ch 18 objectives Flashcards
describe the important anatomical features of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
cardiovascular is made up of vessels , heart, and a closed cicuit
lymphatic system is made up of parallel blood vessels, lymph nodes and spleen
* Lymph nodes: cluster at body sites such as the groin, neck, armpit, and intestines
List the natural defenses present in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems
5,000 to 10,000 WBC per microliter of blood
Lymphocytes: adaptive immunity
Phagocytes: critical to innate and adaptive immune responses
List the normal microbiota of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system
WBC are the cells that protect here but these systems aren’t openly directed to the environment therefore normal biota isn’t often compared to the GI system
viremia
presence of viruses in the blood
fungemia
presence of fungi in the blood
bacteremia
presence of bacteria in the blood
septic shock
cascading immune responses to septicemia, resulting in decreased blood pressure, life threatening condition
Malaria (high light)
modes of transmission: bites from insect
virulence factors: cerebral malaria
diagnostic techniques: blood samples, PCR,
prevention/treatment: netting, screening, repellants, treat with chloroquine
hiv (high light)
modes of transmission: sexual intercourse or transfer of blood
virulence factors
diagnostic techniques: rapid antibody, serology, PCR
prevention/treatment: avoid sexual contact, avoid intravenous drugs
3 life cycle stages of malaria development and where they occur
Sporogonic: occurs in the mosquito
Exo-erythocytic: occurs in the liver
Erythrocytic: occurs in the blood
Name the most pathogenic species of malaria and why it is so virulent
P. falciparum is the most pathogenic due to high transmission, increased drug resistance and high destruction of red blood cells.
Which cells are monitored in HIV to determine AIDS treatment and progression
T-cell CD4 are monitored in HIV to determine aids treatment and progression
endocarditis
inflammed inner liner of heart
septicemia
bacteria, virus, or fungi growing in blood
hemorragic fever disease
extreme fevers that cause internal hemorrhaging due to capillary fragility
nonhemorragic fever
high fever without capillary fragility
endocarditis acute
causative agents: staphylococcus aureus (s. pyo, s. pne)
transmission: parenteral (direct entry into body) –> intravenous, traumatic injuries
signs
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: surgery
endocarditis sub acute
causative agents: bacteria of low pathogenicity
transmission: disruptions of skin introduce bacteria into bloodstream
signs: fever, joint pain, edema of feet/legs
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: surgery or antimicrobials
septicemia
causative agents: MRSA
transmission: parenteral introduction (iv lines or surgical procedures
signs: fever, altered mental state, shaking low blood pressure (biggest sign)
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: empiric treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic
yellow fever
causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging
chikungunya
causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging
dengue fever
causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging
ebola
causative agents: ebola virus (rna enveloped virus
modes of transmission: direct contact with infected individual
general signs: extreme fevers, extreme capillary fragility which causes internal bleeding
lassa fever
causative agents: lassa fever virus
modes of transmission: direct contact of infected individual
general signs: 80% are asymptomatic but severe symptoms can develop
brucellosis
causative agents brucella
modes of transmission direct contact or airbone
general signs: fluctuating pattern of fever
q fever
causative agents: coxiella burnetii
modes of transmission: direct contact, airborne, food borne
general signs: abrupt onset fever, muscle aches
cat scratch disease
causative agents: bartonella henselae
modes of transmission: fleas to cats, parenteral (scratch or bite)
general signs: begins 1-2 weeks after scratch or bite, cluster of small papules at the site of inoculation
ehrichiosis
causative agents: ehrilichia
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects
anaplasmosis
causative agents: anaplasma
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs:acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects
babesiosis
causative agents: babesia
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects
rocky mountain spotted fever
causative agents: rickettsia rickettsii
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: appear 2-4 days after incubation, distinctive spotted rash initially on wrists, forearms, and ankles
Name and describe distinguishing structure is seen in a blood smear of Babesiosis patients
protozoan is visible inside red blood cells
identify factors that distinguish hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic fever diseases
hemorrhagic fevers: damage blood vessels –> internal/external bleeding
nonhemorrhagic fever: do not cause bleeding
plague
causative agents: yersinia pestis
modes of transmission: through bites from infected fleas (vector) or respiratory droplets
general signs: fever, chills, headaches, swollen lymph nodes
tularemia
causative agents: francisella tularensis
modes of transmission: contact with infected animal or insects, contaminated water, or inhalation of dust
general signs: fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes
lyme disease
causative agents: borrelia burgdorferi
modes of transmission: bite from tick (vecto)
general signs: fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, bulls eye rash
infectious mononucelosis
causative agents: epstein barr virus
modes of transmission: close contact with infected saliva)
general signs: fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, headache
chagas disease
causative agents: trypanosoma cruzi
modes of transmission: bite from mite
general signs: early –> mild symptoms, late –> heart problems, digestive issues
anthrax
causative agents bacillus anthracis
modes of transmission: inhalation of spores
general signs: sudden flu like symptoms, skin sores
