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A&P I > Chapter 3 PPT > Flashcards

Chapter 3 PPT Flashcards

1
Q

The cell is

A

the basic unit of structure and function in the body

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2
Q

cells are measured in

A

micrometers

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3
Q

cells that have developed specialized characteristics are said to be

A

differentiated

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4
Q

What are the three major parts of a cell?

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane

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5
Q

Cytoplasm consists of

A

organelles, with specific functions, suspended in a liquid called cytosol

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

It is the outer boundary of the cell and maintains integrity of the cell.

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7
Q

Cell Membrane regulates

A

entry and exit of substances, meaning it is selectively permeable.

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8
Q

What is signal transfuction?

A

Permits cells to receive and respond to messages

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9
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Mainly of lipids and proteins, with some carbohydrates

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10
Q

Cell membrane framework is a

A

phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

What forms the surface of the phosopholipid bilayer?

A

Water-soluble (hydrophilic) heads

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12
Q

What forms the interior of the phosopholipid bilayer?

A

Water-insoluble (hydrophobic) tails

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13
Q

Bilayer is permeable to

A

lipid-soluble substances

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14
Q

bilayer is impermeable to

A

water-soluble substances

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15
Q

What does Cholesterol do with the cell membrane?

A

Stabilizes membrane, and helps keep it impermeable to water-soluble susbtances

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16
Q

What do Carbohydrates do with the cell membrane?

A

Cel recognition and interaction, cell markers

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17
Q

What do Mutations in Na+ Channels cause?

A

Inability to feel pain or extreme pain conditions

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18
Q

What do mutations in K+ channels cause?

A

Can disrupt electrical activity of the heart and disturb heart rhythm, and/or impair hearing

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19
Q

What do abnormal Cl- channels cause?

A

Cystic Fibrosis: Production of thick mucus which causes difficulty breathing, clogged pancreas, salty sweat

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20
Q

What do CAMs do?

A

Guide cells on the move

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21
Q

What do Selectins do?

A

Coat white blood cells and anchor them by providing friction

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22
Q

What do Integrins do?

A

Direct white blood cells through capillary walls toward infection sites .Integrins guide embryonic cells toward maternal cells to form placenta and establish connectiosn between nerve cells

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23
Q

What does cytoplasm consist of?

A

Networks of membranes and organelles suspended in cytosol.

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24
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Fluid portion of the cytoplasm

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25
Q

What are organelles?

A

Tiny soldi structures with specific functions in the cells

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26
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Composed of protein and RNA. Free in cytoplasm or on RER

Provides structural support and enzyme activity to link amino acids in protein synthesis

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27
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membrane-Bound Sacs, Canals, Vesicles

Tubular Transport System

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28
Q

ER- Rough ER contains

A

ribosomes, conducts protein synthesis

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29
Q

ER- Smooth ER

A

does not have ribosomes, conducts lipid synthesis

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30
Q

What are vesicles?

A

membranous sacs

Store or transport substances

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31
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A

Sacs of flattened membranous sacs

Refines, packages, and delivers proteins made on the RER

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32
Q

Structure of Mitochondria?

A

Membrane-bound, fluid-filled sacs

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33
Q

Mitochondria houses

A

chemical reactions that extract energy from nutrients (cellular respiration, which produces ATP)

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34
Q

Lysosomes Structure

A

Small membranous sacs

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35
Q

Lysosomes description?

A

Contains enzymes that digest proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, bacteria, debris, worn out cell parts

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36
Q

Lysosomes also known as

A

“garbage disposals” of cell

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37
Q

Peroxisomes structure?

A

Membranous sacs similar to lysosomes

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38
Q

Peroxisomes Descrption?

A

Contain enzymes that digest lipids, alcohol, hydrogen peroxide

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39
Q

What are microfilaments, microtubulues, and intermediate filaments?

A

Thread-like structures in cytoplasm. Create the cytoskeleton

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40
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Tiny rods of actin; provide cellular movement such as muscle contractions.

Larger tubes of tubulin, rigidity maintains cell shape, make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles. And helps move organelles.

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41
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Composed of several proteins. A cytoskeletal structure. Supports nuclear envelope

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42
Q

What is a centrosome?

A

“Central Body” consisting of two centrioles

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43
Q

Where is the centrosome located at?

A

in cytoplasm, near nucleus

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44
Q

Centrosome structure?

A

Cylindrical, composed of microtubulues

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45
Q

Centrosome Function?

