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A&P I > Chapter 3.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 3.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The three major parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

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2
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The nucleus is innermost and is enclosed by a thin membrane

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3
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

A membrane that controls the entrance and exit of substances, allowing some in while excluding others

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4
Q

Signal Transduction

A

When the cell membrane allows the cell to receive and respond to incoming messages

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5
Q

Cell membrane is mainly composed of roughly

A

equal numbers of lipid and protein molecules, with fewer carbohydrates

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6
Q

Basic framework of the cell membrane is

A

a double layer, or bilayer, of phospholipid molecules

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7
Q

Bilayers form so that

A

hydrophilic heads from intracellular and extracellular surfaces of the membrane, and hydrophobic tails make up the middle portion of the membrane

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8
Q

What can pass through the phospholipid bilayer easily?

A

Molecules soluble in lipids, such as oxygen, CO2, and steroid hormones

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9
Q

Integral Proteins

A

Form pores, channels, and carries in the cell membrane; transduce signals

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10
Q

Enzymes..

A

catalyze chemical reactions

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11
Q

cellular adhesion molecules

A

enable cells to stick to each other

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12
Q

Calcium Channels do what?

A

Chest Pain

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13
Q

Sodium channels do what?

A

Local Anesthetics

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14
Q

Chloride Channels do what?

A

Muscle Relaxants

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15
Q

Potassium Channels do what?

A

Antidiabetics

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16
Q

Some of Peripheral Proteins functions?

A

Receptors, Others are Enzymes, and many are parts of signal transduction pathways

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17
Q

Carbohydrate groups attached to some peripheral proteins form

A

glycoproteins that branch from a cells surface, enabling cells to recognize and interact with each other

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18
Q

Glycoproteins can also

A

mark the cells of an individual as “self” and distinguish differentiated cell types

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19
Q

Cellular Adhesion Molecules

A

guide cells on the move

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20
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Cytoplasm contains abundant protein rods and tubules that form a supportive framework

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21
Q

Ribosomes are composed of

A

protein and RNA

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22
Q

Ribosomes provide

A

structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins

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23
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Complex organelle composed of membranous flattened sacs, cylinders, and fluid-filled bubblelike sacs called vesicles

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24
Q

Part of the ER participates in

A

the synthesis of protein and lipid molecules.

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25
Q

Smooth ER lack..

A

ribosomes

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26
Q

Along the Smooth ER are

A

enzymes that are important in synthesizing lipids, absorbing fats from the digestive tract, and breaking down certain drugs.

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27
Q

Lipids are synthesized in the smooth ER and are

A

added to proteins arriving from the rough ER

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28
Q

Vesicles are

A

membranous sacs that store or transport substances within a cell or between cells

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29
Q

What is Vesicle Trafficking

A

The transport of substances into and out of cells by fleets of vesicles

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30
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus

A

A stack of five to eight flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae that resemble a stack of panckaes

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31
Q

What does the Golgi Apparatus do?

A

The organelle refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on the rough ER.

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32
Q

When glycoproteins reach the outermost layer,

A

they are packaged in bits of golgi apparatus membrane, which bud off and form transport vesicles

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33
Q

Exocytosis

A

When such a vesicle may then move to the cell membrane, where it fuses and releases its contents to the outside of the ell as a secretion

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34
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

When enzymes and others dissolved in the fluid in the mitochondrion called the matrix, control many of the chemical reactions that release energy from glucose and other nutrients

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35
Q

How is ATP made?

A

When the mitochondrion captures and transfers this newly released energy into special chemical bonds of the molecule

36
Q

A typical cell has how many mitochondria?

A

Has about 1,700 mitochondria

37
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

They are “garbage disposals” of the cell, where enzymes dismantle debris.

38
Q

What is autophagy?

A

The process of a cell disposing of its own trash, which also means “eating self”

39
Q

Lysosomes bud off of sections of

A

golgi membrane

40
Q

Lysosome enzymes break down

A

proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

41
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Membranous sacs that resemble lysosomes in size and shape.

42
Q

What enzyme do peroxisomes contain?

A

Peroxidases, and Catalase

43
Q

What do Peroxidases do?

A

They catalyze metabolic reactions that release hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic to cells

44
Q

What does Catalase do?

A

Decomposes hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

What do Peroxisomes do?

