ch 19 objectives Flashcards
describe the anatomical features of the respiratory tract
upper respiratory tract: sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
lower respiratory tract: Trachea, lungs bronchi, diaphragm
List the natural defenses present in the respiratory tract
Nasal hair traps particles
Cilia propel particles upward and out of the respiratory tract
Mucus is a natural trap for invading microorganisms
Second and third lines of defense:
* Complement
* Antimicrobial peptides
* Cytokines
* Macrophages
* Secretory IgA
List the types of normal biota presently known to occupy the respiratory tract
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Staphylococcus aureus
pharyngitis caused by streptococcus pyogenes
causative agent: virus
transmission: respiratory droplets or direct contact
virulence factor: extracellular toxins
possible sequela: if left untreated
diagnostic techniques: rapid tests and culturing of phayngeal swab specimens
prevention/treatment: no vaccines, treat with penicillin
fusobacterium necrophorum (pharyngitis)
causative agent: fusobacterium necrophorum
sequela: progress to lemierres syndrome (infected blood clot)
diptheria
causative agent: corynebacterium diptheriae
disease features: upper respiratory tract infection and pharyngitis
mode of transmission
prevention and treatment: vaccines (DTaP)
common cold
causative agents: rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus
mode of transmision: indirect contact, droplet contact
treatment: treat for symptoms
sinusitis
causative agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, allergies, structural abnormalities
mode of transmision: direct/indirect, opportunistic growth
treatment: broad spectrum growth
otitis media
causative agents: strep pneu candida auris
mode of transmision:
disease features: ear pain, fever, drainage, muffled hearing
treatment: prevnar 13, pain meds, compresses, antibiotic
common causes of otitis externa
caused by bacteria in water
healthcare associated pneumonia
contracted while receiving treatment. It can be either ventilator-associated and non-ventilator associated.
causative agents of hap and risk factors
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Acinetobacter sp.
risk factor: age
cap and most common causative agent
pneumonia that you get infected with in a community setting. The most common causative agent of community acquired pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae.
s. pne (bacterial)
causative agent: streptococcus pneumoniae
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features: patient usually severly ill
prevention and treatment: penicillin, Pneumovax 23 or prevnar 13
l. pne
causative agent: legionella pneumophilia
mode of transmission: through tap water, cooling, towers (fresh water = vehicle)
key disease features: can be severe for elderly or immuno compromised)
prevention and treatment: levofloxacin
histoplasma capsulatum
causative agent: histoplasma
mode of transmission: vehicle (inhalation of contaminated soil)
key disease features: infections are asymptomatic
prevention and treatment: avoid contaminated soil, bird and bat droppings treat with amphotercin
pneumocystitis jiroveci
causative agent:..
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features: majority occurs in AIDs patients
prevention and treatment: antifungals given to AIDS patients, trimethoprim to treat
sars-cov2
causative agent: …
mode of transmission: droplet contact, airborne transmission
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: avoidance, remdesivir to treat
hantavirus
mode of transmission: vehicle (airborne virus from rodents
key disease features: rapid onset, high mortality rate
prevention and treatment: supportive, avoid mouse habitats and droppings
influenzae
causative agent: influenza a, b, c viruses
mode of transmission: droplet contact, direct contact, indirect contact
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: annual vaccination, zolfuza
rsv
causative agent: respiratory syncytial virus
mode of transmission: droplet and indirect contact
key disease features:
prevention and treatment: ribavirin to treat in severe cases
whooping cough
causative agent: bordetella pertussis
mode of transmission: droplet contact
key disease features:
diagnositc techniques: nasopharygeal sample, culture, PCR, serology
prevention and treatment: DTaP vaccine
tuberculosis
causative agent: mycobacterium tuberculosis
mode of transmission: vehicle (airbone)
key disease features:
diagnositc techniques: rapid methods, skin testing, chest x-ray
prevention and treatment: avoiding airbone
problems associated with mdr-tb and xdr-tb
treatment requires a multiple drug regime (serious threat
pneumoniae
inflammation of lungs due to infection of air sacs
