chapter 9 objectives

Question 1

operon and 1 advantage it provides

Answer 1

it is a cluster of genes that are transcribed together to a mRNA molecule that encodes for multiple proteins

one advatage: allows for simultaneous processes

Question 2

parts of lac operon operation

Answer 2

regulator: codes for proteins capable of repressing operon
control locus: recognized by rna polymerase/ operator or on/off switch
structural locus: three genes coding for different enzymes needed to catabolize lactoes

Question 3

conditions when the lac operon is functioning in the cell

Answer 3

low glucose levels and high lactose levels

Question 4

recombination

Answer 4

bacteria donates DNA to another

Question 5

recombinant

Answer 5

organism contains genes from another organism

Question 6

conjugation

Answer 6

exchange of genes, donor retains copy of what is transferred

Question 7

transfection

Answer 7

forced introduction of small molecules such as DNA RNA or anitbodies into eukaryotic cells

Question 8

competent cell

Answer 8

can accept genetic material

Question 9

role of plasmid

Answer 9

they are chromosome pieces that code for resistance factors

Question 10

3 forms of horizontal gene transfer used in bacteria

Answer 10

conjugation: donor of bacteria retains a copy of genetic material that is being transferred cell-cell
transformation: acceptance by bacterial cell of small fragments of DNA from enviornment
transduction: transfer of genetic material by a bacteriophage

Question 11

transposon

Answer 11

transposable elements capable of shifting from one part of the genome to another (chromosome to plasmid or cell to cell)

Question 12

mutation (1 positive and 1 negative)

Answer 12

any change to nucleotide sequence in genome
positive: can lead to adaptations of organisms
negative: can be cancerous

Question 13

wild type

Answer 13

a microorganism that exhibits a natural, nonmutated characteristics

Question 14

mutant strain

Answer 14

a microorganism that shows variance in morphology, genetic control mechanisms, resistance to chemicals etc.

Question 15

spontaneous mutation

Answer 15

a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication

Question 16

induced mutation

Answer 16

results from exposure to known mutagens, physical, or chemical agents that disrupt DNA (radiation or chemicals)

Question 17

frameshift mutation

Answer 17

changes reading frame of mRNA because one or more bases are inserted or deleted

Question 18

point mutation

Answer 18

addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases

Question 19

nonsense mutation

Answer 19

creates a stop codon

Question 20

silent mutation

Answer 20

alters base, but doesnt not change amino acid

Question 21

missense mutation

Answer 21

creates a different amino acid

Question 22

uv damage repair and excision

Answer 22

repairs mistakes in replication

Question 23

use of restriction endonucleases

Answer 23

recognize foreign DNA and break bonds between nucleotides on both of the strands of DNA; this protects bacteria from DNA

Question 24

use of PCR

Answer 24

used to replicate target DNA with a few copies to billions of copies within hours; diagnoses infections/diseases caused by single gene copy

Question 25

use of dna sequencing

Answer 25

research to understand genetics/evolution

Question 26

use recombinant dna

Answer 26

cloning genes for research/genetic engineering

Question 27

use of gene therapy

Answer 27

treating genertic disorders by replacing/correcting defective genes