A

Synthesis of bile acids used in fat digestion
Breakdown of lipids called very-long-chain fatty acids
Degradation of rare biochemicals
Detoxification of alcohol

46
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

They are tiny rods of the protein actin that form meshworkds or bundles and provide cellular motility. . Associated with the inner surface of the cell membrane aid cell motility

47
Q

What are microtubulutes?

A

Long, slender tubes with diameters two or three times greater than those of microfilaments. Composed of tubulin, and enables maintain cell shapes

48
Q

Wht are intermediate filaments?

A

They are composed of any of several types of proteins. Make protein called keratins and abundtant in the oter skin layer.

49
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

A structure in the cytoplasm near the nucleus. COnsists of two centrioles and are there to produce spindle fibers that pull on and distribute chromosomes.

50
Q

What are cilia?

A

They extend from cells. Move in coordianted “to-andfro” manner so that rows of cilia beat in succession, generating a wave that sweeps across the surface.

51
Q

What are microvilli?

A

They are tiny extensions of the cell membrane that absorb substances. They are built of actin, not tubilin molecules

52
Q

The extemely long molecules of DNa are complexed with

A

proteins to form fibers called chromatin

53
Q

Nuclear pores let out

A

molecules of messenger RNA that carry genetic information, but does not let out the DNA, which must stay in the nucleus to maintain the genetic information

54
Q

Chromatin consists of

A

the cells 46 chromosomes.

55
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

Small dense body largely composed of RNA and protein. No surrounding membrane and formed in specialized regions of certain chromosomes

56
Q

Cell Membrane Structure

A

Membrane mainly composed of protein and lipid molecules

57
Q

Cell Membrane Function

A

Maintains integrity of the cell, controls the passage of materials into and out of the cell, and provides for singla transfuction

58
Q

Ribosome Structure

A

Particles composed of protein and RNA molecules

59
Q

Ribosome Function

A

Synthesize proteins

60
Q

Endoplasmci Reticulum Structure

A

COmplex of connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles

61
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum Function

A

Transports materials witin the cell, provides atttachment for ribosomes, and synthesizes lipids

62
Q

Vesicles Structture

A

Membranous Sacs

63
Q

Vesicles Function

A

Contains substances that recently entered the cell, store and transport synthesized molecules within the cell and to other cells

64
Q

Golgi Apparatus Structure

A

Group of flattened, membranous sacs

65
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

Packages and modifies protein molecules for transport nd secretion

66
Q

Mitochondria Structure

A

Membranous sacs with inner partitions

67
Q

Mitochondria Function

A

Release energy from food moleules and conver the energy into a useable form (ATP)

68
Q

Lysosome Structure

A

MEmbranous sacs

69
Q

Lysosome Function

A

Contain enzymes that break down worn cellular parts or substances that enter cells

70
Q

Peroxisomes Structure

A

Membranous Sacs

71
Q

Peroxisomes Functtion

A

Contains enzymes called peroxidases, important in the breakdown of many organic molecules

72
Q

Centrosome Structure

A

Nonmembranous structure composed of two rodlike centrioles

73
Q

Centrosome Function

A

Helps distribute chromosomes to a new cell during cell divison, initiates formation of cilia

74
Q

Cilia Structure

A

Motile projections attached to basal bodies beneath the cell membrane

75
Q

Cilia Function

A

Some cilia propel fluids over cell surface, others are sensory

76
Q

Flagellum Structure

A

Projection attached to a basal body beneath the cell membrane

77
Q

Flagellum Function

A

Enables sperm cells to move

78
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules Structure

A

Thin rods and tubulues

79
Q

Microfilaments and Microtubules Function

A

Support cytoplasm, help move substances and organeles within the cytoplasm

80
Q

Nuclear Envelope Structure

A

Selectively permeable double membrane that sesparates the nuclear contents from the cytoplasm

81
Q

Nuclear Envelope Function

A

Maintains the integrity of the nucleus and controls passage of materials between the nucleus and cytoplasm

82
Q

Chromatin Structure

A

FIbers composed of protein and DNA molecules

83
Q

Chromatin Function

A

Carries information for synthesizing proteins

84
Q

Nucleolus Structure

A

Dense, nonmembranous body composed of protein and RNA molecules

85
Q

Nucleolus Function

A

Site of ribosome formation

A&P I (33 decks)

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