ch 18 objectives

Question 1

describe the important anatomical features of the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Answer 1

cardiovascular is made up of vessels , heart, and a closed cicuit
lymphatic system is made up of parallel blood vessels, lymph nodes and spleen
* Lymph nodes: cluster at body sites such as the groin, neck, armpit, and intestines

Question 2

List the natural defenses present in the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems

Answer 2

5,000 to 10,000 WBC per microliter of blood
Lymphocytes: adaptive immunity
Phagocytes: critical to innate and adaptive immune responses

Question 3

List the normal microbiota of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system

Answer 3

WBC are the cells that protect here but these systems aren’t openly directed to the environment therefore normal biota isn’t often compared to the GI system

Question 4

viremia

Answer 4

presence of viruses in the blood

Question 5

fungemia

Answer 5

presence of fungi in the blood

Question 6

bacteremia

Answer 6

presence of bacteria in the blood

Question 7

septic shock

Answer 7

cascading immune responses to septicemia, resulting in decreased blood pressure, life threatening condition

Question 8

Malaria (high light)

Answer 8

modes of transmission: bites from insect
virulence factors: cerebral malaria
diagnostic techniques: blood samples, PCR,
prevention/treatment: netting, screening, repellants, treat with chloroquine

Question 9

hiv (high light)

Answer 9

modes of transmission: sexual intercourse or transfer of blood
virulence factors
diagnostic techniques: rapid antibody, serology, PCR
prevention/treatment: avoid sexual contact, avoid intravenous drugs

Question 10

3 life cycle stages of malaria development and where they occur

Answer 10

Sporogonic: occurs in the mosquito
Exo-erythocytic: occurs in the liver
Erythrocytic: occurs in the blood

Question 11

Name the most pathogenic species of malaria and why it is so virulent

Answer 11

P. falciparum is the most pathogenic due to high transmission, increased drug resistance and high destruction of red blood cells.

Question 12

Which cells are monitored in HIV to determine AIDS treatment and progression

Answer 12

T-cell CD4 are monitored in HIV to determine aids treatment and progression

Question 13

endocarditis

Answer 13

inflammed inner liner of heart

Question 14

septicemia

Answer 14

bacteria, virus, or fungi growing in blood

Question 15

hemorragic fever disease

Answer 15

extreme fevers that cause internal hemorrhaging due to capillary fragility

Question 16

nonhemorragic fever

Answer 16

high fever without capillary fragility

Question 17

endocarditis acute

Answer 17

causative agents: staphylococcus aureus (s. pyo, s. pne)
transmission: parenteral (direct entry into body) –> intravenous, traumatic injuries
signs
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: surgery

Question 18

endocarditis sub acute

Answer 18

causative agents: bacteria of low pathogenicity
transmission: disruptions of skin introduce bacteria into bloodstream
signs: fever, joint pain, edema of feet/legs
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: surgery or antimicrobials

Question 19

septicemia

Answer 19

causative agents: MRSA
transmission: parenteral introduction (iv lines or surgical procedures
signs: fever, altered mental state, shaking low blood pressure (biggest sign)
diagnosis: blood culture
treatment: empiric treatment with broad spectrum antibiotic

Question 20

yellow fever

Answer 20

causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging

Question 21

chikungunya

Answer 21

causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging

Question 22

dengue fever

Answer 22

causative agents: virus (rna enveloped)
modes of transmission: mosquito (vector)
general signs: extreme fevers, sometimes internal hemorrhaging

Question 23

ebola

Answer 23

causative agents: ebola virus (rna enveloped virus
modes of transmission: direct contact with infected individual
general signs: extreme fevers, extreme capillary fragility which causes internal bleeding

Question 24

lassa fever

Answer 24

causative agents: lassa fever virus
modes of transmission: direct contact of infected individual
general signs: 80% are asymptomatic but severe symptoms can develop

Question 25

brucellosis

Answer 25

causative agents brucella
modes of transmission direct contact or airbone
general signs: fluctuating pattern of fever

Question 26

q fever

Answer 26

causative agents: coxiella burnetii
modes of transmission: direct contact, airborne, food borne
general signs: abrupt onset fever, muscle aches

Question 27

cat scratch disease

Answer 27

causative agents: bartonella henselae
modes of transmission: fleas to cats, parenteral (scratch or bite)
general signs: begins 1-2 weeks after scratch or bite, cluster of small papules at the site of inoculation

Question 28

ehrichiosis

Answer 28

causative agents: ehrilichia
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects

Question 29

anaplasmosis

Answer 29

causative agents: anaplasma
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs:acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects

Question 30

babesiosis

Answer 30

causative agents: babesia
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: acute febrile state, rapid recovery with no lasting effects

Question 31

rocky mountain spotted fever

Answer 31

causative agents: rickettsia rickettsii
modes of transmission: tick bite
general signs: appear 2-4 days after incubation, distinctive spotted rash initially on wrists, forearms, and ankles

Question 32

Name and describe distinguishing structure is seen in a blood smear of Babesiosis patients

Answer 32

protozoan is visible inside red blood cells

Question 33

identify factors that distinguish hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic fever diseases

Answer 33

hemorrhagic fevers: damage blood vessels –> internal/external bleeding
nonhemorrhagic fever: do not cause bleeding

Question 34

plague

Answer 34

causative agents: yersinia pestis
modes of transmission: through bites from infected fleas (vector) or respiratory droplets
general signs: fever, chills, headaches, swollen lymph nodes

Question 35

tularemia

Answer 35

causative agents: francisella tularensis
modes of transmission: contact with infected animal or insects, contaminated water, or inhalation of dust
general signs: fever, chills, fatigue, muscle aches, swollen lymph nodes

Question 36

lyme disease

Answer 36

causative agents: borrelia burgdorferi
modes of transmission: bite from tick (vecto)
general signs: fever, chills, fatigue, headache, muscle aches, bulls eye rash

Question 37

infectious mononucelosis

Answer 37

causative agents: epstein barr virus
modes of transmission: close contact with infected saliva)
general signs: fever, fatigue, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, headache

Question 38

chagas disease

Answer 38

causative agents: trypanosoma cruzi
modes of transmission: bite from mite
general signs: early –> mild symptoms, late –> heart problems, digestive issues

Question 39

anthrax

Answer 39

causative agents bacillus anthracis
modes of transmission: inhalation of spores
general signs: sudden flu like symptoms, skin sores