ch 19 objectives

Question 1

describe the anatomical features of the respiratory tract

Answer 1

upper respiratory tract: sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
lower respiratory tract: Trachea, lungs bronchi, diaphragm

Question 2

List the natural defenses present in the respiratory tract

Answer 2

Nasal hair traps particles
Cilia propel particles upward and out of the respiratory tract
Mucus is a natural trap for invading microorganisms

Second and third lines of defense:
* Complement
* Antimicrobial peptides
* Cytokines
* Macrophages
* Secretory IgA

Question 3

List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the respiratory tract

Answer 3

• Streptococcus pyogenes
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Streptococcus pneumonia
• Neisseria meningitidis
• Staphylococcus aureus

Question 4

pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes

Answer 4

causative agent: virus
transmission: respiratory droplets or direct contact
virulence factor: extracellular toxins
possible sequela: if left untreated
diagnostic techniques: rapid tests and culturing of phayngeal swab specimens
prevention/treatment: no vaccines, treat with penicillin

Question 5

fusobacterium necrophorum (pharyngitis)

Answer 5

causative agent: fusobacterium necrophorum
sequela: progress to lemierres syndrome (infected blood clot)

Question 6

diptheria

Answer 6

causative agent: corynebacterium diptheriae
disease features: upper respiratory tract infection and pharyngitis
mode of transmission
prevention and treatment: vaccines (DTaP)

Question 7

common cold

Answer 7

causative agents: rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus
mode of transmision: indirect contact, droplet contact
treatment: treat for symptoms

Question 8

sinusitis

Answer 8

causative agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergies, structural abnormalities
mode of transmision: direct/indirect, opportunistic growth
treatment: broad spectrum growth

Question 9

otitis media

Answer 9

causative agents: strep pneu candida auris
mode of transmision:
disease features: ear pain, fever, drainage, muffled hearing
treatment: prevnar 13, pain meds, compresses, antibiotic

Question 10

common causes of otitis externa

Answer 10

caused by bacteria in water

Question 11

healthcare associated pneumonia

Answer 11

contracted while receiving treatment. It can be either ventilator-associated and non-ventilator associated.

Question 12

causative agents of hap and risk factors

Answer 12

Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter sp.
risk factor: age

Question 13

cap and most common causative agent

Answer 13

pneumonia that you get infected with in a community setting. The most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Question 14

s. pne (bacterial)

Answer 14

causative agent: streptococcus pneumoniae
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features: patient usually severly ill
prevention and treatment: penicillin, Pneumovax 23 or prevnar 13

Question 15

l. pne

Answer 15

causative agent: legionella pneumophilia
mode of transmission: through tap water, cooling, towers (fresh water = vehicle)
key disease features: can be severe for elderly or immuno compromised)
prevention and treatment: levofloxacin

Question 16

histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 16

causative agent: histoplasma
mode of transmission: vehicle (inhalation of contaminated soil)
key disease features: infections are asymptomatic
prevention and treatment: avoid contaminated soil, bird and bat droppings treat with amphotercin

Question 17

pneumocystitis jiroveci

Answer 17

causative agent:..
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features: majority occurs in AIDs patients
prevention and treatment: antifungals given to AIDS patients, trimethoprim to treat

Question 18

sars-cov2

Answer 18

causative agent: …
mode of transmission: droplet contact, airborne transmission
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: avoidance, remdesivir to treat

Question 19

hantavirus

Answer 19

mode of transmission: vehicle (airborne virus from rodents
key disease features: rapid onset, high mortality rate
prevention and treatment: supportive, avoid mouse habitats and droppings

Question 20

influenzae

Answer 20

causative agent: influenza a, b, c viruses
mode of transmission: droplet contact, direct contact, indirect contact
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: annual vaccination, zolfuza

Question 21

rsv

Answer 21

causative agent: respiratory syncytial virus
mode of transmission: droplet and indirect contact
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: ribavirin to treat in severe cases

Question 22

whooping cough

Answer 22

causative agent: bordetella pertussis
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features:
diagnositc techniques: nasopharygeal sample, culture, PCR, serology
prevention and treatment: DTaP vaccine

Question 23

tuberculosis

Answer 23

causative agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis
mode of transmission: vehicle (airbone)
key disease features:
diagnositc techniques: rapid methods, skin testing, chest x-ray
prevention and treatment: avoiding airbone

Question 24

problems associated with mdr-tb and xdr-tb

Answer 24

treatment requires a multiple drug regime (serious threat

Question 25

pneumoniae

Answer 25

inflammation of lungs due to infection of air sacs