A

Produce spindle fibers during cell division, which distribute chromosomes to forming daughter cells

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46
Q

Cilia are

A

motile extensions of cell membrane

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47
Q

cilia consist of

A

microtubulues in cylindrical pattern

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48
Q

cilia form

A

a “fringe” on surface of certain epithelial cells

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49
Q

cilia are shorter

A

than flagella, but very abundant when present

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50
Q

cilia propel

A

mucus in respiratory tract, propel egg toward uterus

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51
Q

flagella are another type of

A

motile extension from cell membrane

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52
Q

flagella are

A

similar in structure to cilia, but much longer

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53
Q

flagellum causes

A

the entire cell to move

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54
Q

tail of a sperm cell is

A

the only flagellum in a human cell

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55
Q

What is Melas?

A

Mutant gene in DNA of mitochondria

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56
Q

How does Melas affect a person?

A

Person cannot extract maximum energy from nutritents

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57
Q

What is Krabbe Disease?

A

Caused by inability to produce one lysosomal enzyme

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58
Q

How does Krabbes Disease affect a person?

A

Person cannot produce myelin for nerve cells, which leads to severe damage to the nervous system

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59
Q

What is ADL?

A

Caused by lack of a protein in membrane of peroxisomes

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60
Q

How does ADL affect a person?

A

Fatty acid buildup destroys myelin sheath of nerve cells. Nerve cells cannot transmit nerve impulses fast enough

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61
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

Porous double layered membrane that separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm. Nuclear pores allows passage of certain substances

62
Q

What is a nucleolus?

A

Dense body of RNa and Protein. Site of ribosome production

63
Q

What is a chromatin?

A

COnsists of cell’s chromsomes, each containing DNA wound around proteins. Stores information for protein synthesis

64
Q

What are the Passive Processes?

A

Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion , and Filtration

65
Q

What are the Active Processes?

A

Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Transcytosis

66
Q

What is Diffusionn?

A

Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions from region of higher concentration to region or lower concentration

67
Q

Diffusion occurs

A

due to constant motion of atoms, molecules, and ions

68
Q

Diffusion, only substances

A

that the cell membrane is permeable to. Oxygen, CO2, and other lipid soluble substances

69
Q

What kind of process is diffusion?

A

Passive, no ATP required

70
Q

Example of Diffusion?

A

A dissolving sugar cube

71
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

Diffusion across the cell membrane through ion channels or transporters

72
Q

Facilitated Diffusion contains what water-soluble substances?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Glucose, Amino Acids

73
Q

What kind of process is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

PAssive Process, no ATP required

74
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration

75
Q

osmosis- water moves into

A

a region containing higher impermeant solute concentration

76
Q

what kind of process is osmosis?

A

Passive process, no ATP required

77
Q

what is osmotic pressure?

A

ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water.

78
Q

Osmotic pressures inceases as

A

the concentration of impermeant solute increases

79
Q

What is a isotonic solution?

A

Same osmotic pressure. Cells in an isotonic solution have no neet gain or loss of water

80
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

higher osmotic pressure.

cells in a hypertonic solution lose water

81
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

lower osmotic pressure

cells in a hypotonic solution gain water

82
Q

What is filtration?

A

process that forces molecules through membranes by exerting pressure

83
Q

What is filtration used for?

A

used to separate solids from water, or small particles from large ones

84
Q

example of filtration?

A

when blood plasma leaves capillaries, water and small solutes are filtered, but large plasma proteins are not

85
Q

what type of process is filtration?

A

passive process, requires no ATP

86
Q

what is active transport?

A

movement of substances across a membrane from region of lower concentration to region of higher concentration against a concentration gradient

87
Q

active transport uses

A

carrier molecules in cell membrane

88
Q

what kind of process is active transport

A

active process, requires ATP

89
Q

examples of active transport?

A

sugars, amino acids, Ca+ H+ Na/K Pump

90
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

movement of a substance into the cell inside a vesicle

91
Q

Three types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis

Phagocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

92
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

membrane engulfs droplets of liquid

93
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

membrane engulfs solid particles

94
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

membrane engulfs specific substances, which have bound to receptor proteins on the membrane

95
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

release of substances/particles from cell

96
Q

Exocytosis - vesicles containing particles..

A

fuse with cell membrane and release contents

97
Q

example of exocytosis?

A

release of neurotransmitter from nerve cells

98
Q

what does transcytosis involve?

A

involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by exocytosis

99
Q

transcytosis quickly..

