
nerve cells
314
smooth muscle characteristics
non-striated, spindle-shaped fibers
315
smooth muscle location
walls of hollow organs, walls of blood vessels
316
smooth muscle are
involuntary
317
cardiac muscle are
involuntary
318
cardiac muscle only in
the walls of heart
319
cardiac muscle characteristics
branching cells
striated
intercalated discs
320
nervous tissue found in
brain, spinal cor, peripheral nerves
321
nervous tissues - main cells are
neurons, which are specialized for communication, via conduction of nerve impulses
322
nervous tissues - neurons
coordinate, integrate, and regulate body functions
323
what are neuroglia?
support and nourish neurons
324
how does tissue engineering work?
by growing cells or ECM from a person's own cells or matrix, on a synthetic scaffold
325
tissue enginnering; rejection
no rejection by immune system
326
tissue engineering - patients bladder contains progenitor cells for
smooth muscle and uroepitheliun which are used to grow a new bladder on a synthetic dome
327
skeletal muscle tissue description
long, thread-like cells, striated, many nuclei
328
skeletal muscle tissue function
voluntary movements of skeletal parts
329
skeletal muscle tissue location
muscle usually attaches to bones
330
smooth muscle tissue description
shorter cells, single, central nucleus
331
smooth muscle tissue function
involuntary movements of internal organs
332
smooth muscle tissue location
walls of hollow internal organs
333
cardiac muscle tissue description
branched cells, striated, single nucleus
334
cardiac muscle tissue function
heart movements
335
cardiac muscle tissue location
heart muscle
336
nervous tissue description
cells with cytoplasmic extensions
337
nervous tissue function
sensory reception, release of neurotransmitter, and conduction of electrical impulses
338
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
