chapter 1 objectives Flashcards
microbiology
study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification.
challenges of studying microbes
they cannot be seen directly, you need microscopes and indirect ways to view
early ideas of disease transmission
disease was spontaneously created and transmitted, and/or that disease was the result of a curse from God
pathogen
microorganism known to cause disease
normal microbiota
normally present and doesn’t cause infection
opportunistic pathogen
causes infection in certain conditions like a weakened immune system or because of antibiotics
endemic example
chicken pox, malaria (maintained at baseline)
epidemic example
smallpox, influenza
pandemic example
covid-19
emergent vs re-emergent diseases
emergent: disease that had not occurred in humans within past 2 decades
re-emergent: disease that was a major health problem and declined but is now on the rise
hook
microscope
leeuwenhoek
father of microbiology, microscope, discovered bacteria, free-living protists
pasteur (and his experiments)
discredited spontaneous generation (comes from existing life), heating liquids to specific temperatures could kill bacteria
semmelweis
realized the importance of cleanliness in hospitals/health settings and implemented hand washing which decreased spread of diseases
snow
traced cholera outbreak to water supply and stated cholera could be prevented if water was cleaned
koch’s postulates
- find microorganism
- isolate microorganism from host in culture
- infect healthy animal with microorganism
- reisolate the same microorganism
Buist and Beijerinck
virology buist (cowpox) beijerinck (tobacco mosaic virus)
fleming
first observation of the antibiotic properties of a mold and laid the foundation for the development of modern antibiotics (PENICILLIN)
pasteurization
heat-treatment which kills many pathogenic microorganisms and prolongs shelf life
sterilization
destroy all microorganisms and spores in foods and drinks using high pressure, radiation or chemicals
families of biochemicals
carbohydrates (glucose), lipids (cholesterol), proteins (hemoglobin), nucleic acids (DNA)
3 components of nucleotide
Phosphate group, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base
nomenclature
the choosing/assignment of names for taxonomic categories and organisms
taxonomy
the classification of organisms
identification
the process of recognizing organisms through recording of certain traits
classification
arrangement of organism into groups based on similarities
taxonomic categories
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
traditional vs molecular approaches to taxonomy
molecular taxonomy: genetic information (DNA sequences)
traditional taxonomy: classifies based on observable traits
module for current taxonomy
Worse-Fox system of Taxonomy which is based on ribosomal RNA sequences