ch 13 Flashcards
third line differences
takes day to weeks to take effect
–> cell mediated (humoral)
antigen
substance that causes the body to make immune response
immunogen
molecules that stimulate immune response
epitope
part of antigen recognized by antibodies
6 characteristics of adaptive (specific immunity)
specificity, diversity, inducibility, clonality, tolerance, memory
4 stages of an adaptive immune response
- antigen recognition
- lymphocyte activation
- proliferation/differentiation
- effecter response/memory formation
cells involved in adaptive and specific responses
b cells, t cells, monocytes, leukocytes, antigen receptor cells
role of cell markers
cell markers can be used to identify a specific immune cell population (classify the type of cell
–> antigens are markers that tell immune system whether something is harmful or not
antigen presenting cell
processes antigens and present fragments to T cells (dendritic and macrophages) to promote immunity
MCH II
selectively express on antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells
role of cytokines interlukin 1 and 2
IL1: triggers inflammation and activates the immune response (t and B cells)
IL2: promotes growth and proliferation of T cells, amplifying the immune response
b memory cell
remember past invaders, becoming plasma cells if they encounter them again (life long immunity)
plasma cell
factory for churning out antibodies to target a specific antigen
t helper cell
orchestrator, helps activate b cells cytotoxin t cells and immune cells
t helper 2 cells
promotes antibody production and is involved in allergic responses
lgM vs lgG
lgM: fast/short lived; first line of defense, produced quickly by B cells
lgG: slow/long lasting; major antibody produced by activated B cells (long term immunity)
cells not involved in CMI
b cells and plasma cells
cells not involved in hmi
cytotoxic t cells
MCH I
flags on all cells that showcase protein fragments from inside cell
cytotoxic t cell
assassinates infected or abnormal cells
memory t cell
remembers past invaders for faster CMI response
t helper 1 cell
orchestrates CMI by activating CTLs and macrophages
macrophages
engulfs pathogens, activates CTLS, blocks infections
nk cells
eliminates some infected cells without prior exposure
t helper vs. cytotoxic
t helper are leaders and won’t directly kill, instead activate other immune cells
cytotoxic: directly eliminate cells
t cells become sensitized to antigen
antigen presentation by APCs, activation via t cell receptor
characteristics of antigens
foreignness to the host, molecular size (>10 kDa)
chemical complexity
degradibility
hapten
antigen molecule too small to generate immune response so it forms a complex with protein
6 ways antibody-antigen complex clears pathogens
inhibition, neutralization, opsonization, aggluntination, precipitation, phagocytosis
cytokine
proteins released by one cell population that mediates another
3 cells that produce cytokines
mononuclear (monokines)
lymphocytes (lymphokines)
white blood cells (interleukin)
6 types of cytokine activity
pro/anti inflammatory, chemotactic, growth promoting, apoptotic, immunomodulatory
cytokine storm
excessive immune response (results in tissue damage and organ failure)
4 different descriptors of adaptive states
natural active: acquired through infection
natural passive: maternal antibodies
artifical active: vaccination
artificial passive: antibody transfer
qualities of an effective vaccine
safe, highly effective at preventing disease and induce lasting immuniity
two categores of vaccines
live attenuated (weakend virus) and inactivated (killed virus)
sub: toxoid (target toxins) viral vector (modified virus)
herd immunity
protects everyone (even unvacc.) when large population is immune. when not maintained it can lead to outbreaks
