ch. 21 objectives Flashcards
List the natural defenses present in the urinary tract.
Flushing action of urine
Bactericidal properties of urine
Mucus production
Intact epithelial lining
List the defenses of the female genital tract
Lactobacilli-dominant vaginal microbiota
Physical barrier of the labia majora and minora
Mucus production by the cervix
Shedding of vaginal epithelial cells
List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the urinary and genital tracts of both male and female
Bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Fungi (e.g., Candida albicans)
Archaea (small numbers)
List and describe 5 types of samples collected for urine testing
Clean Catch (midstream): patient collected
Straight catheter: used once and removed
Indwelling Catheter: collected from port not drainage bag
Suprapubic catheter: inserted surgically into the bladder through a small incision above the symphysis pubis
Suprapubic aspirate: needle aspirate collected directly from the bladder
List sample unacceptable for urine culture
Urine collected from an indwelling catheter bag
* Catheters that are in place in the patient and drain to a bag
Describe the 2 types of tubes for urine collection/ transport for culture and urinalysis
Tiger Top for urinalysis only
Grey top for urine culture only
List the most common cause of Catheter associated UTIs and Community associated UTIs
catheter: e. coli
community: organisms from GI tract
UTI
causative agents: e. coli, s. sap, k. pne, p. mir
modes of transmission: opportunistic growth
prevention/treatment: hygiene, treated with antimicrobial agents
leptopspirosis
causative agent: leptospira interrogans
2 phases of infection: leptospriemic phase and immune phase
modes of transmission: vehicle (contaminated soil and water)
prevention: avoiding contaminated vehicles
cystitis
infection of the urinary bladder that occurs when urine is reduced or bacteria are accidentally introduced into the bladder
pyelophritis
infection of the kidneys
urethritis
infection limited to the urethra
dysuria
burning pain accompanying urination
hematuria
presence of blood in the urine causes it to have an orange color
weils syndrome
kidney invasion, hepatic disease, jaundice, anemia, neurological disturbances
bacterial vaginosis
causative agent: anerobes and aerobes
modes of transmission: opportunistic
virulence factors
prevention and treatment: oral or topical clindamycin
vaginal candidiasis
causative agent candida aldicans
modes of transmission: opportunistic
virulence factors:
prevention and treatment: topical or oral azole drugs
tricomoniasis
causative agent: trichomonas vaginalis
modes of transmission: sti/ direct contact
virulence factors
prevention and treatment: using a barrier during intercourse, treat with metronidazole
Describe pseudo hyphae and which organism presents this on a prep
Chains of yeast cells that resemble true hyphae
–> commonly found on candida albicans
Describe a clue cell and which disease it indicates
Clue cells are epithelial cells from the vagina that are coated with bacteria and called a “clue” because they can indicate the presence of bacterial vaginosis
discharge disease
nfection that commonly presents with abnormal genital discharge
gonorrhea
causative agents: neisseria gonorrhea
modes of transmission: sexual contact
prevention/treatment: condom usage, treat with antibiotics
chlamydia
causative agents: chlamydia trachomatis
modes of transmission: sexual contact
prevention/treatment: condom usage, treat with antibiotics
ophthalmia neonatorum
causative agent: neisseria gonorrhea
description:children born to gonococcus carrier can be infected (leads to blindnes)
pelvic inflammatory disease
causative agent
description
lymphogranuloma venereum
causative agent
description
Describe the gram morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoea
gram negative diplococci
Distinguish between vaginitis and vaginosis.
Vaginitis: inflammation of the vagina
Vaginosis: similar to vaginitis, but does not include significant inflammation
Define prostatitis
Inflammation of the prostate.
Name three diseases that result in genital ulcers and the causative organisms
Syphilis- Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (formerly T. pallidum) Gram negative rod
* Chancroid- Haemophilus ducreyi - Pleomorphic gram-negative rod
* Genital herpes- HSV-1 and HSV-2
List the two diseases and causative agents causing warts in the reproductive tract and which has a potential to cause cancer
human papillomavirus (cancer)
molluscum contagiosum
List at least three reasons the HPV vaccine is so strongly recommended for young adolescents
Discuss the concern of vaginal/cervix colonization of Group B streptococcus in a pregnant female
Colonization of pregnant women can result in preterm delivery. Half of the infants become colonized with the bacterium during passage through the birth canal or by ascension of the bacteria through ruptured membranes