A

transports substances from one end of cell to the other

100
Q

transcytosis moves

A

substances across barriers form by tightly connected cells

101
Q

example of transcytosis?

A

transport of hiv across lining of anus or vagina

102
Q

What is a cell cycle?

A

series of changes a cell undergoes from the time it forms until the time it divides

103
Q

stages of cell cycle?

A

Inteprhase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

104
Q

Interphase is a

A

very active period in cell cycle where cell grows and maintains normal functions

105
Q

Interphase - cell

A

replicates DNA to prepare for mitosis

106
Q

Interphase - cell synthesizes

A

organelles, membranes, and biochemicals to prepare for cytokinesis

107
Q

Phases of Interphase?

A

S Phase

G1 and G2 Phases

108
Q

What is S Phase?

A

DNa is replicated during this

109
Q

What is G1 and G2 Phase?

A

Structures other thana DNa are replicated and cell grows during this.

110
Q

Mitosis produces

A

two daughter cells from an original somatic cell

111
Q

what is mitosis?

A

division of the nucleus

112
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

division of the cytoplasm

113
Q

Phases of Mitosis?

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

114
Q

What is Prophase

A

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, centrioles move to opposite sides of cytoplasm, nuclear envelope and nucleolus disperse

115
Q

what is metaphase

A

spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromsomes and align them midway between centrioles

116
Q

what is anaphase?

A

chromosomes separate and move in opposite directions toward centrioles as the spindle fibers shorten

117
Q

what is telophase?

A

chromosomes return to chromatin structure, nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome set, and nucleoli became visible

118
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

cytoplasmic division

119
Q

when does cytokinesis begin?

A

during anaphase

120
Q

cytokinesis continues through

A

telophase

121
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

contractile ring of actin filaments pinches cytoplasm in half.

122
Q

after cytokinesis, newly formed cells will

A

have identical DNA, may have slightly different size and number of organelles

123
Q

SKin cells, intestinal cells, and blood -forming cells with divide

A

often and continually

124
Q

neurons divide

A

a specific number of times, and then cease

125
Q

chromosome tipis (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide

A

a miotic clock

126
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

healthy cells stop dividing when they become crowded. Tumors can result from a loss of control over the frequency of mitosis

127
Q

what are 2 types of tumors?

A

benign and malignant

128
Q

what is a benign tumor?

A

remains in local area

129
Q

what is a malignant tumor?

A

invasive, cancerous, can spread or metastasize

130
Q

two major types of genes that cause cancer?

A

oncogenes

tumor suppressor genes

131
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

abnormal forms of genes that control cell cycle but are overexpressed

132
Q

what are tumor suppressor genes?

A

normally limit mitosis, but if inactivated/removed, cannot regulate mitosis

133
Q

what is differentiaition?

A

process of specialization of cells

134
Q

stem cells can divide to

A

form two new stem cells, called self-renewal

135
Q

stem cells can also divide to

A

form a stem cell and a progenitor cell

136
Q

stem cells can differentiate as

A

any of many cell types

137
Q

what is a progenitor cell?

A

partially specialized stem cell, daughter of stem cell

138
Q

progenitor cell can divide to

A

become any of a restricted number of cells, called a “committed cell”

139
Q

what is totipotent?

A

daughter cells that can specialize to become any cell type?

140
Q

totoipotent examples?

A

fertilized egg, cells of early embryo

141
Q

what is pluripotent?

A

daughter cells that can become a limit number of cell types

142
Q

examples of pluripotent?

A

stem cells of later development, progenitor cells

143
Q

Example of differentiation

A

a fertilized egg has the ability to produce any type of human cell, while partially differentiate dcells can only produce some types or a sngle type of cell

144
Q

stem and progenitor cells are required for

A

growth and healing

145
Q

what is regenerative medicine?

A

field that uses bodys ability to generate new cells to treat diseases and injuries; includes stem cell technology

146
Q

sources of stem cells for research, treating diease/injuries

A

donor stem cells

stem cells from patients

147
Q

where do donor stem cells come from?

A

such as umbilical cord cells

148
Q

where do stem cells from patients come from?

A

either form natural site, such as bone marrow, or reprogrammed differentiated cells grown in cell culture

149
Q

what is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death that is a normal part of development

150
Q

apoptosis removes

A

webbing between fetal fingers and toes

151
Q

apoptosis- protective

A

pells away damaged skin after a sunburn

152
Q

what is necrosis

A

cell death from damage, not a normal process

A&P I (33 decks)

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