ch. 21 objectives Flashcards

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1
Q

List the natural defenses present in the urinary tract.

A

Flushing action of urine
Bactericidal properties of urine
Mucus production
Intact epithelial lining

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2
Q

List the defenses of the female genital tract

A

Lactobacilli-dominant vaginal microbiota
Physical barrier of the labia majora and minora
Mucus production by the cervix
Shedding of vaginal epithelial cells

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3
Q

List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the urinary and genital tracts of both male and female

A

Bacteria (e.g., Lactobacillus spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis)
Fungi (e.g., Candida albicans)
Archaea (small numbers)

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4
Q

List and describe 5 types of samples collected for urine testing

A

Clean Catch (midstream): patient collected

Straight catheter: used once and removed

Indwelling Catheter: collected from port not drainage bag

Suprapubic catheter: inserted surgically into the bladder through a small incision above the symphysis pubis

Suprapubic aspirate: needle aspirate collected directly from the bladder

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5
Q

List sample unacceptable for urine culture

A

Urine collected from an indwelling catheter bag
* Catheters that are in place in the patient and drain to a bag

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6
Q

Describe the 2 types of tubes for urine collection/ transport for culture and urinalysis

A

Tiger Top for urinalysis only
Grey top for urine culture only

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7
Q

List the most common cause of Catheter associated UTIs and Community associated UTIs

A

catheter: e. coli
community: organisms from GI tract

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8
Q

UTI

A

causative agents: e. coli, s. sap, k. pne, p. mir
modes of transmission: opportunistic growth
prevention/treatment: hygiene, treated with antimicrobial agents

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9
Q

leptopspirosis

A

causative agent: leptospira interrogans
2 phases of infection: leptospriemic phase and immune phase
modes of transmission: vehicle (contaminated soil and water)
prevention: avoiding contaminated vehicles

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10
Q

cystitis

A

infection of the urinary bladder that occurs when urine is reduced or bacteria are accidentally introduced into the bladder

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11
Q

pyelophritis

A

infection of the kidneys

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12
Q

urethritis

A

infection limited to the urethra

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13
Q

dysuria

A

burning pain accompanying urination

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14
Q

hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine causes it to have an orange color

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15
Q

weils syndrome

A

kidney invasion, hepatic disease, jaundice, anemia, neurological disturbances

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16
Q

bacterial vaginosis

A

causative agent: anerobes and aerobes
modes of transmission: opportunistic
virulence factors
prevention and treatment: oral or topical clindamycin

17
Q

vaginal candidiasis

A

causative agent candida aldicans
modes of transmission: opportunistic
virulence factors:
prevention and treatment: topical or oral azole drugs

18
Q

tricomoniasis

A

causative agent: trichomonas vaginalis
modes of transmission: sti/ direct contact
virulence factors
prevention and treatment: using a barrier during intercourse, treat with metronidazole

19
Q

Describe pseudo hyphae and which organism presents this on a prep

A

Chains of yeast cells that resemble true hyphae
–> commonly found on candida albicans

20
Q

Describe a clue cell and which disease it indicates

A

Clue cells are epithelial cells from the vagina that are coated with bacteria and called a “clue” because they can indicate the presence of bacterial vaginosis

21
Q

discharge disease

A

nfection that commonly presents with abnormal genital discharge

22
Q

gonorrhea

A

causative agents: neisseria gonorrhea
modes of transmission: sexual contact
prevention/treatment: condom usage, treat with antibiotics

23
Q

chlamydia

A

causative agents: chlamydia trachomatis
modes of transmission: sexual contact
prevention/treatment: condom usage, treat with antibiotics

24
Q

ophthalmia neonatorum

A

causative agent: neisseria gonorrhea
description:children born to gonococcus carrier can be infected (leads to blindnes)

25
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease

A

causative agent
description

26
Q

lymphogranuloma venereum

A

causative agent
description

27
Q

Describe the gram morphology of Neisseria gonorrhoea

A

gram negative diplococci

28
Q

Distinguish between vaginitis and vaginosis.

A

Vaginitis: inflammation of the vagina
Vaginosis: similar to vaginitis, but does not include significant inflammation

29
Q

Define prostatitis

A

Inflammation of the prostate.

30
Q

Name three diseases that result in genital ulcers and the causative organisms

A

Syphilis- Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (formerly T. pallidum) Gram negative rod
* Chancroid- Haemophilus ducreyi - Pleomorphic gram-negative rod
* Genital herpes- HSV-1 and HSV-2

31
Q

List the two diseases and causative agents causing warts in the reproductive tract and which has a potential to cause cancer

A

human papillomavirus (cancer)
molluscum contagiosum

32
Q

List at least three reasons the HPV vaccine is so strongly recommended for young adolescents

A
33
Q

Discuss the concern of vaginal/cervix colonization of Group B streptococcus in a pregnant female

A

Colonization of pregnant women can result in preterm delivery. Half of the infants become colonized with the bacterium during passage through the birth canal or by ascension of the bacteria through ruptured membranes