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Microbiology > ch 13 > Flashcards

ch 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

third line differences

A

takes day to weeks to take effect
–> cell mediated (humoral)

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2
Q

antigen

A

substance that causes the body to make immune response

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3
Q

immunogen

A

molecules that stimulate immune response

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4
Q

epitope

A

part of antigen recognized by antibodies

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5
Q

6 characteristics of adaptive (specific immunity)

A

specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, tolerance, memory

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6
Q

4 stages of an adaptive immune response

A
  1. antigen recognition
  2. lymphocyte activation
  3. proliferation/differentiation
  4. effecter response/memory formation
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7
Q

cells involved in adaptive and specific responses

A

b cells, t cells, monocytes, leukocytes, antigen receptor cells

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8
Q

role of cell markers

A

cell markers can be used to identify a specific immune cell population (classify the type of cell
–> antigens are markers that tell immune system whether something is harmful or not

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9
Q

antigen presenting cell

A

processes antigens and present fragments to T cells (dendritic and macrophages) to promote immunity

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10
Q

MCH II

A

selectively express on antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells

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11
Q

role of cytokines interlukin 1 and 2

A

IL1: triggers inflammation and activates the immune response (t and B cells)
IL2: promotes growth and proliferation of T cells, amplifying the immune response

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12
Q

b memory cell

A

remember past invaders, becoming plasma cells if they encounter them again (life long immunity)

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13
Q

plasma cell

A

factory for churning out antibodies to target a specific antigen

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14
Q

t helper cell

A

orchestrator, helps activate b cells cytotoxin t cells and immune cells

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15
Q

t helper 2 cells

A

promotes antibody production and is involved in allergic responses

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16
Q

lgM vs lgG

A

lgM: fast/short lived; first line of defense, produced quickly by B cells
lgG: slow/long lasting; major antibody produced by activated B cells (long term immunity)

17
Q

cells not involved in CMI

A

b cells and plasma cells

18
Q

cells not involved in hmi

A

cytotoxic t cells

19
Q

MCH I

A

flags on all cells that showcase protein fragments from inside cell

20
Q

cytotoxic t cell

A

assassinates infected or abnormal cells

21
Q

memory t cell

A

remembers past invaders for faster CMI response

22
Q

t helper 1 cell

A

orchestrates CMI by activating CTLs and macrophages

23
Q

macrophages

A

engulfs pathogens, activates CTLS, blocks infections

24
Q

nk cells

A

eliminates some infected cells without prior exposure

25
Q

t helper vs. cytotoxic

A

t helper are leaders and won’t directly kill, instead activate other immune cells
cytotoxic: directly eliminate cells

26
Q

t cells become sensitized to antigen

A

antigen presentation by APCs, activation via t cell receptor

27
Q

characteristics of antigens

A

foreignness to the host, molecular size (>10 kDa)
chemical complexity
degradibility

28
Q
A
29
Q

hapten

A

antigen molecule too small to generate immune response so it forms a complex with protein

30
Q

6 ways antibody-antigen complex clears pathogens

A

inhibition, neutralization, opsonization, aggluntination, precipitation, phagocytosis

31
Q

cytokine

A

proteins released by one cell population that mediates another

32
Q

3 cells that produce cytokines

A

mononuclear (monokines)
lymphocytes (lymphokines)
white blood cells (interleukin)

33
Q

6 types of cytokine activity

A

pro/anti inflammatory, chemotactic, growth promoting, apoptotic, immunomodulatory

34
Q

cytokine storm

A

excessive immune response (results in tissue damage and organ failure)

35
Q

4 different descriptors of adaptive states

A

natural active: acquired through infection
natural passive: maternal antibodies
artifical active: vaccination
artificial passive: antibody transfer

36
Q

qualities of an effective vaccine

A

safe, highly effective at preventing disease and induce lasting immuniity

37
Q

two categores of vaccines

A

live attenuated (weakend virus) and inactivated (killed virus)
sub: toxoid (target toxins) viral vector (modified virus)

38
Q

herd immunity

A

protects everyone (even unvacc.) when large population is immune. when not maintained it can lead to outbreaks

Microbiology (29 decks)

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